Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “INTERCONNECTED POWER SYSTEMS”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,045 records · Page 58
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Antigua and Barbuda Distributed Energy Resources Deployment Guidelines

This document is designed to provide comprehensive considerations, best practices and guidance for deployment of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) in Antigua and Barbuda. The document provides lists of various technology selection guidance including technical specifications, requirements and applicable key standards and code associated with key DERs and balance of plant equipment. The document also presents the key microgrid design considerations to integrate the DERs to achieve the economic, decarbonization and resiliency goals. Taking into account sensitive grid for such islands, for grid readiness and screening the potential DER interconnection, general approach is highlighted along with the potential technical interconnection requirements. Furthermore, this document shows the key stakeholders involved in such DER integration and/or microgrid project and how key responsible project team can be qualified. Finally, this document refers to key information about warranties and consumer rights and maintenance of the systems.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2018

DE-EE0006714 Final Report-Project Icebreaker™

Project Icebreaker, a 20 Megawatt offshore wind project 8 miles north of Cleveland, OH in Lake Erie, has been under development by the Lake Erie Energy Development Corporation since 2009. Significant development efforts were completed prior to the award of DE-EE0006714 (December 2014). This report describes the status of the work performed under award DE-EE0006714. The work was organized into several categories or tasks. The report presents the status of that work in each of eleven (11) main tasks: 1) State and Federal Permits; 2) Mono Bucket Foundation Engineering; 3) Construction and Installation Engineering; 4) Cable Route Survey; 5) Electrical System Design; 6) Power Off-take; 7) Project Costs and Risk Management; 8) Operations and Maintenance Planning; 9) Domestic Supply Chain Development; 10) Instrumentation Planning; and 11) Department of Energy Review.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Selection of Ten (10) Cybersecurity Scenarios For Project Cybersecure Interconnection of Distributed Energy Resources

Utilities use state-of-the-art tools for reliable integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) within the power grid. These tools evaluate how power grid operations might be affected by various DER integration scenarios, and help the utility develop strategies to ensure reliability and safety of the power grid. These tools were developed in response to rapid wide-scale DER deployment, and are now in common use to aid the process of operating a grid with high penetration of DER. As power system technologies continually advance, these tools must also be advanced to assist the development of cyber-secure architectures for the new communication and control pathways that are being introduced with technologies such as smart inverters and local storage control.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2025

American-Made Solar Prize: Edgeli Enables DER Integration (CRADA 615) (Final Report)

The purpose of this project was to demonstrate how granular time series data and automated data transformation, and impact assessment tools could speed interconnection approvals for distributed energy resource projects of various types and sizes. Types included community solar, rooftop solar, and EV charging projects. Using software routines to automate the transformation of data (e.g. GIS) to a network database and power flow model then applying scenarios to create hourly (8760) hosting capacity values and voltage and thermal impacts for specific projects, we were able to demonstrate the feasibility of quickly assembling and analyzing key utility data sets for interconnection purposes. The outcomes of this effort will become the foundation for future work that will enhance and encapsulate the software components developed as part of this project, into web services (e.g. APIs) that can be integrated into queue management systems and automate interconnection screening processes.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Cybersecurity Certification Recommendations for Interconnected Grid Edge Devices and Inverter Based Resources

Escalating deployment of PV and grid-edge devices on the distribution grid has increased the sustainability and efficiency of the electric grid. However, the increasing number of distributed energy resources (DERs) deployed creates a heightened cyber-physical interdependency on the distribution grid and thus creates more vectors for cyber-attacks to exploit through information and communication technology (ICT) systems and networks. For example, control signal packets can be modified, intercepted, or corrupted due to vulnerabilities in communication protocols used by microgrid controllers and grid edge devices for power control. Therefore, to mitigate and prevent cyber-attacks on grid edge devices and the inverter-based resources connected to the distribution grid, the U.S. Department of Solar Energy Technologies Office (SETO) awarded funding to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratory (SNL) to research, develop, and harmonize cybersecurity standards for Photovoltaic (PV) systems and for other kinds of DERs. To help develop a standard for DER cybersecurity, NREL established certification recommendations and test cases, in consensus with the solar industry and UL, for ensuring intrinsic design security for DERs. These recommendations were developed to bolster the cybersecure functionalities such as TLS, MAC, CRL, session resumption/renegotiation, and password, system, and service security management within the DER devices. The proposed test cases verify authentication, authorization, confidentiality, and data integrity for data and communications of DERs that use Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). They were also developed to protect DER communications from eavesdropping, replay, man-in-the-middle, denial of service (DoS), spoofing through security certificates, least-privilege violation, and brute-force credentials. This report, which has been validated and reviewed by UL, expands upon those test cases to provide DER cybersecurity certification recommendations which increase DER resiliency and help to mitigate cyber-attacks. UL's collaboration with NREL and approval of this document will accelerate the adoption of a UL standard for DER cybersecurity.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
NASA NTRS2004

PSAW/MicroSWIS [Microminiature Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) based Wirelesss Instrumentation System]

This Final Report for the PSAW/MicroSWIS Program is provided in compliance with contract number NAS3-01118. This report documents the overall progress of the program and presents project objectives, work carried out, and results obtained. Program Conceptual Design Package stated the following objectives: To develop a sensor/transceiver network that can support networking operations within spacecraft with sufficient bandwidth so that (1) flight control data, (2) avionics data, (3) payload/experiment data, and (4) prognostic health monitoring sensory information can flow to appropriate locations at frequencies that contain the maximum amount of information content but require minimum interconnect and power: a very high speed, low power, programmable modulation, spread-spectrum radio sensor/transceiver.

Heermann, Doug↗
DOE OSTI2024

Identifying Potential Sub-Synchronous Oscillations Using Impedance Scan Approach: Preprint

This paper presents an impedance scan study on the real-world power system in Australia that has observed 17 to 20 Hz intermittent subsynchronous oscillations. Through the impedance scan of each of the IBRs, both individually and collectively, potential resonance modes are identified. The impedance scans were carried out using electromagnetic transient PSCAD models of the network. The network comprises of site-specific, black-boxed models of IBRs supplied by the generators. The impedance scan approach was divided in three major steps: (1) the first step is to identify IBRs where impedance analysis needs to be performed based on the magnitude of oscillations observed at their points of interconnection (POIs); (2) the second step focuses on performing impedance scans at selected IBRs in single-machine infinite-bus (SMIB) configuration to identify internal resonance modes of an IBR and to evaluate if any of these modes become unstable under certain grid conditions; (3) the third step performs impedance scans at a few selected IBRs while connected to the wider network model to obtain the impedance response of both the IBR and the grid - this step evaluates control interactions among IBRs. The impedance scan study found that a few IBRs have an underdamped resonance mode at around 17 Hz, which becomes unstable under a certain operating condition. Another interesting finding was that certain IBRs increase the effective grid impedance seen by another IBR in proximity for a particular operating condition. Under this operating condition, the resulting subsynchronous oscillation mode is more pronounced due to a combination of control interactions among IBRs through the transmission network under study and a resonance mode inside the IBRs.

control interactions↗
DOE OSTI2020

Demonstration of μCHP in Light Commercial Hot Water Applications

Internal combustion engine driven combined heat and power (CHP) systems produce power while the waste heat is recovered and used for another purpose. For µCHP systems (less than 50kWe output) overall efficiencies can reach over 90% for products currently on the market throughout the world. On a fuel basis this offers an advantage over using grid-based power and another fuel for heat. Additionally, the cost of natural gas on an energy unit basis is significantly less expensive than electric power. This difference can lead to substantial savings for the end user of a CHP system. In some parts of the world, particularly Germany and Japan, µCHP has become a common part of the heat and distributed generation equipment mix. Market analysis conducted in 2012 showed that in North America there is potential of a 5,300 units per year market for µCHP, resulting in an annual energy savings of approximately 13.5 TBtu and more than $84 million in annual customer savings. However, µCHP still has not seen much market penetration in North America. This study helps to identify some of the reasons why, address roadblocks that still need to be overcome and provide experience to established best practices. Nine commercial sites were initially identified (fitness club, surgical center, senior community, resort and spa, commercial laundry, two multi-family housing, restaurant and manufacturing facility). Systems from two different manufacturers were installed at five sites total, but due to unforeseen circumstances, only three of those sites were finally commissioned: test data were collected by Oak Ridge National Laboratory. While not all systems were installed as intended, the project resulted in the following key findings: Micro combined heat and power is an unfamiliar technology for building owners and plumbing and electrical contractors that serve the buildings most suited for µCHP. Manufacturers will need to be aggressive in providing training and providing broad support to successfully bring the technology to market.; The proper integration of µCHP into other building systems is the most critical part of a successful installation. Manufacturers will need to be able to provide the expertise to train, advise and support the mechanical contractors during the design and installation of the heat integration system.; Regulations governing µCHP varies across the country. There are a few UL standards (UL 2200 and UL 1741) that apply nationally. Emissions are governed by EPA except in California where the California Air Resources Board (CARB) has established their own standard. Requirements that dictate installation and interconnection are dependent on local building codes and local utility processes and requirements. Some out of date building codes do not offer clear guidance for these requirements, leading to confusion. This makes developing training and determining broadly applicable best practices difficult.; Installation costs of µCHP are a key factor in making an installation successful. It is critical that these costs and all national, state and local regulations be understood and accounted for by all parties involved in the installation before a project is undertaken.; A robust customer service organization is important to meet the needs of the customers. These systems require annual maintenance and service and local capability is needed to keep costs inline.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Profile of Resource Adequacy in the MISO Region

MISO is facing a number of generation resource challenges, ranging from large amounts of retirements, behind schedule retrofit projects, and internal resources committed to exporting power to PJM's capacity market. This report identifies potential issues with generator retirements and retrofits, as well as potential transmission issues, including the impact of imports and exports in a short-term outlook for resource adequacy in the MISO region, including specific concerns with the generation capacity expected to be available in the MISO North and Central regions from 2014 to 2016, as well as additional risks from proposed environmental regulations.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Enhancing Distribution System Resiliency Using Grid-Forming Fuel Cell Inverter: Preprint

Legacy inverters interfacing distributed energy re-sources are traditionally grid-following (GFL) in nature. GFL assets typically follow real power and reactive power set points. Recently, inverters with grid-forming (GFM) capability are gaining attention as GFM assets can increase the resiliency of the distribution system under stressed conditions. These GFM inverters can use photovoltaics, batteries, or fuel cells as their energy source. In this paper, we present information on inverters interfacing fuel cell assets, specifically with GFM capability. By introducing a fuel cell powered GFM coupled with hydrogen production and storage, the GFM can continuously provide GFM activities during periods of low renewable resource availability, and/or during power outages exceeding typical electric battery duration. Finally, we present information on the need for updates on interconnection and interoperability standards that can be leveraged by utilities for including fuel cell inverters in their asset mix.

fuel cell inverters↗
DOE OSTI2023

Ecosystem-Level Biomimicry for the Built Environment: Adopting Systems Ecology Principles for the Control of Heterogeneous Energy Systems

This paper presents, to our knowledge, the first system-level engineering study to bio-mimic the cybernetics and flow dynamics of energy resources in natural ecosystems for the control of heterogeneous energy infrastructures in the built environment. To this end, we introduce a novel Biomimetic Pulsing State (BPS) control that functionally mimics mature ecosystems. A preliminary Modelica-based case study features a single-family residential building with electrical and HVAC subsystems. The BPS control objective is to minimize the energy exchange between the building and the grid for the purposes of future self-supporting buildings and grid stability. The building contains PV, a wind turbine, a battery storage system, and a fan coil/heat pump HVAC system served by an ambient district energy network. Evaluating the control performance (BPS vs. constant setpoint) over several renewable energy scenarios (net importer, net zero, net exporter), simulation results show how the building's HVAC system can dynamically adjust its electrical load and temperatures to the electrical system's net energy status in real-time with BPS control. As a net importer, the heat pump consumed 29% less energy and its peak power reduced by 15% with BPS control compared to the constant setpoint case, with the zone air temperature 1 degree C lower on average. As a net exporter, the heat pump effectively consumed the same energy, but the peak power increased by 34% with BPS control, while the zone air temperature was 1 degree C higher when renewable energy was abundant, preheating the home. BPS and constant setpoint control produced comparable results under a net zero scenario. While further evaluation is essential, BPS control may help communities meet their sustainability and resiliency targets as they transition towards fully distributed and renewable energy grids.

biomimicry↗
NASA NTRS2006

Power Actuation and Switching Module Test Results

The X2000 Power System Electronics (PSE) is a Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) task to develop a new generation of power system building blocks for use on future deep-space missions. The effort includes the development of electronic components and modules that can be used as building blocks in the design of generic spacecraft power systems. All X2000 avionics components and modules are designed for use in centralized or distributed spacecraft architectures. The Power Actuation and Switching Module (PASM) has been developed under the X2000 program. This component enables a modular and scalable design approach for power switching applications, which can result in a wide variety of power switching architectures using this simple building block. The PASM is designed to provide most of the necessary power switching functions of spacecraft for various Deep Space missions including future missions to Mars, comets, Jupiter and its moons. It is fabricated using an ASIC process that is tolerant of high radiation. The development included two application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) and support circuitry all packaged using High Density Interconnect (HDI) technology. It can be operated in series or parallel with other PASMs. It can be used as a high-side or low-side switch and it can drive thruster valves, pyrotechnic devices such as NASA standard initiators, bus shunt resistors, and regular spacecraft component loads. Each PASM contains two independent switches with internal current limiting and over-current trip-off functions to protect the power subsystem from load faults. During turnon and turnoff each switch can limit the rate of current change (di/dt) to a value determined by the user. Three-way majority-voted On/Off commandability and full switch status telemetry (both analog and digital) are built into the module. This paper is a follow up to the one presented at he IECEC 2004 conference that will include the lessons learned and test results from the development.

X2000↗
DOE OSTI2020

Flexible hose interconnect testing for parabolic troughs with nitrate salt

The use of molten salt as a heat transfer fluid in parabolic trough concentrated solar power plants, in lieu of oil-based heat transfer fluids, presents the possibility to increase the plant's operating temperature and corresponding Rankine cycle efficiency, improve dispatchability, and decrease costs. However, several barriers still exist to commercialization of the technology. This paper discusses meaningful progress toward overcoming two specific barriers to commercialization; 1) the lack of a reliable interconnect solution for molten salt service to connect rotating collectors with stationary header pipes and 2) the limitations of publicly available system modeling tools for a plant using molten salt as both the heat transfer fluid and energy storage medium.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Vertically assembled nanosheet networks for high-density thick battery electrodes

As one of the prevailing energy storage systems, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become an essential pillar in electric vehicles (EVs) during the past decade, contributing significantly to a carbon-neutral future. However, the complete transition to electric vehicles requires LIBs with yet higher energy and power densities. Here, we propose an effective methodology via controlled nanosheet self-assembly to prepare low-tortuosity yet high-density and high-toughness thick electrodes. By introducing a delicate densification in a three-dimensionally interconnected nanosheet network to maintain its vertical architecture, facile electron and ion transports are enabled despite their high packing density. This dense and thick electrode is capable of delivering a high volumetric capacity >1,600 mAh cm −3 , with an areal capacity up to 32 mAh cm −2 , which is among the best reported in the literature. The high-performance electrodes with superior mechanical and electrochemical properties demonstrated in this work provide a potentially universal methodology in designing advanced battery electrodes with versatile anisotropic properties.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2018

Decision Tree Based Anomaly Detection for Remedial Action Scheme in Smart Grid using PMU Data

The advanced and persistent cyber threats facing the critical infrastructure such as the smart grid are exponentially rising which require sophisticated defense strategy. Remedial Action Scheme (RAS), also known as Special Protection Scheme (SPS), relies on the interconnected cyber physical system for automated protection which is exposed to the multitude of vulnerabilities. In this paper, we propose an innovative approach to develop an Intelligent Remedial Action Scheme (IRAS) which can detect and distinguish cyber attacks from the physical disturbances in smart grid and later take smart corrective actions as required to minimize the impact on system reliability and economy. Specifically, we have proposed the decision tree based anomaly detection methodology which can distinguish between the normal tripping during power line faults and malicious tripping attack on the physical relays in the context of RAS. The classification model is developed using differential features of voltage and current phasors. Next, as a proof of concept, we have implemented and validated the proposed methodology in cyber physical environment at Iowa State's PowerCyber testbed. Finally, the proposed methodology is tested on modified IEEE 39 bus system in offline and real-time mode. Our experimental results show that the proposed method is efficient in detecting attacks and performing corrective actions within an acceptable time frame.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
NASA NTRS1976

An analytical study and wind tunnel tests of an aeromechanical gust-alleviation system for a light airplane

The results of an analytical study of a system using stability derivatives determined in static wind tunnel tests of a 1/6 scale model of a popular, high wing, light airplane equipped with the gust alleviation system are reported. The longitudinal short period mode dynamics of the system are analyzed, and include the following: (1) root loci, (2) airplane frequency responses to vertical gusts, (3) power spectra of the airplane responses in a gust spectrum, (4) time history responses to vertical gusts, and (5) handling characteristics. The system reduces the airplane's normal acceleration response to vertical gusts while simultaneously increasing the pitching response and reducing the damping of the longitudinal short period mode. The normal acceleration response can be minimized by using the proper amount of static alleviation and a fast response system with a moderate amount of damping. The addition of a flap elevator interconnect or a pitch damper system further increases the alleviation while moderating the simultaneous increase in pitching response. The system provides direct lift control and may reduce the stick fixed longitudinal static stability.

Stewart, E. C.↗
NASA NTRS1979

NASCAP modelling of high-voltage power system interactions with space charged-particle environments

A simple space power system operating in geosynchronous orbit was analyzed. This system consisted of two solar array wings and a central body. Each solar array wing was considered to be divided into three regions operating at 2000 volts. The center body was considered to be an electrical ground with the array voltages both positive and negative relative to ground. The system was analyzed for both a normal environment and a moderate geomagnetic substorm environment. Initial results indicate a high probability of arcing at the interconnects on the negative operating voltage wing. The dielectric strength of the substrate may be exceeded giving rise to breakdown in the bulk of the material. The geomagnetic substorm did not seem to increase the electrical gradients at the interconnects on the negative operating voltage wing but did increase the gradients on the positive operating voltage wing which could result in increased coupling current losses.

Stevens, N. J.↗