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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2017

Phase I Final Scientific Report

This Final Scientific Report addresses the accomplishments achieved during Phase I of DE- FE0023985, Coal Syngas Combustor Development for Supercritical CO 2 Power Cycles. The primary objective of the project was to develop a coal syngas-fueled combustor design for use with high-pressure, high-temperature, oxy-fuel, supercritical CO 2 power cycles, with particular focus given to the conditions required by the Allam Cycle. The primary goals, from the Statement of Project Objectives, were to develop: (1) a conceptual design of a syngas-fueled combustor-turbine block for a 300MWe high-pressure, oxy-fuel, sCO2 power plant; (2) the preliminary design of a 5MWt test combustor; and (3) the definition of a combustor test program. Accomplishments for each of these goals are discussed in this report.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2025

AI-driven neutrino diagnostics and radiation-hard beam instrumentation for next-generation neutrino experiments

The Long Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) at Fermilab will deliver a high-intensity, multi-megawatt neutrino beam to the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), enabling precision tests of the three-neutrino paradigm, CP violation searches, neutrino mass ordering determination, and supernova neutrino studies. To accelerate DUNE’s physics reach and ensure robust beam operations, we propose an integrated AI-driven framework with real-time diagnostics and radiation-hardened instrumentation. At its core is a Real-Time Beam Integrity Monitor using a physics-informed Digital Twin. By reconstructing pion phase space from muon profiles and exploiting magnetic horn optic linearity, it enables spill-by-spill beam correction and flux stabilization. By using this approach, flux-related systematics could be reduced from 5% to 1%, potentially accelerating the discovery of CP violations by four to six years. Complementing this, a US–Japan R&D effort will deploy a LAPPD-based muon monitor in the NuMI beamline. ToF measurements can be acquired with picosecond precision using this radiation-hard system, enhancing sensitivity to horn chromatic effects. Simulations confirm strong response to these effects. ML models predict beam quality and horn current to sub-percent accuracy from muon data, enhancing anomaly detection and stability. This scalable, AI-enabled strategy improves beam fidelity, reduces systematics, and sets a new standard for high-power accelerator operations.

Ganguly, Sudeshna [Fermilab] (ORCID:00000003163482↗
DOE OSTI2024

A Novel Dew Point Meter: Application to the Measurement of the Sulfuric Acid Dew Point for Combustion Flue Gas

Accurate knowledge of acid dew point is essential for industrial and applied combustion applications. Sulfur in the fuel or raw materials is converted to sulfur dioxide (SO2) during combustion, and a portion of the SO2 is oxidized to sulfur trioxide (SO3). The SO3 will react to form H2SO4 vapor when in the presence of water vapor. Even with just trace levels of H2SO4 vapor in the gas phase (1-10 ppm), the dew point can reach 100°C and higher. To avoid acid condensation and the resulting corrosion on heat recovery equipment, plant engineers must ensure that surface temperatures are above the acid dew point, but this decreases the efficiency of thermal energy recovery. Thus, there is a trade-off between minimizing equipment corrosion and maximizing thermal energy recovery, and the acid dew point is a key parameter for this optimization. Commercially available acid dew point meters use electric conductivity sensors. These sensors are known to greatly underestimate the dew point due to their low sensitivity. In addition, no validation testing has been reported for these units and they are often expensive. In this work, we analyze the theory of the sulfuric acid condensation and develop a novel dew point meter based on this analysis. The meter consists of a novel optical instrument that is designed to monitor the slightest appearance of condensation on a hydrophobic window surface as the surface temperature of the window is slowly decreased. In this way, an accurate measurement of the dew point is obtained under a wide range of concentrations. The basis of the instrument is that a collimated beam from a diode laser will generate forward scattered light when the beam encounters surface condensate, and a sophisticated array detector is used to sensitively monitor the onset of light scattering. The measurement procedures are established to rapidly find the acid dew point, while minimizing error. Further, to calibrate the dew point meter we developed a calibration system based on a liquid bubbler that can generate a stable gas flow with a known sulfuric acid dew point. Test results show that the dew point meter can accurately measure acid dew point over a wide range. For H2SO4 vapor concentrations as low as 6 ppm the acid dew point is measured with an error of only ~1°C. To demonstrate the versatility of this instrument, the dew point meter was adapted for use with a high-pressure flow cell to allow for measurements of the dew point of flue gas from pressurized oxy-fuel combustion in a 100 kWth pressurized reactor.

Cheng, Mao↗
DOE OSTI2021

Recent Developments at the Raft River Geothermal Field

The Raft River geothermal field, located in Cassia County in southwestern Idaho, is the site of a Department of Energy Enhanced Geothermal System project. U.S. Geothermal, Inc. currently produces about 11 MWe from Precambrian metamorphic rocks. These lie beneath ~5,000 ft of Quaternary and Tertiary volcaniclastic and volcanic deposits. Maximum temperatures range from 271°F to 300°F. Well RRG-9 ST1, the well targeted for stimulation is located approximately 1 mile south of the main bore field. The open hole section of the well, from 5,551 to 5,900 ft MD, consists of Precambrian Elba Quartzite, the stimulation target, granite and minor diabase. Prior to setting the casing acoustic, gamma ray, and density logs were run. After completing the well, a step rate/step down test was conducted. The maximum injection rate achieved was 18 bpm at a wellhead pressure of 1,150 psig. A borehole televiewer run in the open hole section showed evidence of more than eighty fractures. The majority of these fractures trend from N20⁰W to N20°E and dip from 40° to 60°W. Permeable fractures were encountered in the Elba Quartzite at 5,640-5,660 ft MD. Analysis of the injection test indicates that the minimum in-situ principal stress in this zone is 3,050-3,200 psi, corresponding to a fracture gradient of 0.59-0.62 psi/ft. A discrete fracture network model was developed using measured and inferred fracture orientations, distributions and dimensions. A three-phase stimulation program is proposed for RRG-9 ST-1. During the first two stages, water at 140°F, and later 40°F, will be injected to pre-condition and thermally fracture the reservoir. Here, the third stage will consist of a high rate, large volume conventional hydraulic stimulation.

Bradford, Jacob↗
DOE OSTI2018

In situ analysis of plasticity and damage nucleation in a Ti-6Al-4V alloy and laser weld

Highlights: • EBSD in situ tensile test on a Ti-6Al-4V alloy and laser weld • Mainly prismatic, basal and pyramidal a slip activity in the base metal • Damage nucleation in the vicinity of the β phase and at α grain boundaries • Alignment of 10-10 crystallographic direction with the tensile axis in the α′ laths of the weld metal • Crack initiation along specific laths interfaces, former β grain boundary or twinned martensite laths in the weld metal The present work addresses the mechanisms of plasticity and damage nucleation in a Ti-6Al-4V alloy and its laser weld. To this end, in situ tensile tests are performed in a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) equipped with a Electron BackScatter Diffraction (EBSD) camera. The slip activity is automatically analyzed using a modified Schmid analysis. It is shown that the slip activity of the base metal consists mainly in prismatic, basal and pyramidal a slip. Damage nucleation in the vicinity of the β phase and at α grain boundaries is also evidenced in the base metal. In the α{sup ′} weld metal (a microstructure similar to the one often obtained in additive manufacturing Ti-alloy parts), plastic deformation results in a crystallographic rotation of the laths tending to align the 〈10 1-bar 0〉 direction with the tensile axis. The rare events of crack initiation in the martensite are shown to occur along specific laths interfaces, former β grain boundary or twinned martensite needles.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

A flexible data acquisition system architecture for the Nab experiment

Here, the Nab experiment will measure the electron–neutrino correlation and Fierz interference term in free neutron beta decay to test the Standard Model and probe Beyond the Standard Model physics. Using National Instrument’s PXIe-5171 Reconfigurable Oscilloscope module, we have developed a data acquisition system that is not only capable of meeting Nab’s specifications, but flexible enough to be adapted in situ as the experimental environment dictates. The L1 and L2 trigger logic can be reconfigured to optimize the system for coincidence event detection at runtime through configuration files and LabVIEW controls. This system is capable of identifying L1 triggers at a rate of at least 1 MHz, while reading out a peak signal rate of approximately 2 GB/s. During the commissioning phase of the experiment, the system ran at a sustained readout rate of 400 MB/s of detector signal data originating from roughly 6 kHz L2 triggers, well within the peak performance of the system.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2019

Scalable Polymer Precursor Based LiPON Type Li-Metal Interface Enabled High Performance Li-Sulfur Battery

The Battery 500 program objective is to research, develop, and demonstrate lithium battery technologies capable of achieving 500 Wh/kg with stable lifetime of 1000 cycles. This Battery 500 seedlings project has demonstrated a new approach and a pathway toward the program’s goals in just one awarded and executed phase. Cells have been assembled, tested, and evaluated. This report details efforts to develop polymer precursor electrolytes that offer properties anticipated to be similar or superior to LiPON glasses. Such precursors offer the potential to be used to process LiPON-like thin glass/ceramic coatings for use in lithium batteries. LiPON glasses provide a design basis for the synthesis of sets of oligomers/polymers by lithiation of OP(NH 2 ) 3-x (NH) x [from OP(NH) 3 ], OP(NH 2 ) 3-x (NHSiMe 3 ) x and [P=N] 3 (NHSiMe 3 ) 6-x (NH) x . Polymer electrolytes impregnated in/on celgard exhibit Li+ conductivities up to ~1×10 -5 S/cm at room temperature and are thermally stable to ≈150 °C. A Li-S battery assembled using a Li 6 SiPON composition polymer electrolyte exhibits an initial reversible capacity of 1500 mAh/g sulfur and excellent cycle performance at 0.25 and 0.5 C rate over 120 cycles, declining to 750 mAh/g at after a 220 h test period. At the same time, computational studies were performed to understand the conduction mechanism of LIPON and its interaction with Li metal. These initial project results provide a foundation for further development of the system to achieve the program goal.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Ferritic Steel Wire Feedstock Development for Larger Format Additive Manufacturing (CRADA Final Report)

This CRADA project funded through DOE’s INFUSE program sought to demonstrate the viability of fabricating large, complex parts from oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steel with advanced manufacturing. Exhibiting excellent radiation tolerance and high mechanical performance at elevated temperatures, ODS steel is a promising structural material candidate for near-plasma components in fusion energy systems. Its use, however, has been limited by a lack of manufacturability. This project sought to produce ODS steel wire through a solid-state shear assisted extrusion process and then demonstrate that the wire can undergo controlled local melting while being welded with the final part sufficiently retaining the beneficial properties of ODS steel. This would allow the use of wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) to manufacture large-scale ODS parts, even though ODS is currently only available as a powder. WAAM is a promising technique for producing components like the replaceable ARC vacuum vessel in CFS’ fusion reactor design. Meanwhile, this project will also expand PNNL’s capability in producing custom wire feedstock with friction extrusion, enabling downstream large-scale manufacturing with WAAM and solid-state based additive manufacturing. The project achieved its goals of developing tooling and fixturing to produce ODS wire at smaller diameters than previous projects. Several small lengths of wire of 1.5 mm and 2.5 mm diameter in the range of 2.5-30 mm long were produced at tool temperatures that are known to cause ODS particle coarsening (~1200 °C). Fixtures and tooling for longer (>1 m) wires were developed but further process development is needed reduce tool temperature during extrusions and to increase wire length needed for WAAM testing and development.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Characterizing nanoscale precipitation in a titanium alloy by laser-assisted atom probe tomography

Highlights: • Atom-probe tomography was performed on Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr wt% after quenching and 300 °C aging. • Isothermal ω phase was identified as Ti-rich and solute depleted after 1 h of aging. • The ω precipitate/matrix interface is O enriched. This may facilitate α formation. • High laser-pulse energies increase the probability of complex ion formation, complicating analysis. • Discrepancies between data from the LEAP 5000 XS and LEAP 4000X Si are discussed. - Abstract: Atom-probe tomography was performed on the metastable β-Ti alloy, Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr wt% (Ti-5553), aged at 300 °C for 0 to 8 h, to precipitate the embrittling isothermal ω phase. Accurate precipitate quantification requires monitoring and controlling suitable charge-state ratios in the mass spectrum, which in turn are closely related to the laser pulse energy used. High ultraviolet laser pulse energies result in significant complex molecular ion formation during field-evaporation, causing mass spectral peak overlaps that inherently complicate data analyses. Observations and accurate quantification of the ω-phase under such conditions are difficult. The effect is minimized or eliminated by using smaller laser pulse energies. With a small laser pulse energy, Ti-rich and solute depleted precipitates of the isothermal ω phase with an oxygen enriched interface are observed as early as after 1 h aging time utilizing the LEAP 5000X S (77% detection efficiency). We note that these precipitates were not detected below a 2 h aging time with the LEAP 4000X Si (58% detection efficiency). The results are compared to the archival literature. The Al concentration in the matrix/precipitate interfacial region increases during aging. Nucleation of the α-phase at longer aging times may be facilitated by the O and Al enrichment at the matrix/precipitate interface (both strong α-stabilisers). The kinetics and compositional trajectory of the ω-phase with aging time are quantified, facilitating direct correlation of the APT data to previously published mechanical testing.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Data-driven organic solubility prediction at the limit of aleatoric uncertainty

Abstract Small molecule solubility is a critically important property which affects the efficiency, environmental impact, and phase behavior of synthetic processes. Experimental determination of solubility is a time- and resource-intensive process and existing methods for in silico estimation of solubility are limited by their generality, speed, and accuracy. This work presents two models derived from the FASTPROP and CHEMPROP architectures and trained on BigSolDB which are capable of predicting solubility at arbitrary temperatures for a wide range of small molecules in organic solvent. Both extrapolate to unseen solutes 2–3 times more accurately than the current state-of-the-art model and we demonstrate that they are approaching the aleatoric limit (0.5–1$$\log S$$ log S ) of available test data, suggesting that further improvements in prediction accuracy require more accurate datasets. The FASTPROP-derived model (called FASTSOLV) and the CHEMPROP-based model are open source, freely accessible via a Python package and web interface, highly reproducible, and up to 2 orders of magnitude faster than current alternatives.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗
DOE OSTI2017

The CUORE and CUORE-0 experiments at LNGS

The Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events (CUORE) is a 1-ton scale bolometric experiment devoted to the search of the neutrinoless double-beta decay (0νββ) in 130Te. The CUORE detector consists of an array of 988 TeO2 crystals operated at 10 mK. CUORE-0 is the CUORE demonstrator: it has been built to test the performance of the upcoming CUORE experiment and represents the largest 130Te bolometric setup ever operated. CUORE-0 has been running at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (Italy) from 2013 to 2015. The final CUORE-0 analysis on 0νββ and the corresponding detector performance are presented. The present status of the CUORE experiment, now in its final construction and commissioning phase, are discussed. The results from assembly of the detector and the commissioning of the cryostat are reported.

D'Addabbo, A↗
DOE OSTI2015

Status of transmission line and matching network design and testing for the ITER ion cyclotron heating and current drive system

The ITER Ion Cyclotron Heating and Current Drive System is required to deliver 20 MW of RF Power in the frequency range 40-55 MHz to ITER plasmas for pulse lengths up to 3600 s. Components used in the transmission line and matching system include 305 mm diameter, Z0 = 50 Ω components with gas cooled inner conductors, and 330 mm diameter, Z0 = 20 Ω components with water-cooled inner conductors. All operate at pulse lengths up to 3600 s. Components used include transmission line sections, gas barriers, hybrid power splitters, stubs, hybrid phase shifters, coaxial 4-port switches, and vacuum capacitors. The system uses pre-matching near the antenna and a matching network ~20 m away, including decouplers that compensate for the mutual inductance between antenna array elements. Some 50 Ω component test articles have been fabricated and will be shown. High power RF test fixtures have been constructed including a resonant ring that produces 6 MW of circulating power with 340 kW input power and VSWR as low as 1.15. It has been used to investigate the dependence of inner conductor temperature on gas velocity at power levels up to ~6 MW for pulse lengths up to 1 hour.

Goulding, Richard↗
DOE OSTI2014

An initial study on the estimation of time-varying volumetric treatment images and 3D tumor localization from single MV cine EPID images

Purpose: In this work the authors develop and investigate the feasibility of a method to estimate time-varying volumetric images from individual MV cine electronic portal image device (EPID) images. Methods: The authors adopt a two-step approach to time-varying volumetric image estimation from a single cine EPID image. In the first step, a patient-specific motion model is constructed from 4DCT. In the second step, parameters in the motion model are tuned according to the information in the EPID image. The patient-specific motion model is based on a compact representation of lung motion represented in displacement vector fields (DVFs). DVFs are calculated through deformable image registration (DIR) of a reference 4DCT phase image (typically peak-exhale) to a set of 4DCT images corresponding to different phases of a breathing cycle. The salient characteristics in the DVFs are captured in a compact representation through principal component analysis (PCA). PCA decouples the spatial and temporal components of the DVFs. Spatial information is represented in eigenvectors and the temporal information is represented by eigen-coefficients. To generate a new volumetric image, the eigen-coefficients are updated via cost function optimization based on digitally reconstructed radiographs and projection images. The updated eigen-coefficients are then multiplied with the eigenvectors to obtain updated DVFs that, in turn, give the volumetric image corresponding to the cine EPID image. Results: The algorithm was tested on (1) Eight digital eXtended CArdiac-Torso phantom datasets based on different irregular patient breathing patterns and (2) patient cine EPID images acquired during SBRT treatments. The root-mean-squared tumor localization error is (0.73 ± 0.63 mm) for the XCAT data and (0.90 ± 0.65 mm) for the patient data. Conclusions: The authors introduced a novel method of estimating volumetric time-varying images from single cine EPID images and a PCA-based lung motion model. This is the first method to estimate volumetric time-varying images from single MV cine EPID images, and has the potential to provide volumetric information with no additional imaging dose to the patient.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2017

Considerations for Use of Am-241 for Heat Source Material for Radioisotope Power Systems.

There have been several efforts made over the last 60 years to examine the entire periodic table of the elements to determine the best isotope/element for use as a heat source for radioisotope power systems (RPS). Am-241 is typically not in the final group being considered due to its 432-year half-life. The window of isotopes considered has usually been kept to 15-100 year half-life. The criteria in down selecting an isotope for use as a heat source material have been: 1) radiation characteristics (easy to shield), 2) specific power (higher is better), 3) fuel form considerations (chemically compatible with cladding, chemically inert with respect to the environment, robust mechanically, high melting point), and 4) available at a reasonable cost and suitable quantities. There have been a few efforts examining Am-241 for use in RPS during the past 2 decades. None of these has advanced beyond comparison of known chemical or material properties. No heat sources have been made and none have been placed into RPS for testing. No tests have been conducted of the various americium oxides (AmO, Am 2 O 3 , AmO 2 nor nonstoichiometric phases between these oxides) for their behavior with the environment to confirm inert behavior or compatibility with cladding materials. From a crystallographic point of view americium and oxygen can form crystal phases that exhibit face-centered cubic, monoclinic, cubic or tetragonal characteristics. A simple point to make here is that the chemistry of americium and oxygen is complicated and not well understood at this point compared to plutonium and oxygen.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

2014 Groundwater Monitoring Report Central Nevada Test Area Subsurface Corrective Action Unit 443

The Central Nevada Test Area was the site of a 0.2- to 1-megaton underground nuclear test in 1968. The surface of the site has been closed, but the subsurface is still in the corrective action process. The corrective action alternative selected for the site was monitoring with institutional controls. Annual sampling and hydraulic head monitoring of the well network are conducted as part of the subsurface corrective action strategy for the site. The monitoring well network consists of 12 locations (wells and piezometers) in the alluvium, seven locations (wells and piezometers) in the volcanic section, and one well in the collapse chimney that resulted from the underground nuclear test. The site is currently in the conceptual model evaluation phase of the corrective action strategy.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Ionic liquid compatibility in polyethylene oxide/siloxane ion gel membranes

Ion gel films were prepared by incorporating eight commercially available ionic liquids in two different cross-linked polymer matrices to evaluate their phase miscibility, gas permeability and ionic conductivity for potential applications as gas separation membranes and solid electrolyte materials. The ionic liquids cations were 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-ethyl-3-methylpyridinium, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium, tributylmethylphosphonium, and butyltrimethylammonium with a common anion (bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide). In addition, ionic liquids with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation with acetate, dicyanamide and tetrafluoroborate counterions were evaluated. The two polymers were cross-linked poly(ethylene oxide) and cross-linked poly(ethylene oxide)/siloxane copolymer. Differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffractometry and visual observations were performed to evaluate the ion gels’ miscibility, thermal stability and homogeneity. Ionic liquids with the least basic anion (bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) and aromatic cations containing acidic proton (e.g. imidazolium and pyridinium) gave the most stable and miscible ion gels. Phase stability was shown to be a function of both ionic liquid content and temperature, with phase separation observed at elevated temperatures. In conclusion, gas permeability testing with carbon dioxide and nitrogen and ionic conductivity measurements confirmed that these ionic liquids increased the gas permeability and ionic conductivity of the polymers.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

A Variable Eddington Factor Model for Thermal Radiative Transfer with Closure Based on Data-Driven Shape Function

Here, a new variable Eddington factor (VEF) model is presented for nonlinear problems of thermal radiative transfer (TRT). The VEF model is data-driven and acts on known (a-priori) radiation-diffusion solutions for material temperatures in the TRT problem. A linear auxiliary problem is constructed for the radiative transfer equation (RTE) whose emission source and opacities are evaluated at these known material temperatures. The solution to this RTE approximates the specific intensity distribution in phase-space and time. It is applied as a shape function to define the Eddington tensor for the presented VEF model. The shape function computed via the auxiliary RTE problem will capture some degree of transport effects within the TRT problem. The VEF moment equations closed with this approximate Eddington tensor will thus carry with them these captured transport effects. In this study, the temperature data comes from multigroup P 1 , P 1/3 , and flux-limited diffusion radiative transfer models. The proposed VEF model can be interpreted as a transport-corrected diffusion reduced-order model. Numerical results are presented on the Fleck-Cummings test problem which models a supersonic wavefront of radiation. The VEF model is shown to improve accuracy by 1–2 orders of magnitude compared to the considered radiation-diffusion model solutions to the TRT problem.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Truncated conformal space approach for 2D Landau–Ginzburg theories

In this study, We examine the spectrum of Landau–Ginzburg theories in 1 + 1 dimensions using the truncated conformal space approach employing a compactified boson. We study these theories both in their broken and unbroken phases. We first demonstrate that we can reproduce the expected spectrum of a Φ² theory (i.e. a free massive boson) in this framework. We then turn to Φ⁴ in its unbroken phase and compare our numerical results with the predictions of two-loop perturbation theory, finding excellent agreement. We then analyze the broken phase of Φ⁴ where kink excitations together with their bound states are present. We confirm the semiclassical predictions for this model on the number of stable kink-antikink bound states. We also test the semiclassics in the double well phase of Φ⁶ Landau-Ginzburg theory, again finding agreement.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗