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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,063 records · Page 59
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2019

Quantitative Parameter Estimation, Model Selection, and Variable Selection in Battery Science

Numerical physics-based models are useful in understanding battery performance and devel- oping optimal battery design architectures. Data science developments have enabled software algorithms to perform data analysis and decision making that traditionally could only be per- formed by technical experts. Traditional workflows of model development - manual parameter estimation through visual comparison of simulations to experimental observations, and model discrimination through expert intuition - are time-consuming, and difficult to justify. This paper compares the conclusions derived from computationally scalable algorithms to conclu- sions developed by expert researchers. This paper illustrates how data science techniques, such as cross-validation and lasso regression, can be used to augment physics-based simulations to perform data analysis such as parameter estimation, model selection, variable selection, and model-guided design of experiment. The validation of these algorithms is that they produce results similar to those of the expert modeler. The algorithms outlined are well-established and the approaches are general, so can be applied to a variety of battery chemistries and architectures. The conclusions reached using these approaches are in agreement with expert analysis (literature results), were reached with minimal human intervention, and provide quantitative justification. By minimizing the amount of expert time, and providing rigorous quantitative justifications, these methods may accelerate battery development.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Iodine Capture and Mechanical Stability of Modified Silver-Functionalized Silica Aerogel

Silver-functionalized silica aerogel (AgAero) is a material proposed for use in the removal of iodine from the off-gas streams arising from nuclear fuel reprocessing. This material was developed by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and has been shown to adsorb up to 300 mg of iodine per gram of AgAero. One of the challenges noted for AgAero as an iodine sorbent is its mechanical stability. Its initial particle size is >0.85 mm, but previous testing has shown that extended exposure to heated gas streams results in the degradation of the material such that the sorbent bed is compacted with a substantial amount of fines produced. The observed mechanical degradation prompted an effort to reengineer the silica aerogel to improve the mechanical stability of the material without compromising its iodine capture characteristics. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory has modified the material with the intention of strengthening the aerogel backbone and improving mechanical durability. This reengineered material was transferred to Oak Ridge National Laboratory for extended testing to assess its mechanical durability. Modified AgAero was continuously exposed to a CH 3 I-bearing humid gas stream for 84 days. Testing was performed at 150°C with a superficial gas velocity of 10 m/min., a CH 3 I concentration of 554 ppb, and an inlet dew point of 10°C. The density of the AgAero increased by 16% during testing, and the height of the column was observed to decrease by 11%. The fines produced by the material were comparable to that of previously supplied material. Additionally, iodine loading of a thin bed of modified AgAero was performed at 150°C with a superficial gas velocity of 10 m/min. and a CH 3 I concentration of 50 ppm (balance dry air) with a total test duration of 1 week. The CH 3 I capture capacity of the reengineered material was 225 mg iodine per gram AgAero, as compared to a CH 3 I capacity of 250 mg iodine per gram AgAero for the original material. The primary data collected were visual observations, density measurements before and after testing, and the extent of column compaction during testing. Additionally, the material was tested to ensure that the iodine capacity of the material was not adversely impacted by the alternative methods used in the production of the reengineered material. Based on these criteria, no distinguishable improvements were observed between the material produced in fiscal years 2017 and 2019 and the mechanical stability of the aerogel in prototypic off-gas conditions remains a challenge to large-scale deployment.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2025

Toward Drilling the Perfect Geothermal Well: An International Research Coordination Network for Geothermal Drilling Optimization Supported by Deep Machine Learning and Cloud Based Data Aggregation

The EDGE project, supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Geothermal Technologies Office under award DE-EE0008793, established a data-driven framework for improving the efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and reliability of geothermal well drilling. The project focused on developing scalable data infrastructure, advanced machine learning and probabilistic models, and integrated analytics tools to support continuous drilling optimization. A central objective was to reduce geothermal drilling costs by up to seventy percent while minimizing the risk of well failure through predictive diagnostics and adaptive planning. Over the project period, a comprehensive data repository was designed and deployed, incorporating records from over one hundred geothermal wells across varied geological settings. This repository supported both structured and unstructured data and adhered to FAIR data principles, enabling provenance tracking, quality control, and standardized metadata. The project introduced automated ingestion pipelines and a cloud-hosted platform that facilitated access to raw, processed, and derived datasets. This infrastructure served as the foundation for model development and analysis. Machine learning workflows were developed to predict key drilling metrics including rate of penetration, non-productive time, and total drilling costs. Self-organizing maps and dimensionality reduction methods were used to uncover operational patterns and outliers, while supervised learning algorithms such as random forests and deep neural networks were applied to forecast performance outcomes. The models were validated on heterogeneous datasets from both U.S. and Icelandic fields, demonstrating variable but significant predictive accuracy. The results indicated that finer temporal resolution, inclusion of lithological data, and consistency in operational annotations could substantially improve model performance. The project also implemented process mining techniques to reconstruct state-transition models from drilling event logs. These models enabled the identification of deviations from optimal workflows and provided insights into recurring failure modes. Analysis of non-productive time highlighted the impact of equipment failures, geological challenges, and human factors, offering opportunities for targeted mitigation strategies. The EDGE Dashboard was developed as a web-based expert system integrating data visualization, model outputs, and user-driven queries. It provided an accessible interface for operators to explore historical data, evaluate predicted outcomes, and compare drilling scenarios. Initial feedback from project partners suggested that the dashboard could serve as a foundation for more advanced advisory and optimization tools. Overall, the EDGE project demonstrated the feasibility and value of applying modern data science techniques to geothermal drilling. It delivered a set of interoperable tools and models that can support more efficient, lower-risk well development. The findings point toward a viable path for transitioning from advisory analytics to semi-autonomous drilling systems, contingent on continued collaboration, expanded datasets, and field validation. The project results have immediate relevance for drilling operations, data management practices, and future geothermal R&D efforts aimed at achieving reliable, cost-competitive geothermal energy at scale.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
NASA NTRS1970

Slide checkout console

Semiautomatic 35-mm photographic slide checkout console optically and electronically verifies registration of slides at a minimum rate of 250/hr. The console compares slide registration with a registration standard within the console. It verifies a binary code number on the bottom of the slide and visually displays its equivalent.

Nides, A. S.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Comparison of techniques for measuring +Gz tolerance in man

Two objective methods and one subjective method for measuring +Gz tolerance (inertial vector in a head-to-foot direction) were compared on the human centrifuge. Direct eye-level blood pressure (Pa), blood flow velocity in the superficial temporal artery (Qta), and subjective visual symptoms were used to determine tolerance to rapid-onset acceleration (1 G/s) on the USAFSAM human centrifuge. Seven 'relaxed' subjects with extensive centrifuge experience were exposed to gradually increasing +Gz plateaus until the subject reported 100% loss of peripheral centrifuge gondola lights (PLL) and 50% loss of central light (CLD); viz., blackout. Zero forward Qta occurred 6 s (range 4-9 s) before subjective blackout and when mean eye-level blood pressure had reached 20 + or - 1 mm Hg (SE). The results of this study indicate that flow changes in the superficial temporal artery reflect flow changes in the retinal circulation during +Gz stress.

Krutz, R. W., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Measurement of fluid properties using rapid-double-exposure and time-average holographic interferometry

The holographic recording of the time history of a flow feature in three dimensions is discussed. The use of diffuse illumination holographic interferometry or the three dimensional visualization of flow features such as shock waves and turbulent eddies is described. The double-exposure and time-average methods are compared using the characteristic function and the results from a flow simulator. A time history requires a large hologram recording rate. Results of holographic cinematography of the shock waves in a flutter cascade are presented as an example. Future directions of this effort, including the availability and development of suitable lasers, are discussed.

Decker, A. J.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Measurement of fluid properties using rapid-double-exposure and time-average holographic interferometry

The holographic recording of the time history of a flow feature in three dimensions is discussed. The use of diffuse illumination holographic interferometry or the three-dimensional visualization of flow features such as shock waves and turbulent eddies is described. The double-exposure and time-average methods are compared using the characteristic function and the results from a flow simulator. A time history requires a large hologram recording rate. Results of holographic cinematography of the shock waves in a flutter cascade are presented as an example. Future directions of this effort, including the availability and development of suitable lasers, are discussed. Previously announced in STAR as N84-21849

Decker, A. J.↗
NASA NTRS2005

The Dynamics of Miscible Interfaces: A Space Flight Experiment

This report presents experiments of a less viscous liquid displaced by a more viscous, miscible liquid in a vertical tube of small diameter. The liquids used are silicone oils of various viscosities. The more viscous fluid has a higher density than the less viscous fluid. The experiments showed that the interface between the liquids can be unstable and exhibits an asymmetric, sinuous shape for downward displacement. The Reynolds number is negligibly small in these experiments and the Peclet number for mass transfer is O(50)-0(l0(exp 5)). The influence of gravity is characterized by the dimensionless parameter F=g(Delta)(rho)d(sup 2)/(mu)U where g is the acceleration due to gravity, Delta(rho) is the density difference between the fluids, d is the tube diameter, mu is the viscosity of the more viscous fluid, and U is the displacement speed. Visualization and PIV measurement of the unstable linger are reported. Experiments were also conducted to study immiscible displacements in tubes in order to compare with previously obtained results for miscible fluids.

Maxworthy, Tony↗
NASA NTRS2007

Comparison of Two Alternate Methods for Tracking Toe Clearance

Analyses of toe clearance during the swing phase of locomotion has often been utilized in determining a subject s propensity to trip while either walking or stepping over an obstacle. In the literature, toe clearance has been studied using a marker on the superior aspect of the second toe (rtoe), a marker on the lateral aspect of the fifth metatarsal head (mth5), or a virtual marker positioned at the anterior tip of the toe (vtoe). The purpose of this study was to compute toe clearance and associated parameters using a fifth metatarsal marker and a virtual toe marker, and compare the results with those of the standard toe marker. Subjects walked on a motorized treadmill at five different speeds while performing a visual acuity task at two separate target distances (ten 60-second trials). The minimum vertical height (TCl) was determined for each stride, along with its point of occurence in the gait cycle, and the angles of the foot and ankle at that time. A regression analysis was performed on the vtoe and mth5 results versus rtoe individually. For all TCl parameters, the mth5 marker did not correlate well with rtoe; the vtoe marker showed better agreement. Most importantly, the mth5 marker predicted a later occurence of TCl than rtoe and vtoe - thereby missing the most dangerous point in swing phase for a trip. From this analysis, the vtoe marker proved to be a better analog to rtoe than mth5, especially for determining a subject s propensity to trip.

Miller, Christopher A.↗
NASA NTRS2007

Quantifiable Assessment of SWNT Dispersion in Polymer Composites

NASA LaRC has established a new protocol for visualizing the nanomaterials in structural polymer matrix resins. Using this new technique and reconstructing the 3D distribution of the nanomaterials allows us to compare this distribution against a theoretically perfect distribution. Additional tertiary structural information can now be obtained and quantified with the electron tomography studies. These tools will be necessary to establish the structural-functional relationships between the nano and the bulk. This will also help define the critical length scales needed for functional properties. Field ready tool development and calibration can begin by using these same samples and comparing the response. i.e. gold standards of good and bad dispersion.

Park, Cheol↗
NASA NTRS2015

A Rotor Tip Vortex Tracing Algorithm for Image Post-Processing

A neurite tracing algorithm, originally developed for medical image processing, was used to trace the location of the rotor tip vortex in density gradient flow visualization images. The tracing algorithm was applied to several representative test images to form case studies. The accuracy of the tracing algorithm was compared to two current methods including a manual point and click method and a cross-correlation template method. It is shown that the neurite tracing algorithm can reduce the post-processing time to trace the vortex by a factor of 10 to 15 without compromising the accuracy of the tip vortex location compared to other methods presented in literature.

Overmeyer, Austin D.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Wall-Modeled Large-Eddy Simulations for High-Lift Configurations using FUN3D

Wall-modeled large-eddy simulation (WMLES) capability has recently been implemented into FUN3D, an unstructured, node-centered, finite-volume solver developed at the NASA Langley Research Center. In this paper, WMLES is assessed for two configurations that are representative for high-lift applications. The first configuration is a nominal two-dimensional multielement airfoil that has been extensively studied in the literature. WMLES solutions are computed for four angles of attack and compared with previously reported solutions. Good agreement of integrated forces, surface pressures, and boundary-layer velocity profiles is shown with available experimental data especially at lower angles of attack. WMLES solutions are also computed for the NASA High-Lift Common Research Model over a large range of angles of attack. Forces, pitching moments, and pressure distributions are favorably compared with the experimental data up to the maximum lift, including the angle of attack where the maximum lift is obtained experimentally. Eddy visualization techniques of q-criterion and density-gradient magnitude illustrate the resolved content.

High-Lift flows↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Flow Physics Study of Sweeping Jet Actuation on a NACA 0015 Swept Wing Configuration

Preliminary results from a recently completed active flow control (AFC) experiment on a 30 deg swept, semispan wing are presented. The constant chord NACA 0015 wing is configured with sweeping jet actuators at the flap shoulder to study the effects of excitation introduced into a separated, three-dimensional flowfield. The research is aimed at developing efficient active flow control approaches for swept wing configurations. Oil and tuft flow visualization data, steady and unsteady pressure data, particle image velocimetry (PIV), oil flow interferometry (OFI), and force and moment data are used to compare the flowfields with and without AFC. The parameters that were varied include freestream velocity, actuator momentum coefficient, and flap deflection angle.

active flow control↗
NASA NTRS2024

Central California Disasters: Incorporating Satellite-Derived Precipitation and Soil Moisture Products into Flood Preparedness and Emergency Management in California

Atmospheric rivers are a major contributor to extreme precipitation events and flooding in California. This study assessed the feasibility of using Earth observation data to monitor precipitation, soil moisture, and flooding from atmospheric rivers in the Salinas River Watershed in central California during the winter of 2022-2023. The team analyzed satellite derived precipitation estimates from the Global Precipitation Measurement mission, soil moisture data from the Soil Moisture Active Passive radiometer, and synthetic aperture radar imagery from Sentinel-1 to detect flood inundation. Global Precipitation Measurement precipitation estimates were found to underestimate rainfall by 33% to 52% compared to rain gauge data. The team found the Soil Moisture Active Passive dataset to be a valuable flooding indicator that they could visualize through various graphical representations, although its accuracy still needs verification with in situ flood maps. Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar imagery provided mapping of flood inundation extent along the Salinas River and surrounding areas and the Blue Spot model appears to be a good predictor of pluvial flood zones. The findings suggest Earth observations can enhance precipitation and flooding monitoring by the California Department of Water Resources, though further verification is needed. Integration of these datasets with vulnerability indices highlighted communities at highest risk during the 2022-2023 flooding events.

Abhinav Banthiya↗
DOE OSTI2019

Evaluation of Low-cost, Full HD, CMOS Cameras for Use in the Calcine Retrieval Project - 19530

This paper describes results from radiation testing conducted on low-cost, commercial off-the-shelf, full high-definition (HD) resolution (1920 x 1080 p), complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) camera sensors. The purpose of the testing was to evaluate the sensors' suitability for use in the Calcine Retrieval Project by determining their image quality and life expectancy while operating in an ionizing radiation field of 20.0 Gy/h. The two camera sensors tested were the Axis FA1105 and Axis FA1125. These commercial camera sensors were designed for retail security surveillance and have no radiation-hardened (rad-hard) components. In addition to radiation testing, the sensors' field-of-view, resolution, and low-light image quality were tested at several target distances to ensure they meet project requirements. Testing was divided into two phases. During Phase 1, four FA1105 sensors and four FA1125 sensors were tested simultaneously without any shielding in radiation fields of 25.5 Gy/h and 49.3 Gy/h. In Phase 2, three FA1105 and five FA1125 sensors were shielded by 22.2 mm of lead and tested simultaneously in radiation fields of 26.8 Gy/h, 52.3 Gy/h, 143.0 Gy/h, 200.7 Gy/h, 404.6 Gy/h, and 2,317.5 Gy/h. Dose rate values were established using film dosimetry readings. Apertures in the shielding allowed for a 40-degree field of view while shielding all parts of the sensor except for directly in front of the CMOS sensor array. All testing was conducted at the Idaho Accelerator Center in Pocatello, Idaho, using a 450 keV X-ray generator. Sensor images were automatically captured at regular intervals throughout the testing for qualitative evaluation by the test team. Film dosimetry was placed near the sensors to record actual dose totals. The 450 keV setting generates X-ray radiation with an energy level close to the primary gamma energy level produced by the Cesium-137 isotope in the calcine, which is 662 keV. Results from Phase 1 indicate the sensors failed at an average cumulative dose of 226.3 Gy. For a given 20.0 Gy/h field this results in a mean time to failure (MTTF) of 11.3 hours. Recorded images from all sensors showed minimal image degradation due to radiation-induced noise. When the sensors finally failed, the failure mode was an abrupt loss of video. The image went black suggesting some other component in the sensor head besides the CMOS sensor array was responsible for the failure. During a portion of Phase 1 testing, a commercial, rad-hard camera was irradiated in the 25.5 Gy/h field along with the eight Axis FA series sensors. Image quality from the FA series sensors significantly outperformed the image quality of the rad-hard camera in radiation-induced noise tolerance, image resolution, and dynamic range. During Phase 2 testing, all sensors produced excellent images in radiation fields as high as 404.6 Gy/h. One FA1125 sensor was tested at the highest dose rate of 2,317.5 Gy/h. At this dose rate, the image was color shifted towards red and contained a significant amount radiation-induced noise. The sensor did not fail and was producing usable imagery after one hour, at which time the test was ended due to allotted beam-time at the test facility. Eighteen hours after X-rays were shut off, the sensor image returned to normal color and all eight sensors continued to operate without any visible, permanent image degradation. For Phase 2 testing, it was not possible to establish a MTTF since none of the shielded sensors failed during the allotted test time. However, given the highest cumulative dose of 4,142.1 Gy received by a shielded FA1125 sensor, a minimum life expectancy of 207 hours (8.6 days) is predicted while operating in a 20.0 Gy/h field. Test results indicate the radiation tolerance of the FA series sensor's CMOS array, along with the small form factor, full HD image quality, wide dynamic range, and Ethernet standard makes it suitable for short-term use in monitoring and visually documenting waste remediation efforts for the Calcine Retrieval Project at the INL. The sensor's low-cost of about $140 US, compared to commercial rad-hard cameras costing between $5,000 and $7,000 US each, allow them to be used as an affordable, disposable resource for many short-duration, radioactive waste remediation efforts where decontamination of an expensive, commercial rad-hard camera is undesirable or not possible. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2026

A Real2Sim Digital Twin Pipeline for Photorealistic Robot Simulation: Evaluating VLA Policy Deployment on a Bimanual Mobile Robot

Digital twins that are automatically constructed from robot sensor data offer a promising pathway for scalable Real2Sim and Sim2Real transfer. However, it remains an open question whether photorealistic reconstruction alone is sufficient to support reliable deployment of vision-language-action (VLA) policies. We present a generative-AI-assisted Real2Sim pipeline that generates simulation-ready digital twins from real-world RGB observations with minimal manual intervention. The pipeline uses prompted segmentation to isolate scene components and a generative 3D model to directly produce simulation assets, eliminating the need for traditional multi-view reconstruction or manual 3D modeling.\r\nTo evaluate simulation fidelity, we deploy and compare policies from two VLA models in both the real robot and the reconstructed\r\nsimulation under identical tasks and initial conditions. We compare joint-level action trajectories and analyze how divergence evolves over time in closed-loop execution. Although the reconstructed environments are visually accurate, we observe increasing trajectory divergence during closedloop operation. These results indicate that photorealistic reconstruction alone is insufficient to preserve closed-loop control behavior\r\nin VLA policies, particularly in contact-rich manipulation settings where small perceptual errors compound over time.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2015

Verification of RESRAD-RDD. (Version 2.01)

In this report, the results generated by RESRAD-RDD version 2.01 are compared with those produced by RESRAD-RDD version 1.7 for different scenarios with different sets of input parameters. RESRAD-RDD version 1.7 is spreadsheet-driven, performing calculations with Microsoft Excel spreadsheets. RESRAD-RDD version 2.01 revamped version 1.7 by using command-driven programs designed with Visual Basic.NET to direct calculations with data saved in Microsoft Access database, and re-facing the graphical user interface (GUI) to provide more flexibility and choices in guideline derivation. Because version 1.7 and version 2.01 perform the same calculations, the comparison of their results serves as verification of both versions. The verification covered calculation results for 11 radionuclides included in both versions: Am-241, Cf-252, Cm-244, Co-60, Cs-137, Ir-192, Po-210, Pu-238, Pu-239, Ra-226, and Sr-90. At first, all nuclide-specific data used in both versions were compared to ensure that they are identical. Then generic operational guidelines and measurement-based radiation doses or stay times associated with a specific operational guideline group were calculated with both versions using different sets of input parameters, and the results obtained with the same set of input parameters were compared. A total of 12 sets of input parameters were used for the verification, and the comparison was performed for each operational guideline group, from A to G, sequentially. The verification shows that RESRAD-RDD version 1.7 and RESRAD-RDD version 2.01 generate almost identical results; the slight differences could be attributed to differences in numerical precision with Microsoft Excel and Visual Basic.NET. RESRAD-RDD version 2.01 allows the selection of different units for use in reporting calculation results. The results of SI units were obtained and compared with the base results (in traditional units) used for comparison with version 1.7. The comparison shows that RESRAD-RDD version 2.01 correctly reports calculation results in the unit specified in the GUI.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Celestial Mapping System for Lunar Surface Mapping and Analytics

Celestial Mapping System (CMS) is a software platform to generate virtual 3D globe for celestial bodies within our solar system. Various layers are built on top of the virtual globe to provide visualization of high resolution imagery, enable precise measurements, build analytical capabilities and broad range of functionalities to assist planetary scientists and mission planners. CMS is built using OpenJDK 11 and will run on a wide variety of platforms such as Linux, Windows, OSX, etc. It has a thick client with less overhead to access hardware resources. This allows features such as terrain profiling and distance calculations to be performed on the client and on the fly. The present focus of CMS is on developing lunar mapping tool kits to provide features such as - 3D first person view with zoom and navigational capabilities, realistic terrain visualization based on LRO data, measurement tools, Apollo landing site annotations, stereoscopic view, elevation profiles, line of sight analysis and many more. The application is developed to provide situational and domain awareness on Lunar surface, planning capabilities for equipment placements and traverse path optimization. As data becomes available, CMS has the capabilities to integrate data sets that change dynamically in real-time, which will be useful for monitoring satellites and remotely-sensed data on Lunar surface. CMS utilizes NASA WorldWind Java library and OpenGL to achieve high-performance rendering of data and measurements, and also adheres to OGC standards. CMS supports importing synthetic features in a variety of 3D, 2D, vector and raster formats. Nomenclature is pulled from USGS Moon IAU2000 database, and lunar parameters are based of the standardized IAU2000 Moon ellipsoid. GDAL (Geospatial Data Abstraction Library) was used to modify and test the accuracy of datasets before integrating into the application. Our high-resolution global elevation model was compared with the LRO LOLA DEM elevation values and tested to ensure accuracy. Celestial Mapping System has several potential use cases for NASA including subsurface lava tubes visualization and analysis, soil analysis, resource visualization and representation on 3D globe.

GIS system↗