The Operation of the Tevatron Vacuum System
Outline: Tevatron Overview and Some History; Vacuum Upgrades; Cryogenic Upgrades; Maintenance and Records; Vacuum Diagnostics; Failures; Lessons Learned
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
SEARCH · Search NASA
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Envision Charlotte Project Final Report
The Envision Charlotte Project (EC Project), supported by partners at the Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, the University of North Carolina at Charlotte’s Center for Sustainably Integrated Buildings and Sites and the City of Charlotte, has successfully demonstrated that existing buildings can benefit from operations improvements and low-cost efficiency upgrades, and that behavioral change campaigns can be effectively designed for measurability, longevity and impact. Support from this grant gave Envision Charlotte and its partners the resources and flexibility to demonstrate a variety of approaches to improve coordination with stakeholders in the implementation of programs to reduce the consumption of energy, water and waste. The project team also gained insights into the motivations and abilities that influence stakeholder engagement in sustainability initiatives at multiple levels. Importantly, as this report describes, strong partnerships between nonprofits, industry partners and research institutions can produce tangible impacts and replicable results in building efficiency. Further, building operators working alongside student researchers can form productive relationships that can advance building energy management goals. Key Findings of the EC Project This project focused on advancing solutions to energy efficiency in U.S. commercial buildings. The Building Re-Tuning™ Training (BRT) developed by the U.S. DOE’s Pacific Northwest National Lab (PNNL), designed to detect energy savings opportunities and implement improvements with resources and online tools, provided the starting point for the curriculum developed by stakeholders in the EC Project. Although the project partners encountered some issues with data consistency, the overall project outcomes fell short of the energy savings stated in the original proposal, and the total participating building targets were lower than anticipated, important findings, outcomes and lessons learned were achieved. EC Project grantees observed that the PNNL BRT, as currently written, was not compatible with the skills of average frontline mechanical personnel in the Charlotte region where the grant program was performed. Frontline staff are not, typically, energy managers, engineers or building commissioning agents, but they can play a key role in building performance. As detailed in this report, the grantees therefore focused on changes to the BRT that improved the level of training and competency of the frontline workers in this region. Among the technical observations related to improving the BRT that were observed in the EC Project: centralized facilities management often has an impact on building performance; operators can be overly reliant on service contracts; individual behaviors matter, and technology cannot be viewed as a crutch; current Building Automation Systems (BAS) are often too complex to support building efficiency optimization, but BAS coupled with appropriate training can support better outcomes; the “perfectly optimized” building is not a near-term possibility, but better education, especially of executives and managers, on the role of behavioral intervention is a promising direction the building science community can and should pursue; a lack of standards and protocols, and competition between proprietary software from service contracts, remain challenges for this industry. These technical observations, in turn, informed the EC Project’s overall findings, which were: Accomplishing building efficiency is a process of education for all involved in the building design, construction and operation supply chain. Building operators, as a professional class, have an opportunity for further training and education that will lead to better on-the-job performance. An updated Building Re-Tuning™ Training curriculum, based on the findings of this report, could be an avenue for these operators’ professional development.
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
GM Light Duty Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Validation Data
General Motors LLC (GM) completed a multi-phase project with the Department of Energy to validate light-duty fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) performance and durability using dynamometer fuel cell system and real-world vehicle performance data. This project began with GM’s Gen 0 Fuel Cell Fleet vehicles with Technology Insertion operating strategies and materials, and extended to GM’s Gen 1 and early Gen 2 commercial-design intent Fuel Cell stacks and Fuel Cell Systems. The intent of this project was to understand how fuel cell materials, system architectures, and operating strategies impact fuel cell stack durability under fully dynamic operating conditions such as those seen in a light duty vehicle application. More than 87,000 hours of system run time were accumulated under this project simulating several vehicle lifetimes under aggressive driver usage conditions. Lessons learned from this demonstration project have helped expedite the development of a commercially viable, zero-petroleum, zero-emission, Fuel Cell propulsion system. Durability test results have enabled a substantial reduction in the precious metal content in the Fuel Cell Stack with each successive generation of stack design. Stack lifetimes between the first and current design iterations have increased nearly tenfold, while the overall precious metal content has been reduced by approximately 85%. The Gen 2 system power density (kW/gPt) is over five times that of the Gen 0 system. In addition, run time voltage degradation as a function of total platinum was reduced by more than an order of magnitude between the first and last phase of this project. GM is proceeding with a low volume production program aided by the results of the durability testing performed under this cooperative agreement.
08 HYDROGEN↗
Production Facility Prototype Blower 1000 Hour Test Results III
Long duration operations tests of the Aerzen GM 12.4 roots style blower in a closed loop configuration provides valuable data and lessons learned for long-term operation at the Mo-99 production facility. The blower was operated in a closed loop configuration with the flow conditions anticipated in plant operation with a Mo-100 target inline. The additional thermal energy generated from beam heating of the Mo-100 disks was not included in these tests. Eight long duration 500 and 1000 hour tests have been completed since the first test was performed in January of 2016. All eight long duration tests have proven successful in exposing preventable issues related to oil and helium leaks.
47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
Conceptual Design of an Improved Sodium Plugging Loop
Based upon lessons learned in operating the initial sodium portion of the Sodium Plugging Phenomena Loop that itself became plugged and could not be unplugged, a set of improved design features have been identified for a new sodium loop that is less prone to inadvertent plugging. The new design features include a new sodium vessel that combines the functionalities of an expansion tank and a cold trap, increasing the loop tubing diameter/size, improving the thermal designs of the pump and flow meter, improved heater zoning, and an improved temperature distribution strategy along the loop. A new plugging loop conceptual design implementing these features has been developed.
21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
AFCI Glovebox Radiological Release - Evaluation, Corrective Actions and Testing
Scope of Report Releases of airborne radioactivity occurred in the Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative (AFCI) glovebox enclosure (room) located in the Fuel Manufacturing Facility (FMF) at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) in late August and early September, 2014. The subsequent investigation activities identified two primary issues: 1) The AFCI glovebox confinement was compromised providing a pathway for airborne radiological contamination releases, particularly when arc melting activities with transuranics were performed. 2) The Continuous Air Monitors (CAMs) located in the AFCI enclosure did not correctly identify americium (Am)-241 (predominant isotope in release) and provided nonconservative responses. This report documents the results of the investigations into both issues and the corrective actions taken. Finally, lessons learned are provided.
99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
Idaho National Laboratory's FY15 Greenhouse Gas Report
A greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory is a systematic approach to account for the production and release of certain gases generated by an institution from various emission sources. The gases of interest are those that climate science has identified as related to anthropogenic global climate change. This document presents an inventory of GHGs generated during Fiscal Year (FY) 2015 by Idaho National Laboratory (INL), a Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored entity, located in southeastern Idaho. In recent years, concern has grown about the environmental impact of GHGs. This, together with a desire to decrease harmful environmental impacts, would be enough to encourage the calculation of an inventory of the total GHGs generated at INL. Additionally, INL has a desire to see how its emissions compare with similar institutions, including other DOE national laboratories. Executive Order 13693 requires that federal agencies and institutions document reductions in GHG emissions. INL’s GHG inventory was calculated according to methodologies identified in federal GHG guidance documents using operational control boundaries. It measures emissions generated in three scopes: (1) INL emissions produced directly by stationary or mobile combustion and by fugitive emissions, (2) the share of emissions generated by entities from which INL purchased electrical power, and (3) indirect or shared emissions generated by outsourced activities that benefit INL (occur outside INL’s organizational boundaries, but are a consequence of INL’s activities). This inventory found that INL generated 58,330 metric tons (MT) of CO 2 equivalent (CO 2 e ) emissions during FY15. The following conclusions were made from looking at the results of the individual contributors to INL’s FY15 GHG inventory: • Electricity (including the associated transmission and distribution losses) is the largest contributor to INL’s GHG inventory, with over 50% of the CO 2 e emissions • Other sources with high emissions were employee commuting, mobile combustion (fleet fuels), stationary combustion (facility fuels), business air travel, and waste disposal (including fugitive emissions from the onsite landfill and contracted disposal) • Sources with low emissions were wastewater treatment (onsite and contracted), business ground travel (in personal and rental vehicles), and fugitive emissions from refrigerants. This report details the methods behind quantifying INL’s GHG inventory and discusses lessons learned on better practices by which information important to tracking GHGs can be tracked and recorded. It is important to note that because this report differentiates between those portions of INL that are managed and operated by Battelle Energy Alliance (BEA) and those managed by other contractors, it includes only the Laboratory activities overseen by BEA. It is assumed that other contractors will provide similar reporting for those activities they manage, where appropriate.
99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
Sodium Freezing and Remelting Tests in FY 2018
In FY 2017 and FY 2018, a total of thirteen tests were successfully performed in the Sodium Freezing and Remelting test facility. Each new test was carefully designed based upon the results and findings of the previous test to investigate the effects of different factors on the sodium freezing phenomena, including dissolved Ar cover gas versus vacuum, test section cooling rate during freezing, different freezing patterns (e.g., from the free surfaces inward toward the center versus from the center toward the free surfaces), and Ar cover gas pressure. The freezing results were found to depend upon a combination of phenomena. As more tests were conducted and lessons learned, the conduct of the tests improved. In particular, the last three experiments, Tests 11 through 13, may be singled out as providing representative data under well controlled conditions. The maximum stresses arising from sodium freezing are measured to be quite mild. In the tests, a maximum strain change of 60 radial micro strains was measured, equivalent to a stress/negative pressure of 77 psi. This mild maximum stress is thought to reflect the low yield stress of solid sodium near the freezing temperature. Evidence for yielding of solid sodium is provided by the visual observation of a depression in the frozen sodium free surface inside of the sodium reservoir in one test. It is thought that contraction of sodium in the test section during freezing pulled downward on the frozen sodium at the free surface creating the depression. The authors are not aware of any data for the yield stress of solid sodium or the stress versus strain behavior of solid sodium (sodium is not a structural material). It is thus not possible to directly compare with the solid sodium yield strength. However, stress versus strain data at different temperatures up to the freezing temperature are available for solid lithium which is also a alkali metal and has a low yield strength similar to the maximum stresses determined from the Sodium Freezing and Remelting tests providing support for the interpretation of the results in terms of yielding of solid sodium. This is a good result for Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors and sodium facilities. The maximum stress due to frozen sodium pulling inward upon a structural wall wetted by sodium and to which the sodium adheres will be limited by the low sodium yield stress. Argon has a significant solubility in sodium. Cavitation due to nucleation of dissolved argon can offset the effects of sodium thermal contraction and alleviate the formation of stress/negative pressure. This is also a good result for Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors and sodium facilities that operate with an argon cover gas. In the tests, it was found that due to the cavitation, the maximum measured strain change during sodium freezing was limited to 10 axial micro strains, or equivalently 55 psi of negative pressure.
21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
Developing a Human Factors Engineering Program Plan and End State Vision to Support Full Nuclear Power Plant Modernization
The Light Water Reactor Sustainability (LWRS) Program, which is sponsored by the United States (U.S.) Department of Energy (DOE), conducts research and development (R&D) to establish the technical bases to sustain U.S. nuclear assets. One area in the LWRS program is the Plant Modernization pathway, which includes human factors R&D, human factors engineering (HFE), and ergonomics. LWRS program researchers in this pathway conduct targeted R&D to address aging and reliability concerns with the legacy instrumentation and control (I&C) and related information systems in commercial nuclear power plants (NPPs). One key aspect of this pathway is to develop a strategy for full nuclear plant modernization, which previous LWRS plant modernization milestone reports have begun to describe. To further support this comprehensive plan and vision for full plant modernization, additional details need to be further developed. In particular, a core aspect of a strategy for full nuclear plant modernization is an HFE program plan and an end state vision for plant modernization that is well-integrated with both 1) a technically defensible approach to migrating the existing, mostly analog I&C infrastructure to a digital I&C infrastructure, and 2) a valid business case methodology to cost-justify the modernization activity. Thus, the purpose of this LWRS R&D activity and milestone report is threefold. First, the report provides guidance for operating commercial NPPs to support their development and evaluation of an HFE program management plan (HFE PMP) and an end state vision for plant modernization. The report presents best practices and lessons learned related to HFE PMPs based on MCR modifications in which analog systems were replaced by digital I&C systems. Second, the report summarizes the rationale for full digital I&C integration, highlights a number of factors that are critical to consider, and describes how HFE should merge with full digital I&C integration. Finally, the report summarizes and integrates the economic factors that must be considered to cost-justify HFE involvement in plant modernization.
99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
Considerations for Corridor and Community DC Fast Charging Complex System Design
The Idaho National Laboratory (INL), a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) national laboratory located in Idaho Falls, Idaho, has been DOE’s lead laboratory for the field testing of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), charging infrastructure, and other alternative vehicle technologies for 25 years. INL has tested and collected data from more than 17,000 charging stations, documenting efficiencies, charge profiles, and PEV drivers’ behaviors when using charging infrastructure. Based on the experience of INL staff and support personnel, DOE requested that INL perform three tasks: • Identify pertinent lessons learned from previous direct current (DC) fast charger (DCFC) deployment and data collection activities in order to perform an analysis of the experience to date with DC fast charging systems • Establish the criteria for siting DC fast charging systems, including access to current or future sizeable penetrations of PEVs and existing power, the potential to be used by local (intracity) as well as pass-through (intercity) PEV drivers, expandability, and accessible to the federal highway system • Develop a draft system specification that lists the components that will be incorporated in a DC fast charging complexes.
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
Final Scientific Findings Report- Hydro Research Foundation- Research Awards Program
The Research Awards Program was established in 2014 by the Hydro Research Foundation (Foundation) to support research efforts for the hydropower industry. Using the previously funded Fellowship Program that ran from 2010-2015, the Research Awards Program (RAP or program) captured the lessons learned from the Fellowship program and fine-tuned a nation-wide graduate level research program to support innovation, research and workforce development. The RAP was funded through a $2 million-dollar grant through the Department of Energy’s Water Power Program within the Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy office (DOE). This award made possible, 33 research projects by 32 students from 21 universities in 11 states. The grant widely engaged the industry by providing the opportunity to work with 25 organizations as well as 63 students and advisors. The funded research focused on a topic list selected by industry and worked to cover a breadth of research needs across many disciplines, basins and types of hydropower issues. The funded work, answered pressing research needs in the fields of the following disciplines; civil engineering, mechanical engineering, environmental engineering, electrical engineering, geography, fisheries, wildlife, water resources, geology, energy science and materials innovation. The Foundation estimates that 116 individuals benefited from this research through either direct mentorship (42), research (32), overseeing the research (31), partnerships (7) and the day-to-day management of the program (4). This investment by DOE showcases how private-public partnerships can leverage limited funds to create a wide range of research products. The project objective was to build on the successful Fellowship Program to develop and execute the RAP on a national level. The program sought to provide competitively awarded hydropower-related graduate-level research awards. The intent of the RAP was to support beneficial, innovative research related to conventional or pumped-storage hydropower. It also sought to stimulate interest among students and universities in this research arena and provide students with a foundation for productive careers within the hydropower industry. The outcome was 33 research findings with 100% of proposed research completed. In addition, 87% of students chose to either join the hydropower industry or continue their hydropower related research at their universities. These research findings advanced the understanding of pressing research topics within the hydropower industry and met the objective of the funding. An ancillary benefit the program identified through this funding was, not only did 63 students and advisors work on hydropower within the academia space, but now there are more professors and students teaching hydropower at the university level. The program saw an addition of 12 new professors, teaching assistants, and graduate researchers continuing to simulate interest in hydropower. Another interesting outcome is that during this grant funding, the program saw alumni of the predecessor program, who are now professors, applying for the RAP with their students. A unique element of this funding is there was significant cost-share provided by host universities, who did not charge facilities and administration overhead to the student’s research awards. In addition, each university provided laboratories, computing capacity and research facilities to support the research which is extraordinarily unique to grant funding at the university level. The total cost share exceeded 30% of the total grant cost. The funding clearly reached many sectors of the industry to provide helpful work and continue building hydropower’s next generation of innovation and workforce. The Foundation has established a broad network of universities interested and engaged in hydropower. The work was supported by the hydropower industry through donations of meeting space, conference registrations, in-kind contributions, mentorship and support of students. The Foundation would recommend finding a vehicle to further advance programs like the graduate level research through competitions, competitively funded awards and student research. It will take many universities to advance hydropower’s most pressing challenges. To let a program like the RAP dwindle away would incapacitate research at universities.
13 HYDRO ENERGY↗
Captain Electronics Technical Report
This report details the current layout of the electronics for the mini-CAPTAIN detector system, as well as the lessons learned during commissioning. We will present some electronics suggestions for future LArTPC systems. Mini-CAPTAIN is one of three detectors used in the Cryogenic Apparatus for Precision Tests of Argon Interactions with Neutrino (CAPTAIN) project at Los Alamos National Lab (LANL). The detector uses many of the same electronic components as current and developing LArTPC experiments. This includes the motherboards, service cards, amplifiers and ADC made by Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) and the front-end modules (FEM) made by Nevis Labs. The cold electronics performed well in both vacuum and cryogenic environments after months of exposure. Mini-CAPTAIN was tested with two liquid nitrogen and three liquid argon run cycles. The final testing was performed at the Weapons Neutron Research (WNR) facility at LANSCE. Mini-CAPTAIN was able to maintain a clean electrical signal through most of the test cycles. Most noise reduction was achieved with power source filtering and careful attention to the ground configuration. Direct oscilloscope probing on the front-end output provided the fastest analysis and correction of noise sources. Ground path assumptions and integrity were verified with frequent impedance checks. A high voltage break down event damaged some of the channels on the motherboards and a number of the wire decoupling capacitors. This temporarily introduced significant noise on the wire planes due to current leakage. The detector was taken apart and reassembled three times, with successful noise reduction after each activity. The current raw signal-to-noise ratio is 9 to 1.
42 ENGINEERING↗
Integrated pre-feasibility study for CO 2 geological storage in the Cascadia Basin, offshore Washington State, British Columbia
The Cascadia CarbonSAFE project conducted a pre-feasibility study to evaluate technical and nontechnical aspects of storing 50 million metric tons (MMT) of carbon dioxide in a safe, ocean basalt reservoir offshore Washington State and British Columbia. Sub-seafloor basalts are very common on Earth and enable geological mineralization as a long-term storage mechanism, permanently sequestering the carbon in solid rock form. This project evaluated the offshore storage complex, developed potential industrial source/transport scenarios, built an inventory of existing geophysical/geological data and environmental monitoring capabilities, conducted laboratory studies and reservoir modeling to determine storage capacity, and analyzed economic factors, regulatory requirements, and project management risks. Our team included researchers at Columbia University in New York, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in Washington, University of Victoria in British Columbia, University of California at Santa Cruz, and GHG Underground in Maine, as well as collaborators at University of Iceland in Reykjavik and University of Washington in Saint Louis. In the study region, large emitters (>100,000 MT/year) generate a total of approximately 40 MMT annually from stationary sources, such as power plants, refineries, ammonia production, and mineral processing plants. Five potential industry source/transport scenarios were identified (three in U.SA S. and two in Canada) to potentially provide 50 MMT of carbon dioxide to the offshore reservoir. One scenario included net carbon-negative sources that would reduce atmospheric levels. The inventory of existing data illustrated that basalt properties in the region are potentially beneficial for long-term storage. Permeability is on the order of 0.1 to 1 Darcies within the uppermost 600 m of ocean crust and density-derived porosity reaches 10–20% in thin layers that provide act as flow channels and provide access to porous and permeable basalt. Fine-grained sediments overlying basalt provide a low-permeability barrier separating the storage reservoir from the overlying ocean. Subsurface monitoring of the storage complex benefits from a unique opportunity close proximity of to the nearby NEPTUNE cabled seafloor observatory, which actively transmits data to shore and could be used to monitor reservoir properties. Injection pressure changes, reservoir chemistry, seismicity, well head corrosion, and potential leakage monitoring would be feasible in real time. Using existing data and published models, the STOMP-CO 2 modeling code developed at PNNL was used to simulate carbon dioxide injection, storage, and mineralization in the reservoir. Preliminary simulations indicate that a 50 MMT carbon dioxide plume injected over a 20-year period remains well within the reservoir area, both laterally and vertically, for at least a 50-year period of post-injection monitoring. Laboratory studies on core samples from Cascadia measured dissolution rates in CO 2 –basalt–seawater mixtures and indicated large variability in rates with the potential for complete mineralization. Compared to published data, the dissolution rate measured in these samples is faster, decreasing the time until full conversion to carbonate minerals would occur. Adding geochemical reactivity in the STOMP-CO 2 model indicates that carbon dioxide would be fully converted to carbonate minerals in 135 years or less after injection ceases. The project assessed the viability and costs for the five scenarios using either dedicated offshore pipelines or shipping vessels. Carbon dioxide capture costs were not considered. Shipping incurred lower upfront CAPEX costs, and because most viable sources were located near the shore and waterways, shipping is preferred; no dedicated carbon dioxide pipelines exist in the region. The project also considered potential risks from mixed-use impacts on surrounding lands and ocean areas, such as active use by commercial and recreational fisherman, and other community considerations in planning for public engagement in the future. Other project risks were identified, including project management, permitting and compliance, and financing, as well as technical issues such as long-term instrumentation, plume migration, and model development. Geological concerns like reservoir permeability, seal, and induced seismicity held relatively low risk. The regulatory framework for offshore storage in the U.S. and Canada may be covered by general legal/regulatory programs, but is not yet fully defined. Existing programs appear to restrict the transportation of carbon dioxide across national boundaries (e.g., Canada to U.S.) and its sub-seabed disposal in some circumstances. Our assessment suggests that developing specific and separate pilot projects will help to advance the technical feasibility and regulatory requirements in each country, and lessons learned from such activities may be transferable elsewhere around the globe.
42 ENGINEERING↗
Potential Roles for Demand Response in High-Growth Electric Systems with Increasing Shares of Renewable Generation
Many countries around the world are experiencing rapid economic development while simultaneously deploying more wind and solar generators. This report explores potential roles for demand response - the modification of electricity load operations to provide grid services - to support these countries' development goals through enhancing grid reliability and assisting with renewable energy integration in the power sector. After reviewing current demand response programs types, which include wholesale and retail market offerings, as well as broader distributed energy resource (DER) aggregation programs, we reflect on the historical trajectory of demand response as a grid resource and on recent findings from renewable integration studies. The reviewed literature suggests that some types of demand response programs are likely to be more supportive of high-economic growth, high-renewable contexts than others. We conclude by outlining best practices for the design of new demand response programs that build on the historical lessons learned and are well suited to accommodate expected future changes in generation and load patterns.
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
Fuel Cell Buses in U.S. Transit Fleets: Current Status 2018
This report, published annually, summarizes the progress of fuel cell electric bus (FCEB) development in the United States and discusses the achievements and challenges of introducing fuel cell propulsion in transit. The report provides a summary of results from evaluations performed by the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) National Renewable Energy Laboratory. This annual status report combines results from all FCEB demonstrations, tracks the progress of the FCEB industry toward meeting technical targets, documents the lessons learned, and discusses the path forward for commercial viability of fuel cell technology for transit buses. The data from these early FCEB deployments funded by the U.S. Department of Transportation, state agencies, and the private sector help to guide future early-stage research and development supported by DOE's Fuel Cell Technologies Office. The 2018 summary results primarily focus on the most recent year for each demonstration, from August 2017 through July 2018. NREL has included an up-to-date analysis of operational costs including scheduled and unscheduled cost and cost per mile by system. The primary results presented in the report are from five demonstrations of two different fuel-cell-dominant bus designs.
30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗
Underground Natural Gas Storage - Analog Studies to Geologic Storage of CO 2
The purpose of this report is to compile a stand-alone body of knowledge regarding historical and current underground natural gas storage operations that may be directly or indirectly relevant to carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) geologic storage in saline-bearing formations. This is the first of three planned documents that evaluate analog industries of CO 2 storage (the second focuses on wastewater disposal using United States [U.S.] Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] Underground Injection Control [UIC] Class I disposal wells, and the third on CO 2 enhanced oil recovery). Natural gas has been stored underground for over 100 years. This type of storage is necessary for meeting seasonal demand requirements as well as insuring against unforeseen supply disruptions. There are significant similarities that exist between natural gas storage and CO 2 geologic storage (and full-scale carbon capture and storage [CCS]) in terms of site selection and characterization, as well as operational procedures, and the equipment used. Therefore, the extensive operational history of underground natural gas storage operations provides a wealth of knowledge and lessons learned from which CO 2 storage stakeholders in industry, academia, and policy can benefit.
03 NATURAL GAS↗
Calcined Waste Storage at the Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center
This comprehensive report provides definitive information regarding the volume, mass, and composition (chemical and radioactivity) of the calcined waste stored at the Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center on the Idaho National Laboratory Site. The calcine composition data are required for current regulatory compliance and safe operation of the INTEC’s six Calcined Solids Storage Facilities (CSSFs), as well as future retrieval, treatment, and shipping the calcine to an off-Site facility (such as a geologic repository). This report also contains a description of the calcine storage bins that compose each of the CSSFs, emphasizing the features that may be of concern to future calcine retrieval. The CSSFs were designed by different architectural engineering firms and built at different times. Each CSSF has a unique design, reflecting varying design criteria and lessons learned from historical CSSF operation. The varying CSSF designs will affect future calcine retrieval processes and equipment. This revision (5) of the report presents refinements of the databases used to calculate the volume, mass, chemical content, and radioactivity of calcined waste produced and stored within the CSSFs. This revision corrects minor errors and inconsistencies noted in an extensive validation and verification effort of the prior version of the Microsoft Excel workbooks upon which the calcine composition described in this report is based. Historical calcine samples are insufficient in number and scope of analysis to fully characterize the entire inventory of calcine in the CSSFs. Sample data exist for all of the liquid wastes that were calcined. This report provides calcine composition data based on liquid waste sample analyses, the volume of liquid waste calcined, calciner operating data, and CSSF operating data using several large Microsoft Excel (Microsoft 2010) databases and spreadsheets. The Excel spreadsheets are collectively called the Historical Processing Model (HPM). The calcine composition determined by this method compares favorably with historical calcine sample data.
12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
Subject Matter Expert Workshop for the Use of Municipal and Commercial Equipment for Radiological Response and Recovery: National Urban Security Technology Laboratory Workshop Summary Report
This report documents equipment and methods to aid in a wide-area radiological or nuclear response and recovery effort in an urban environment. This report summarizes a workshop held in New York City. The objective of this workshop was to incorporate lessons learned from a prior workshop, close the gaps on some areas that were not discussed in the prior workshop, and include additional subject matter experts from critical infrastructure operations, such as tunnels and bridges, the Port Authority, and mass transit. Various missions were postulated in a hypothetical emergency scenario under five broad support goal categories. Based on the findings and input from a series of such workshops and meetings, we plan to develop “best practices” for use of equipment responding to and recovering from a wide-area radiological incident.
61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗