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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,063 records · Page 59
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

OBJECTIVE BAYESIAN ANALYSIS OF ''ON/OFF'' MEASUREMENTS

In high-energy astrophysics, it is common practice to account for the background overlaid with counts from the source of interest with the help of auxiliary measurements carried out by pointing off-source. In this ''on/off'' measurement, one knows the number of photons detected while pointing toward the source, the number of photons collected while pointing away from the source, and how to estimate the background counts in the source region from the flux observed in the auxiliary measurements. For very faint sources, the number of photons detected is so low that the approximations that hold asymptotically are not valid. On the other hand, an analytical solution exists for the Bayesian statistical inference, which is valid at low and high counts. Here we illustrate the objective Bayesian solution based on the reference posterior and compare the result with the approach very recently proposed by Knoetig, and discuss its most delicate points. In addition, we propose to compute the significance of the excess with respect to the background-only expectation with a method that is able to account for any uncertainty on the background and is valid for any photon count. This method is compared to the widely used significance formula by Li and Ma, which is based on asymptotic properties.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Coherent control of atomic tunneling in a driven triple well

Coherent control of quantum tunneling is investigated for a single atom held in a driven triple-well potential without tight-binding approximation. In the high-frequency regime within or without multiphoton resonance, we find the analytical solutions and their numerical correspondences, including the special Floquet states of invariant populations and the non-Floquet states of slowly varying populations. The Floquet quasienergy spectrum exhibits anticrossings and crossings for different values of the driving parameters, which are associated with different tunneling properties described by the non-Floquet states. Applying the presented results, we suggest a scheme for transporting a single atom between nonadjacent wells or between adjacent wells.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2012

Nonlinear Accelerator with Transverse Motion Integrable in Normalized Polar Coordinates

Several families of nonlinear accelerator lattices with integrable transverse motion were suggested recently. One of the requirements for the existence of two analytic invariants is a special longitudinal coordinate dependence of fields. This paper presents the particle motion analysis when a problem becomes integrable in the normalized polar coordinates. This case is distinguished from the others: it yields an exact analytical solution and has a uniform longitudinal coordinate dependence of the fields (since the corresponding nonlinear potential is invariant under the transformation from the Cartesian to the normalized coordinates). A number of interesting features are revealed: while the frequency of radial oscillations is independent of the amplitude, the spread of angular frequencies in a beam is absolute. A corresponding spread of frequencies of oscillations in the Cartesian coordinates is evaluated via the simulation of transverse Schottky noise.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Analytic model of the energy distribution function for highly energetic electrons in magnetron plasmas

This paper analyzes a situation which is common for magnetized technical plasmas such as dc magnetron discharges and high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) systems, where secondary electrons enter the plasma after being accelerated in the cathode fall and encounter a nearly uniform bulk. An analytic calculation of the distribution function of hot electrons is presented; these are described as an initially monoenergetic beam that slows down by Coulomb collisions with a Maxwellian distribution of bulk (cold) electrons, and by inelastic collisions with neutrals. Although this analytical solution is based on a steady-state assumption, a comparison of the characteristic time-scales suggests that it may be applicable to a variety of practical time-dependent discharges, and it may be used to introduce kinetic effects into models based on the hypothesis of Maxwellian electrons. The results are verified for parameters appropriate to HiPIMS discharges, by means of time-dependent and fully kinetic numerical calculations.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2010

Benchmarking of collision operators with momentum source corrections

Several linearized collision operator models with parallel momentum conservation enforced by source functions are benchmarked against the correct collision operator based on Rosenbluth potentials. The model operators without energy diffusion allow for an analytic solution of a generalized Spitzer problem. For the other operators under investigation, an integrodifferential equation is solved. The benchmarking is performed both for the parallel conductivity with the ions assumed at rest and for the bootstrap current, where ion and electron flows are collisionally coupled. The accuracy of the results obtained with the operators varies from rather poor in the case of the simplest monoenergetic model to quite satisfactory for the models employing an energy-weighted parallel momentum source function.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

Toward a self-consistent model of the interaction between an ultra-intense, normally incident laser pulse with an overdense plasma

Following a recent work by Sanz et al. [Phys. Rev. E 85, 046411 (2012)], we elaborate upon a one-dimensional model describing the interaction between an ultra-intense, normally incident laser pulse and an overdense plasma. The analytical solutions of the reflected laser field, the electrostatic field, and the plasma surface oscillation are obtained within the cold-fluid approximation. The high-order harmonic spectrum is calculated from the exact solution of the plasma surface oscillations. In agreement with particle-in-cell simulations, two regimes of harmonic generation are predicted: for moderately relativistic laser intensities, or high plasma densities, the harmonic spectrum is determined by the discontinuity in the derivative of the reflected field when the electron plasma boundary oscillates across the fixed ion boundary. For higher intensities, the electron plasma boundary is confined inside the ion region and oscillates at relativistic velocities, giving rise to a train of reflected attosecond pulses. In both cases, the harmonic spectrum obeys an asymptotic ω{sup −4} scaling. The acceleration of electrons and the related laser absorption efficiency are computed by a test particle method. The model self-consistently reproduces the transition between the “anomalous skin effect” and the “J × B” heating predicted by particle-in-cell simulations. Analytical estimates of the different scalings are presented.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

Steady-state heat transport: Ballistic-to-diffusive with Fourier's law

It is generally understood that Fourier's law does not describe ballistic phonon transport, which is important when the length of a material is similar to the phonon mean-free-path. Using an approach adapted from electron transport, we demonstrate that Fourier's law and the heat equation do capture ballistic effects, including temperature jumps at ideal contacts, and are thus applicable on all length scales. Local thermal equilibrium is not assumed, because allowing the phonon distribution to be out-of-equilibrium is important for ballistic and quasi-ballistic transport. The key to including the non-equilibrium nature of the phonon population is to apply the proper boundary conditions to the heat equation. Simple analytical solutions are derived, showing that (i) the magnitude of the temperature jumps is simply related to the material properties and (ii) the observation of reduced apparent thermal conductivity physically stems from a reduction in the temperature gradient and not from a reduction in actual thermal conductivity. We demonstrate how our approach, equivalent to Fourier's law, easily reproduces results of the Boltzmann transport equation, in all transport regimes, even when using a full phonon dispersion and mean-free-path distribution.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2010

Coherent control of atomic excitation using off-resonant strong few-cycle pulses

We study the dynamics of a two-level system driven by an off-resonance few-cycle pulse which has a phase jump {phi} at t=t{sub 0}, in contrast to many-cycle pulses, under the nonrotating-wave approximation (NRWA). We give a closed form analytical solution for the evolution of the probability amplitude |C{sub a}(t)| for the upper level. Using the appropriate pulse parameters like the phase jump {phi}, jump time t{sub 0}, pulse width {tau}, frequency {nu}, and Rabi frequency {Omega}{sub 0} the population transfer after the pulse is gone can be optimized and, for the pulse considered here, an enhancement factor of 10{sup 6}-10{sup 8} was obtained.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2018

Two-qudit geometric phase evolution under dephasing

In this work, we study a bipartite system composed by a pair of entangled qudits under dephasing, showing how the dynamics can be decoupled into two main sectors. In one of them, the concurrence of the effective state needed to compute the geometric phase generally decays to zero at asymptotic times. Of course, an evolution restricted to this sector can occur or not, depending on the initial state. Among the possibilities, there is a maximally entangled qutrit state (MES) that undergoes a restricted evolution. In this case, instead of decaying to zero, the concurrence as well as the geometric phase signal a transition to an effective two-qubit MES at asymptotic times. Next, we obtain the analytic solution to the master equation for a general initial two-qutrit state, and identify a whole class of decoherence free states. The associated observables, evolving in the presence of the environment, are robust against decoherence regardless of the coupling constants and operating weights. Among them, we obtained all the MES states which are robust against decoherence. The enhanced stability properties around them provides a strategy to minimize the effects of the environment on fractional topological phases.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2010

Transport induced by symmetry breaking in a nonneutral plasma

Small asymmetries of the confining electric and magnetic fields pose an upper limit on the lifetime of nonneutral plasmas trapped in Malmberg-Penning traps. The present paper reviews the effect of magnetic and electric field errors on the equilibrium of nonneutral plasma based on a suitable parallel current constraint. Together with Poisson's equation, this constraint provides a full set of equations for determining self-consistent asymmetric equilibria of non-neutral plasmas in a Malmberg-Penning trap. Using this approach, the effect on the plasma equilibrium of weak magnetic and electric squeezes (field errors with azimuthal number m = 0), tilt (m = 1) and quadrupole (m = 2) distortions is investigated. Analytical and semi-analytical solutions for the electric potential variation inside the trap are found in a paraxial limit for various radial density profiles of the plasma, including the case of global thermal equilibrium. A direct analog of the Pfirsch-Schlueter and Stupakov currents is also derived. The presented theory of the plasma equilibrium distorted by field errors provides the basis for elaborating a self-consistent theory of the asymmetry induced transport in a Malmberg-Penning trap.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

VISCOUS ACCRETION OF A POLYTROPIC SELF-GRAVITATING DISK IN THE PRESENCE OF WIND

Self-similar and semi-analytical solutions are found for the height-averaged equations governing the dynamical behavior of a polytropic, self-gravitating disk under the effects of winds around the nascent object. In order to describe the time evolution of the system, we adopt a radius-dependent mass loss rate, then highlight its importance on both the traditional {alpha} and innovative {beta} models of viscosity prescription. In agreement with some other studies, our solutions represent that the Toomre parameter is less than one in most regions on the {beta}-disk, which indicates that in such disks gravitational instabilities can occur at various distances from the central accretor. So, the {beta}-disk model might provide a good explanation of how the planetary systems form. The purpose of the present work is twofold: examining the structure of a disk with wind in comparison to a no-wind solution and seeing whether the adopted viscosity prescription significantly affects the dynamical behavior of the disk-wind system. We also considered the temperature distribution in our disk by a polytropic condition. The solutions imply that, under our boundary conditions, the radial velocity is larger for {alpha}-disks and increases as wind becomes stronger in both viscosity models. Also, we noticed that the disk thickness increases by amplifying the wind or adopting larger values for the polytropic exponent {gamma}. It also may globally decrease if one prescribes a {beta}-model for the viscosity. Moreover, in both viscosity models, the surface density and mass accretion rate diminish as the wind gets stronger or {gamma} increases.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

The double-gradient magnetic instability: Stabilizing effect of the guide field

The role of the dawn-dusk magnetic field component in stabilizing of the magnetotail flapping oscillations is investigated in the double-gradient model framework (Erkaev et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 235003 (2007)), extended for the magnetotail-like configurations with non-zero guide field B{sub y}. Contribution of the guide field is examined both analytically and by means of linearized 2-dimensional (2D) and non-linear 3-dimensional (3D) MHD modeling. All three approaches demonstrate the same properties of the instability: stabilization of current sheet oscillations for short wavelength modes, appearing of the typical (fastest growing) wavelength λ{sub peak} of the order of the current sheet width, decrease of the peak growth rate with increasing B{sub y} value, and total decay of the mode for B{sub y}∼0.5 in the lobe magnetic field units. Analytical solution and 2D numerical simulations claim also the shift of λ{sub peak} toward the longer wavelengths with increasing guide field. This result is barely visible in 3D simulations. It may be accounted for the specific background magnetic configuration, the pattern of tail-like equilibrium provided by approximated solution of the conventional Grad-Shafranov equation. The configuration demonstrates drastically changing radius of curvature of magnetic field lines, R{sub c}. This, in turn, favors the “double-gradient” mode (λ > R{sub c}) in one part of the sheet and classical “ballooning” instability (λ < R{sub c}) in another part, which may result in generation of a “combined” unstable mode.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2010

High-order harmonic propagation in gases within the discrete dipole approximation

We present an efficient approach for computing high-order harmonic propagation based on the discrete dipole approximation. In contrast with other approaches, our strategy is based on computing the total field as the superposition of the driving field with the field radiated by the elemental emitters of the sample. In this way we avoid the numerical integration of the wave equation, as Maxwell's equations have an analytical solution for an elementary (pointlike) emitter. The present strategy is valid for low-pressure gases interacting with strong fields near the saturation threshold (i.e., partially ionized), which is a common situation in the experiments of high-order harmonic generation. We use this tool to study the dependence of phase matching of high-order harmonics with the relative position between the beam focus and the gas jet.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2011

Calculation of spontaneous emission from a V-type three-level atom in photonic crystals using fractional calculus

Fractional time derivative, an abstract mathematical operator of fractional calculus, is used to describe the real optical system of a V-type three-level atom embedded in a photonic crystal. A fractional kinetic equation governing the dynamics of the spontaneous emission from this optical system is obtained as a fractional Langevin equation. Solving this fractional kinetic equation by fractional calculus leads to the analytical solutions expressed in terms of fractional exponential functions. The accuracy of the obtained solutions is verified through reducing the system into the special cases whose results are consistent with the experimental observation. With accurate physical results and avoiding the complex integration for solving this optical system, we propose fractional calculus with fractional time derivative as a better mathematical method to study spontaneous emission dynamics from the optical system with non-Markovian dynamics.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2024

A Semi-Analytical Approach for State-Space Electromagnetic Transient Simulation

Here, this paper proposes a semi-analytical approach for efficient and accurate electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation of a power grid. The approach first derives a high-order semi-analytical solution (SAS) of the grid’s state-space EMT model using the differential transformation (DT), and then evaluates the solution over enlarged, variable time steps to significantly accelerate the simulations while maintaining its high accuracy on detailed fast EMT dynamics. The approach also addresses switches during large time steps by using a limit violation detection algorithm with a binary search-enhanced quadratic interpolation. Case studies are conducted on EMT models of the IEEE 39-bus system and large-scale systems to demonstrate the merits of the new simulation approach against traditional numerical methods.

electromagnetic transient↗
DOE OSTI2016

Resonant tunneling assisted propagation and amplification of plasmons in high electron mobility transistors

A rigorous theoretical and computational model is developed for the plasma-wave propagation in high electron mobility transistor structures with electron injection from a resonant tunneling diode at the gate. We discuss the conditions in which low-loss and sustainable plasmon modes can be supported in such structures. The developed analytical model is used to derive the dispersion relation for these plasmon-modes. A non-linear full-wave-hydrodynamic numerical solver is also developed using a finite difference time domain algorithm. The developed analytical solutions are validated via the numerical solution. We also verify previous observations that were based on a simplified transmission line model. It is shown that at high levels of negative differential conductance, plasmon amplification is indeed possible. The proposed rigorous models can enable accurate design and optimization of practical resonant tunnel diode-based plasma-wave devices for terahertz sources, mixers, and detectors, by allowing a precise representation of their coupling when integrated with other electromagnetic structures.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

On the theory of current passage via an ideal insulator

An analytic solution to the problem of current passage via an ideal insulator in the case of monopolar hole injection has been found. The current-voltage (J-V) characteristics have been obtained for the first time in a broad range of parameters (insulator length, hole concentrations at boundaries, temperature, etc.) and applied voltages. It is shown that the Mott-Gurney quadratic J-V relation is valid only in a certain interval of currents between J{sub 1} and J{sub 2}. For J < J{sub 1}, the current linearly depends on voltage V to within V{sup 3} terms. A new mode has been found for J > J{sub 2}, where the J-V characteristic also becomes linear because the insulator is completely filled with injected holes. The integration constants are determined in the entire range of parameters and currents. Analytic expressions for the spatial electric-field and hole-concentration distributions are derived.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2010

Neutrino emissivity of nonequilibrium beta processes with nucleon superfluidity

We investigate the influence of nucleon superfluidity on the neutrino emissivity of nonequilibrium beta processes. Calculations of the reduction factors for direct and modified Urca processes with three types of nucleon superfluidity in npe matter are performed. The numerical results are given because the analytical solution is impossible. We find that the superfluid influence is closely related to the chemical departure from beta equilibrium. For a small chemical departure, the superfluid reduction factor depends almost only on the gap and is hardly affected by the departure, while for a large enough departure, it rapidly enhances neutrino emissivity. The onset of 'enchanced' emission has some corresponding thresholds that seem to be linked to the ratio of the energy gap to the chemical departure.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗