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DOE OSTI2018

Investigation of Polypropylene-Montmorillonite Clay Nanocomposite Films Containing a Pro-degradant Additive

This paper investigates the performance of polypropylene (PP) incorporated with montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay, maleic anhydride grafted PP (PP-g-MAH), and pro-degradant additive (TDPA®), which provides additional benefits of increasing biodegradability. A twin-screw extruder was used to compound PP, MMT, PP-g-MAH, and TDPA, and the extruded nanocomposite films were collected for testing, and their mechanical, thermal, barrier, oxo-biodegradability, and morphological properties were evaluated. Tensile test, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), oxygen permeability test, soil burial test, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis were used to investigate these properties. Increasing MMT content from 1 to 3 phr increases tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the neat PP samples up to ca.45% and 27% respectively. Improvement of thermal properties for neat PP samples was observed by increasing MMT content from 1 to 3 phr. However, at 4 phr MMT content, both mechanical and thermal properties of nanocomposites dropped slightly. For soil buried samples, DSC and TGA results revealed significant changes in the thermal properties for PP samples containing TDPE additive compared to neat PP, clearly confirming the effectiveness of this TDPA additive in promoting oxo-biodegradation process of PP. Similarly weight loss evaluation result shows that about 4% weight loss for sample (PP/TD), which is PP and TDPA blend only, compared to neat PP. However, increasing MMT content from 1 to 4 phr slightly reduced weight loss of PP from 3.5 to 1.5%, respectively, for 6 month soil exposure period, which indicates that increasing MMT content was detrimental to the degradation process. For higher MMT content, the oxygen permeability of PP nanocomposites was decreased by 46% of the corresponding values for neat PP. The XRD and TEM results confirmed the exfoliation structure of the nanocomposites. The morphological change after soil burial test was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2014

Anomalous skin effects in a weakly magnetized degenerate electron plasma

Fully relativistic analysis of anomalous skin effects for parallel propagating waves in a weakly magnetized degenerate electron plasma is presented and a graphical comparison is made with the results obtained using relativistic Maxwellian distribution function [G. Abbas, M. F. Bashir, and G. Murtaza, Phys. Plasmas 18, 102115 (2011)]. It is found that the penetration depth for R- and L-waves for degenerate case is qualitatively small in comparison with the Maxwellian plasma case. The quantitative reduction due to weak magnetic field in the skin depth in R-wave for degenerate plasma is large as compared to the non-degenerate one. By ignoring the ambient magnetic field, previous results for degenerate field free case are salvaged [A. F. Alexandrov, A. S. Bogdankevich, and A. A. Rukhadze, Principles of Plasma Electrodynamics (Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg, 1984), p. 90].

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2012

Morphology and non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of CuInS{sub 2} nanocrystals synthesized by solvo-thermal method

Nanocrystals of copper indium disulphide (CuInS{sub 2}) were synthesized by a solvo-thermal method. The structure, morphology and non-isothermal crystallization kinetic behavior of samples were investigated using X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, field emission transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis techniques. Non-isothermal measurements at different heating rates were carried out and the crystallization kinetics of samples were analyzed using the most reliable non-isothermal kinetic methods. The kinetic parameters such as glass transition temperature, thermal stability, activation energy, Avrami exponent etc. were evaluated. - Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer CuInS{sub 2} nanocrystals have scientific and technological importance. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Samples have been prepared by solvo-thermal method. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Synthesized samples exhibit excellent morphology and thermal properties. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Investigated properties may be utilized in design and fabrication of solar cell devices.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2023

New Perspective on Phase Space Density Analysis for Outer Radiation Belt Enhancements: The Influence of MeV Electron Injections

Observation of growing phase space density (PSD) peak in the outer electron radiation belt has been considered evidence for local wave-driven acceleration as a primary cause of radiation belt enhancement. However, recent studies showed that strong substorm-associated MeV electron injections can also cause significant radiation belt enhancements on fast timescales (~10s min). Such rapid enhancements pose challenges for determining true spatial PSD profiles. To address this, we conduct a detailed spatiotemporal analysis of electron flux and PSD during an enhancement event, using Van Allen Probes data. Our analysis reveals rapid and intermittent flux enhancements. During these rapid enhancements, inbound spacecraft observed false PSD peaks, due to spacecraft's relatively slow movement. However, we identify time intervals of stable fluxes between enhancements, enabling us to determine quasi-stationary PSD profiles with no noticeable peaks. This study provides new insights into accurate PSD analysis, critical for understanding the mechanisms underlying radiation belt enhancements.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Thermal Properties of Sodium Borosilicate Glasses as a Function of Sulfur Content

SO3 additions, up to 3.0 wt%, were systematically investigated for effects on the physical properties of sodium borosilicate glass melted in air, with a sulfur-free composition of 50SiO2-10Al2O3-12B2O3-21Na2O-7CaO (wt%). Solubility measurements, using electron microscopy chemical analysis, determined the maximum loading to be ~1.5 wt% SO3. It was found that sulfur (here as sulfate) in this glass increased the glass transition temperature, thermal diffusivity, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity, and decreased the mass density. Structural analysis, performed with Raman spectroscopy, indicated that the borosilicate network polymerized with sulfur additions, presumably due to Na2O being required to charge compensate the ionic SO42- additions, thus becoming unavailable to form non-bridging oxygen in the silicate network. It is postulated that this increased crosslinking of the borosilicate backbone lead to a structure with higher dimensionality and average bond energy. This increased the mean free paths and vibration frequency of the phonons, which resulted in the observed increase in thermal properties.

Thermal properties, Borosilicate glass, Sulfur sol↗

DOE OSTI2014

Crystallographic analysis of rock grain orientation at meso- and microscale levels

This paper studies the results of electron backscatter diffraction analysis of naturally deformed polycrystalline olivine. It also defines the dependence of lattice-preferred orientations of grains on their microstructural position and size. The authors detect the basic mechanisms, consequence and thermal dynamic modes of deformation. They also show that the development of a polycrystalline structure is determined by the following consecutive activation of sliding systems (010)[100] → (0kl)[100] → (100)[010] → (100)[001] → (110)[001], when dislocation sliding and diffusion creep change under the temperature decrease from 1000°C to 650°C.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

DOE OSTI2025

Spectral Clustering-Based Partitioning of Large-Scale Power Electronics-Based Power Systems for Small-Signal Stability Analysis

The nodal admittance matrix (NAM)-based approach is well-suited for small-signal stability analysis of large-scale power electronics-based power systems (PEPSs), as it preserves the system structure through its admittance matrix. Previous studies have explored partitioning such systems into subareas and interconnections to reduce computational burden; however, they lacked a formal algorithmic procedure for determining feasible partitions. While several grid partitioning methods, such as those based on graph theory or machine learning, exist in the literature, they cannot be directly applied to NAM-based analysis due to differing objectives and constraints. Here, this paper addresses this gap by presenting a systematic, step-by-step procedure for applying a spectral partitioning algorithm that yields a division of the system into subareas suitable for NAM-based analysis. The computational complexity of the proposed method is also derived to demonstrate its efficiency and justify the practicality of the resulting subarea decomposition. The performance of the partitioning method is evaluated by applying the spectral clustering-derived subareas and interconnections to the NAM-based partitioning approach on a 140-bus system. Computational times for the full-system and partitioned NAM analyses are compared using MATLAB. Additionally, PSCAD simulations of the complete system and partitioned subareas are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Nupur [Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United S↗

DOE OSTI2021

Transition characteristics and electron kinetics in microhollow cathode discharges

We demonstrate the transition characteristics and electron kinetics of microdischarges in a microgap with a cathode having microstructures using two-dimensional particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collision (2d3v) simulations. It is found that the microdischarge is inside the hollow cavity at lower pressures, forming microhollow cathode discharges (MHCDs), while the dominant discharge moves outside the cavity at higher pressures, locating above the cathode rectangular protrusion tip. The spatial distributions of the microdischarge parameters (e.g., electric potential and electron density) are presented by capturing the transition characteristics. The electron kinetics of the microdischarges are examined based on the moment analysis of the electron Boltzmann equation. The collisional and non-collisional components of the electron power absorption are decomposed, which were seldomly investigated for microdischarges previously. The results provide fundamental insights into MHCD formation with a structured electrode at varying pressure conditions, which could be beneficial for the design and fabrication of microplasma devices in practical applications.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2015

Reflection of a probe pulse and thermal emission of electrons produced by an aluminum film heated by a femtosecond laser pulse

It is shown that an experimental decrease in the reflection of a probe femtosecond pulse from an aluminum film heated by a higher-power femtosecond pulse can be quantitatively described taking into account the inhomogeneous distribution of the laser pulse field in the film and the evolution of the electron and lattice temperature during absorption of the heating inhomogeneous field. Analysis of the electron temperature evolution on the heated film surface combined with modern concepts about the influence of a surface volume charge on thermal emission gave the relation between the amount of emitted electrons and experimental data on the heating of the aluminum film by the femtosecond pulse.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

DOE OSTI2012

Chemical and mechanical stability of sodium sulfate activated slag after exposure to elevated temperature

The chemical and mechanical stability of slag activated with two different concentrations of sodium sulfate (Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4}) after exposure to elevated temperatures ranging from 200 to 800 Degree-Sign C with an increment of 200 Degree-Sign C has been examined. Compressive strengths and pH of the hardened pastes before and after the exposure were determined. The various decomposition phases formed were identified using X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4} activated slag has a better resistance to the degradation caused by exposure to elevated temperature up to 600 Degree-Sign C than Portland cement system as its relative strengths are superior. The finer slag and higher Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4} concentration gave better temperature resistance. Whilst the pH of the hardened pastes decreased with an increase in temperature, it still maintained a sufficiently high pH for the protection of reinforcing bar against corrosion.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2013

Model nitride irradiated nuclear fuel: production, reaction with water and dilution in nitric acid

Samples of the model nuclear fuel (MNF) were made from separately synthesized nitride powders uranium-plutonium, zirconium, lanthanum and metal additives of simulators (Mo, Pd, Rh, Ag) fission products. Synthesis of initial nitride components was carried out from individual oxides, using a carbo-thermal restoration method. From MNF samples baked at a temperature of 1750 C. degrees, were made ceramographic specimens which were investigated by a scanning electron microscope. The analysis showed that distribution of the MNF components and structure of the samples corresponds to distribution of these components in the irradiated nitride fuel. The samples of MNF of nitride fuel were used for carrying out researches on dissolution in water and nitric acid. Experiments on studying the interaction of MNF with water have been made at 20, 50 and 80 C. degrees. The speed of leaching has been determined by a way of measuring the activity of water (Bq/l) in time. It is shown that an increase of temperature leads to an increase of the speed of leaching of plutonium. The formation of a precipitation, allegedly polymeric forms of plutonium, has been observed. The estimated speed of leaching of plutonium from MNF in water at 80 C. degrees is -0,0064 μgPu/(mm{sup 2}*h). From elements of FP simulators, molybdenum appears to be the most significantly leached. The dissolution of MNF in nitric acid (7,8 and 9,4 mol/l) has been carried out at boiling temperature (106-109 C. degrees). During the process of dissolution, gases were emitted. The assessment of composition of the emitted gases has been carried out. During the filtering of the solutions a precipitate whose weight makes about 2% from the weight of initial fuel has been found. Precipitate represents small powder of metal with gray color. Precipitate was investigated by a scanning electron microscope. The analysis of ranges of absorption of solution showed that the Pu(VI) share to the general content of plutonium in solution can reach 40%. (authors)

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2018

Microstructure Analysis of Bismuth Absorbers for Transition-Edge Sensor X-ray Microcalorimeters

Given its large X-ray stopping power and low specific heat capacity, bismuth (Bi) is a promising absorber material for X-ray microcalorimeters and has been used with transition-edge sensors (TESs) in the past. However, distinct X-ray spectral features have been observed in TESs with Bi absorbers deposited with different techniques. Evaporated Bi absorbers are widely reported to have non-Gaussian low-energy tails, while electroplated ones do not show this feature. In this study, we fabricated Bi absorbers with these two methods and performed microstructure analysis using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction microscopy. The two types of material showed the same crystallographic structure, but the grain size of the electroplated Bi was about 40 times larger than that of the evaporated Bi. This distinction in grain size is likely to be the cause of their different spectral responses.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2015

Study of microstructure and electrical properties of bulk YBCO prepared by melt textured growth technique

Bulk YBCO components were prepared using Melt Texture Growth (MTG) technique. Components were fabricated using MTG by addition of Y{sub 2}BaCuO{sub 5} (Y211) and Ag to YBCO, which leads to improved grain size without affecting superconducting properties. Green compacts prepared by cold isostatic pressing were pre-sintered at 930°C before subjecting melt texturing. Cooling rates lower than 1 °C.h{sup −1} was used, in between (peritectic) temperature of about 995 and 1025°C, to obtain large grained components. Microstructure studies in details were carried out by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Electron Probe Micro Analysis (EPMA), Orientation Imaging Microscope (OIM) and TEM correlated with electrical properties like Critical current density (J{sub c})

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

DOE OSTI2012

Thermodynamic modeling of solid solutions between monosulfate and monochromate 3CaO Bullet Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} Bullet Ca[(CrO{sub 4}){sub x}(SO{sub 4}){sub 1-x}] Bullet nH{sub 2}O

In hydrated cement paste AFm-phases are regarded to play an important role in the binding of the toxic contaminant chromate through isomorphic substitution with sulfate. Solid solutions formation can lower the solubility of the solids, thus reducing chromate leaching concentrations. Solid solutions between monosulfate and monochromate were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and inductive coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Based on the measured ion concentrations in solution total solubility products of the solid solution series were determined. For pure monochromate a logK = - 28.4 {+-} 0.7 was determined. Results from solid and solution analysis showed that limited solid solutions exist. Based on XRD diffractograms a solid solution with a miscibility gap 0.15 < Crx < 0.85 with a dimensionless Guggenheim parameter of 2.43 was proposed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2014

Slowing of Femtosecond Laser-Generated Nanoparticles in a Background Gas

The slowing of Pt nanoparticles in argon background gas was characterized by Rayleigh scattering imaging using a plume of nanoparticles generated by femtosecond laser through thin film ablation (fs-TTFA) of 20 nanometers-thick Pt films. The ablation was performed at threshold laser energy fluences for complete film removal to provide a well-defined plume consisting almost entirely of nanoparticles traveling with a narrow velocity distribution, providing a unique system to unambiguously characterize the slowing of nanoparticles during interaction with background gases. Nanoparticles of ~200 nm diameter were found to decelerate in background Ar gas with pressures less than 50 Torr in good agreement with a linear drag model in the Epstein regime. Based on this model, the stopping distance of small nanoparticles in the plume was predicted and tested by particle collection in an off-axis geometry, and size distribution analysis by transmission electron microscopy. These results permit a basis to interpret nanoparticle propagation through background gases in laser ablation plumes that contain mixed components.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2016

Ribbon electron beam formation by a forevacuum plasma electron source

Results of the numerical analysis and experimental research on ribbon electron beam generation based on hollow cathode discharge at forevacuum gas pressure are presented. Geometry of the accelerating gap has modified. It lets us focus the ribbon electron beam and to transport it on a distance of several tens of centimeters in the absence of an axial magnetic field. The results of numerical simulations are confirmed by the experiment.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2013

High-Resolution Infrared and Electron-Diffraction Studies of Trimethylenecyclopropane ([3]-Radialene)

Combined high-resolution spectroscopic, electron-diffraction, and quantum theoretical methods are particularly advantageous for small molecules of high symmetry and can yield accurate structures that reveal subtle effects of electron delocalization on molecular bonds. The smallest of the radialene compounds, trimethylenecyclopropane, [3]-radialene, has been synthesized and examined in the gas phase by these methods. The first high-resolution infrared spectra have been obtained for this molecule of D3h symmetry, leading to an accurate B0 rotational constant value of 0.1378629(8) cm-1, within 0.5% of the value obtained from electronic structure calculations (density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP/cc-pVTZ). This result is employed in an analysis of electron-diffraction data to obtain the rz bond lengths (in Å): C-H = 1.072 (17), C-C = 1.437 (4), and C=C = 1.330 (4). The analysis does not lead to an accurate value of the HCH angle; however, from comparisons of theoretical and experimental angles for similar compounds, the theoretical prediction of 117.5° is believed to be reliable to within 2°. The effect of electron delocalization in radialene is to reduce the single C-C bond length by 0.07 Å compared to that in cyclopropane.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2014

Sonochemical fabrication of Cu{sub 2}O@C/graphene nanohybrid with a hierarchical architecture

A three-dimensional Cu{sub 2}O@C/graphene nanohybrid hierarchical sphere-like architecture has been successfully synthesized by a sonochemical method. The as-prepared nanocomposite has been characterized using various techniques including powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, field emission transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transmission infrared spectrometry. Secondary big hierarchical Cu{sub 2}O@C spheres (diameter of ∼200 nm) consist of primary small Cu{sub 2}O@C spheres (diameter of 5–10 nm), which are uniformly distributed on the graphene surface. In the primary small Cu{sub 2}O@C sphere, amorphous carbon is formed by the oxidation–reduction reaction between 1-aminopyrene and copper(II) acetate in the sonochemical process. Our facile sonochemical method may apply to the preparation of other metal oxide/graphene hierarchical nanohybrids. - Highlights: • The Cu{sub 2}O@C/graphene nanohybrid hierarchical architecture was obtained. • Secondary big hierarchical Cu{sub 2}O@C spheres (diameter of ∼200 nm) consist of primary small Cu{sub 2}O@C spheres (diameter of 5–10 nm). • 1-Aminopyrene serves as a “binding agent” operating through the π–π interactions.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗