An intercomparison of hydrogen and cesium frequency standards.
Intercomparison of hydrogen and cesium frequency standard
HYDROGEN ATOM↗
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Time-synchronized VLF phase-tracking receiver
Coded signals transmitted at very low frequencies by National Bureau of Standards via its radio facility WWVL contain both primary time and frequency information. Synchronization of local time with WWVL signal standard requires comparison of phase differences between transmitted signal and output of traveling atomic clock such as rubidium frequency standard.
Ward, S. C.↗
Innovation and reliability of atomic standards for PTTI applications
Innovation and reliability in hyperfine frequency standards and clock systems are discussed. Hyperfine standards are defined as those precision frequency sources and clocks which use a hyperfine atomic transition for frequency control and which have realized significant commercial production and acceptance (cesium, hydrogen, and rubidium atoms). References to other systems such as thallium and ammonia are excluded since these atomic standards have not been commercially exploited in this country.
Kern, R.↗
Study of Improvement of Hydrogen Maser Frequency Standard
The research work dealt primarily with reducing the atom leakage rate using as storage surfaces the FEP Teflon surfaces conventionally used in contemporary hydrogen maser frequency standards. Some work was also done on a possible alternative to the conventional surfaces, but the results here and elsewhere suggest that the alternative surface is not promising enough to warrant much further work.
Crampton, S. B.↗
Performance of the PARCS Testbed Cesium Fountain Frequency Standard
A cesium fountain frequency standard has been developed as a ground testbed for the PARCS (Primary Atomic Reference Clock in Space) experiment, an experiment intended to fly on the International Space Station. We report on the performance of the fountain and describe some of the implementations motivated in large part by flight considerations, but of relevance for ground fountains. In particular, we report on a new technique for delivering cooling and trapping laser beams to the atom collection region, in which a given beam is recirculated three times effectively providing much more optical power than traditional configurations. Allan deviations down to 10 have been achieved with this method.
cesium↗
Multiple focusing magnets used for velocity selection of atoms
Computer techniques are used in calculating velocity selection of hydrogen atoms for use in maser frequency standard. Technique permits designer to resolve design problems of multiple focusing magnets employed in atomic velocity selection. There is excellent agreement with hand calculations in constant magnetic moment approximation.
Source record↗
Trapped-ion frequency standards
Frequency standards based on stored atomic ions are briefly reviewed. Specific examples are chosen to illustrate what is currently possible. Both rf/microwave and optical devices are discussed. The present limitations to existing experiments and possibilities for future improvement are outlined.
Wineland, David J.↗
Development of Flight Technology for Future Laser-Cooled Space Clocks
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laser cooling atomic clock frequency standard lase↗
Development of flight technology for future laser-cooled space clocks
In this paper we report on the development of flight technologies to be used in space-based, laser-cooled atomic clocks scheduled to fly on the International Space Station.
atomIC clocks frequency standards microgravity↗
Phase modulation for reduced vibration sensitivity in laser-cooled clocks in space
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atomic clocks frequency standards microgravity↗
Clock Technology Development for the Laser Cooling and Atomic Physics (LCAP) Program
The Time and Frequency Sciences and Technology Group at Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) has developed a laser cooling capability for flight and has been selected by NASA to support the Laser-Cooling and Atomic Physics (LCAP) program.
laser↗
Hydrogen standard work at Goddard Space Flight Center
Thermal control, tuning, and design of atomic hydrogen maser for time and frequency standards
Johnson, E. H.↗
Limitations on long-term stability and accuracy in atomic clocks
The limits to accuracy and long term stability in present atomic clocks are examined. Recent proposals for new frequency standards are discussed along with the advantages and disadvantages of frequency standards based on such ideas as laser transitions, single atoms, and atom cooling. The applicability of some of these new techniques to existing standards is examined.
Wineland, D. J.↗
Ground-Based Investigations with the Cryogenic Hydrogen Maser
The room temperature hydrogen maser is an active atomic oscillator used as a high-frequency-stability local oscillator for radio astronomy, metrology, and spacecraft navigation, and in tests of fundamental physics. The cryogenic hydrogen maser (CHM) operates at 0.5 K, employing superfluid helium-coated walls to store the masing hydrogen atoms. We are investigating whether the CHM may provide better frequency stability than the room temperature hydrogen maser: one to three orders of magnitude improvement may be possible because of greatly reduced thermal noise and larger signal power. Exceptional frequency stability will be required for spacecraft tracking in future deep-space missions, for space-based tests of relativity and gravitation, and for local (i.e., flywheel) oscillators used with absolute frequency standards such as laser-cooled atomic fountains and linear ion traps. These new devices are passive high-resolution frequency discriminators. Alone, they cannot function as superior atomic clocks; their effective operation depends on being integrated with an active local oscillator with excellent short term stability - such as that possible with the CHM.
Walsworth, Ronald L.↗
Higher Pole Linear Traps for Atomic Clock Applications
We investigate experimentally and theoretically higher pole linear ion traps for frequency standard use.
Atomic↗
Mercury Trapped Ion Frequency Standard for Ultra-Stable Reference Applications
An atomic clock including an ion trap assembly, a C-field coil positioned for generating a first magnetic field in the interrogation region of the ion trap assembly, a compensation coil positioned for generating a second magnetic field in the interrogation region, wherein the combination of the first and second magnetic fields produces an ion number-dependent second order Zeeman shift (Zeeman shift) in the resonance frequency that is opposite in sign to an ion number-dependent second order Doppler shift (Doppler shift) in the resonance frequency, the C-field coil has a radius selected using data indicating how changes in the radius affect an ion-number-dependent shift in the resonance frequency, such that a difference in magnitude between the Doppler shift and the Zeeman shift is controlled or reduced, and the resonance frequency, including the adjustment by the Zeeman shift, is used to obtain the frequency standard.
Burt, Eric A.↗
Design concept for the microwave interrogation structure in PARCS
In this paper we will describe key aspects of the conceptual design of the microwave interrogation structure in the laser-cooled cesium frequency standard that is part of the Primary Atomic Reference Clock in Space (PARCS) experiment.
frequency standard phase shift microwave cavity↗