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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 109 records · Page 6
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1981

The role of geological surfaces in determining visible-near infra red spectral signatures

The goal of the study described here is to determine new criteria for improved target discrimination in areas of hydrothermal mineralization. It is noted that the portion of materials, that is, geological surfaces detected by sensing devices, must be accurately determined before elemental and mineralogical characterization. The depth from which visible-near infrared radiation is reflected from target surfaces depends on composition and fabric. Reflectance spectra are obtained from binary mixtures of hematite, goethite, kaolinite and montmorillonite with a reflecting sphere spectrometer over a wavelength range of 400-2500 nm. The reflection (or absorption) intensity is plotted vs. the sample thickness (determined by scanning electron microscopy) to determine the sample thickness at which absorption saturates. The optical depth is seen to vary as a function of mineralogy and wavelength. In general, the maximum depth from which reflection features are discerned is from 12 to 47 microns measured in the visible-near infrared spectral region.

Sommer, S. E.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Finite element analysis of the effect of a non-planar solid-liquid interface on the lateral solute segregation during unidirectional solidification

The effect of solid-liquid interface shape on lateral solute segregation during steady-state unidirectional solidification of a binary mixture is calculated under the assumption of no convection in the liquid. A finite element technique is employed to compute the concentration field in the liquid and the lateral segregation in the solid with a curved boundary between the liquid and solid phases. The computational model is constructed assuming knowledge of the solid-liquid interface shape; no attempt is made to relate this shape to the thermal field. The influence of interface curvature on the lateral compositional variation is investigated over a range of system parameters including diffusivity, growth speed, distribution coefficient, and geometric factors of the system. In the limiting case of a slightly nonplanar interface, numerical results from the finite element technique are in good agreement with the analytical solutions of Coriell and Sekerka obtained by using linear theory. For the general case of highly non-planar interface shapes, the linear theory fails and the concentration field in the liquid as well as the lateral solute segregation in the solid can be calculated by using the finite element method.

Carlson, F. M.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Gravitational effects in dendritic growth

The theories of diffusion-controlled dendritic crystallization will be reviewed briefly, along with recently published critical experiments on the kinetics and morphology of dendritic growth in pure substances. The influence of the gravitational body force on dendrite growth kinetics will be shown to be highly dependent on the growth orientation with respect to the gravity vector and on the level of the thermal supercooling. In fact, an abrupt transition occurs at a critical supercooling, above which diffusional transport dominates the growth process and below which convective transport dominates. Our most recent work on binary mixtures shows that dilute solute additions influence the crystallization process indirectly, by altering the interfacial stability, rather than by directly affecting the transport mode. Directions for future studies in this field will also be discussed.

Glicksman, M. E.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Trapped Xe components in etched samples of the Murray (C2) and Murchison (C2) carbonaceous chondrites

Xe isotopic measurements are described. The samples analyzed were bulk chips of the Murray (C2) and Murchison (C2) carbonaceous chondrites that had been freeze-thaw disaggregated, etched with H2O2, and then split into colloidal and noncolloidal fractions using methanol. The etching removed a substantial portion of the trapped Xe and increased variations in measured isotopic ratios compared with bulk sample analyses. The Murray samples appeared to contain a binary mixture of U-Xe and H+L-Xe. The Murchison data concur with the Murray data for the heavy isotopes, but the structure at the light isotopes is obscured by spallation Xe. There is no evidence in these data for the separability of H-Xe and L-Xe. The fact that H2O2 etching removes Xe without prior demineralization supports the view that the carrier of a substantial portion of trapped Xe may reside on grain surfaces.

Jones, C. M.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Slip-boundary equations for multicomponent nonequilibrium airflow

Equations are presented for the surface-slip (or jump) values of species concentration, pressure, velocity, and temperature in the low Reynolds number, high-altitude flight regime of a space vehicle. These are obtained from closed-form solutions of the mass, momentum, and energy flux equations by using the Chapman-Enskog velocity distribution function. This function represents a solution of the Boltzmann equation in the Navier-Stokes approximation. The analysis, obtained for nonequilibrium multicomponent airflow, includes the finite-rare surface catalytic recombination and changes in the internal energy during reflection from the surface. Expressions for the various slip quantities have been obtained in a form which can readily be employed in flow-field computations. A consistent set of equations is provided for multicomponent and binary mixtures and single-species gas. An expression is also provided for the finite-rate species-concentration boundary condition for a multicomponent mixture in the absence of slip.

Gupta, R. N.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Crystallization microstructure in transparent monotectic alloys

The surprising funguslike morphology which occurs at the liquid(1)/liquid(2)/solid triple junction in directionally solidifying miscibility gap systems at the monotectic temperature is described. The monotectic temperature in a binary mixture is the one at which two immiscible solutions of the same two components form phases in equilibrium with the solid phase of one of the components. The growth of this morphology is described, and a similarity between it and that of a known crystal growth morphology is pointed out.

Kaukler, W. F.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Critical exponent for the viscosity of four binary liquids

The viscosity of the following binary mixtures was measured near their consolute points: (1) methanol + cyclohexane, (2) isobutyric acid + water, (3) nitroethane + 3-methylpentane, and (4) 2-butoxyethanol + water. It is shown that the multiplicative hypothesis is valid for these mixtures. It is also found that the concentration closest to critical has the largest viscosity enhancement.

Berg, Robert F.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Vibrational-vibrational coupling in air at low humidities

Calculations of sound absorption in air are traditionally based on the assumption that molecular relaxations in N2 and O2 are independent. In binary mixtures of these two gases, however, they are not independent; rather, molecular relaxation is known to be controlled by a very strong vibrational-vibrational (V-V) coupling, which influences both the relaxation frequencies and the relaxation strengths. This article shows that small concentrations of the air constituents CO2 and H2O, which themselves possess a strong V-V coupling to N2 and O2, serve to decouple the N2 and O2 relaxations. To characterize the N2-O2 coupling a coupling strength is derived which depends upon the constituent concentrations and the related reaction rate constants. It is found that the molecular relaxations associated with N2 and O2 in air experience a gradual transition from strong to weak coupling as the humidity increases beyond approximately 0.001 mole percent.

Zuckerwar, Allan J.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Buoyancy-driven instability in a vertical cylinder: Binary fluids with Soret effect. I - General theory and stationary stability results

The buoyancy-driven instability of a monocomponent or binary fluid completely contained in a vertical circular cylinder is investigated, including the influence of the Soret effect for the binary mixture. The Boussinesq approximation is used, and the resulting linear stability problem is solved using a Galerkin technique. The analysis considers fluid mixtures ranging from gases to liquid metals. The flow structure is found to depend strongly on both the cylinder aspect ratio and the magnitude of the Soret effect. The predicted stability limits are shown to agree closely with experimental observations.

Hardin, G. R.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Inheritance of magma ocean differentiation during lunar origin by giant impact

The giant impact model for the Moon has won widespread support. It seems to satisfactorily explain the high angular momentum of the Earth-Moon system, and the strong depletion of FeNi in the Moon. This model is usually assumed to entail no significant fractionation of nonvolatile lithophile elements relative to a simple binary mixture of impactor silicates plus protoearth silicates. Although the Earth may have been hot enough before the impact to be completely molten, analysis of the likely number and timing of major impacts in the prehistory of the impactor indicates that a fully molten, undifferentiated condition for that relatively small body is unlikely. Given selective sampling by the giant impact, any significant vertical differentiation within the noncore portion of the impactor would have been largely inherited by the Moon.

Warren, Paul H.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Thermal effects in rapid directional solidification - Linear theory

We study the morphological instability of the planar solid/liquid interface for a unidirectionally-solidified dilute binary mixture. We use a model developed by Boettinger et al. (1985, 1986), Aziz (1982), and Jackson et al. (1980), which allows for nonequilibrium effects on the interface through velocity-dependent segregation and attachment kinetics. Two types of instabilities are found in the linear stability analysis: (1) a cellular instability, and (2) an oscillatory instability driven by disequilibrium effects. Merchant and Davis (1990) characterized these instabilities subject to the frozen-temperature approximation (FTA). The present work relaxes the FTA by including the effects of latent heat and the full temperature distribution. Thermal effects slightly postpone the onset of the cellular instability but dramatically postpone the onset of the oscillatory instability; however, the absolute-stability conditions, at which at high speed the cellular and oscillatory instabilities are suppressed, remain unchanged from the FTA.

Huntley, D. A.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Comparison of numerical simulation and experimental data for steam-in-place sterilization

A complex problem involving convective flow of a binary mixture containing a condensable vapor and noncondensable gas in a partially enclosed chamber was modelled and results compared to transient experimental values. The finite element model successfully predicted transport processes in dead-ended tubes with inside diameters of 0.4 to 1.0 cm. When buoyancy driven convective flow was dominant, temperature and mixture compositions agreed with experimental data. Data from 0.4 cm tubes indicate diffusion to be the primary air removal method in small diameter tubes and the diffusivity value in the model to be too large.

Young, Jack H.↗
NASA NTRS1997

P-V-T Properties of Polyimides and Model Imide Compounds

Aromatic polyimides are used as matrix resins in advanced composites, as high strength films, and as high-temperature adhesives, owing in part to their unusual thermal and chemical stability. The polyimides' desirable qualities of very high softening temperatures and negligibly small solubilities in and low permeabilities by most solvents have limited the kinds of fundamental studies that can be performed on these systems. Consequently, relationships between the molecular structure of polyimides and their bulk properties are not as well understood as might be expected given their widespread applications. In particular, the intermolecular forces in polyimides that play a critical role determining their densities, solubilities, viscosities, moduli, glass transitions, etc. are less well characterized for polyimides than for other widely used polymeric materials. The purpose of the present study is to obtain experimental data for establishing parameters that characterize the intermolecular forces in polyimides. We report here our studies on tractable low molecular-weight imides that contain the same structural features that are present in polyimide materials. We have measured equation-of-state properties and dipole moments for a variety of such systems in the liquid state. Both pure compounds and binary mixtures have been studied.

Orwoll, Robert A.↗
NASA NTRS1996

On Kinetics Modeling of Vibrational Energy Transfer

Two models of vibrational energy exchange are compared at equilibrium to the elementary vibrational exchange reaction for a binary mixture. The first model, non-linear in the species vibrational energies, was derived by Schwartz, Slawsky, and Herzfeld (SSH) by considering the detailed kinetics of vibrational energy levels. This model recovers the result demanded at equilibrium by the elementary reaction. The second model is more recent, and is gaining use in certain areas of computational fluid dynamics. This model, linear in the species vibrational energies, is shown not to recover the required equilibrium result. Further, this more recent model is inconsistent with its suggested rate constants in that those rate constants were inferred from measurements by using the SSH model to reduce the data. The non-linear versus linear nature of these two models can lead to significant differences in vibrational energy coupling. Use of the contemporary model may lead to significant misconceptions, especially when integrated in computer codes considering multiple energy coupling mechanisms.

Gilmore, John O.↗
NASA NTRS2002

Penning Ionization Electron Spectroscopy in Glow Discharge: A New Dimension for Gas Chromatography Detectors

Admixtures to helium of 100 ppm and 5 ppm of nitrogen, and 100 ppm and 10 ppm of carbon monoxide were identified and measured in the helium discharge afterglow using an electrical probe placed into the plasma. For nitrogen and carbon monoxide gases, the measured electron energy spectra display distinct characteristic peaks (fingerprints). Location of the peaks on the energy scale is determined by the ionization energies of the analyte molecules. Nitrogen and carbon monoxide fingerprints were also observed in a binary mixture of these gases in helium, and the relative concentration analytes has been predicted. The technically simple and durable method is considered a good candidate for a number of analytical applications, and in particular, in GC and for analytical flight instrumentation.

Sheverev, V. A.↗
NASA NTRS2003

High-Pressure Transport Properties Of Fluids: Theory And Data From Levitated Drops At Combustion-Relevant Temperatures

Although the high pressure multicomponent fluid conservation equations have already been derived and approximately validated for binary mixtures by this PI, the validation of the multicomponent theory is hampered by the lack of existing mixing rules for property calculations. Classical gas dynamics theory can provide property mixing-rules at low pressures exclusively. While thermal conductivity and viscosity high-pressure mixing rules have been documented in the literature, there is no such equivalent for the diffusion coefficients and the thermal diffusion factors. The primary goal of this investigation is to extend the low pressure mixing rule theory to high pressures and validate the new theory with experimental data from levitated single drops. The two properties that will be addressed are the diffusion coefficients and the thermal diffusion factors. To validate/determine the property calculations, ground-based experiments from levitated drops are being conducted.

Bellan, Josette↗
NASA NTRS1995

Simultaneous concentration and purification through gradient deformation chromatography

Mobile-phase additives, commonly used to modulate absorbate retention in gradient elution chromatography, are usually assumed to be either linearly retained or unretained. Previous theoretical work from our laboratory has shown that these modulators, such as salts in ion-exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography and organic modifiers in reversed-phase chromatography, can absorb nonlinearly, giving rise to gradient deformation. Consequently, adsorbate peaks that elute in the vicinity of the head of the deformed gradient may exhibit unusual shapes, form shoulders, and/or be concentrated. These effects for a reversed-phase sorbent with aqueous acetonitrile (ACN) as the modulator are verified experimentally. Gradient deformation is demonstrated experimentally and agrees with simulations based on ACN isotherm parameters that are independently determined from batch equilibrium studies using the layer model. Unusual absorbate peak shapes were found experimentally for single-component injections of phenylalanine, similar to those calculated by the simulations. A binary mixture of tryptophan and phenylalanine is used to demonstrate simultaneous concentration and separation, again in agreement with simulations. The possibility of gradient deformation in ion-exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography is discussed.

NASA Discipline Number 93-10↗
NASA NTRS2001

Mid- and far-infrared spectroscopic studies of the influence of temperature, ultraviolet photolysis and ion irradiation on cosmic-type ices

Infrared (IR) studies of laboratory ices can provide information on the evolution of cosmic-type ices as a function of different simulated space environments involving thermal, ultraviolet (UV), or ion processing. Laboratory radiation experiments can lead to the formation of complex organic molecules. However, because of our lack of knowledge about UV photon and ion fluxes, and exposure lifetimes, it is not certain how well our simulations represent space conditions. Appropriate laboratory experiments are also limited by the absence of knowledge about the composition, density, and temperature of ices in different regions of space. Our current understanding of expected doses due to UV photons and cosmic rays is summarized here, along with an inventory of condensed-phase molecules identified on outer solar system surfaces, comets and interstellar grains. Far-IR spectra of thermally cycled H2O are discussed since these results reflect the dramatic difference between the amorphous and crystalline phases of H2O ice, the most dominant condensed-phase molecule in cosmic ices. A comparison of mid-IR spectra of products in proton-irradiated and UV-photolyzed ices shows that few differences are observed for these two forms of processing for the simple binary mixtures studied to date. IR identification of radiation products and experiments to determine production rates of new molecules in ices during processing are discussed. A new technique for measuring intrinsic IR band strengths of several unstable molecules is presented. An example of our laboratory results applied to Europa observations is included.

Spectrophotometry, Infrared/methods↗