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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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DOE OSTI2022

TEAMER: FOSWEC Mooring Modeling and Analysis, Post Access Report and Data

Floating oscillating surge wave energy converters (FOSWECs) offer several advantages over bottom-hinged oscillating surge wave energy converters, including large wave potential at deep-water sites with fewer permitting and environmental concerns outside territorial waters. As a team, Stevens Institute of Technology, Virginia Tech and Resolute Marine Energy are designing a 100 kW FOSWEC with DOE support (2020-2021) for the PacWave test site "PacWave". The proposed FOSWEC consists of a floating platform, two pivoting flaps, and an innovative power-take-off (PTO). The distance between the two flaps is around half the typical wavelength, resulting in out-of-phase motion and a reduction in motion of the frame and mooring loads. The overall goal of the project is to design, build, deploy and analyze a 1:2 scale (100-kW annual averaged electrical power output) device with reduced levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and peak-to-average power ratio, through the co-design and control of the PTO, WEC, and floating platform. This submission includes a Post Access Report and data for the project of Mooring Modeling and Analysis for Floating Oscillating Surge Wave Energy Converter that Powers Marine Aquaculture of RFTS2 (request for technical support). The data are used to generate all figures in the Post Access Report. Project was a collaboration between Virginia Tech and the National Renewable Energy Lab, with funding from TEAMER.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2022

Disk transport rates from Ti isotopic signatures of refractory inclusions

Abstract The early solar system was a dynamic period during which the formation of early solids set into motion the process of planet building. Although both astrophysical observations and theoretical modeling demonstrate the presence of widespread transport of material, we lack concrete quantitative constraints on timings, distances, and mechanisms thereof. To trace these transport processes, one needs objects of known early formation times and these objects would need to be distributed throughout parent bodies with known accretion times and distances. Generally, these criteria are met by “regular” (i.e., non–fractionated and unidentified nuclear and excluding hibonite‐rich) Ca‐Al‐rich inclusions (CAIs) as these objects formed very early and close to the young Sun and contain distinctive nucleosynthetic isotope anomalies that permit provenance tracing. However, nucleosynthetic isotopic signatures of such refractory inclusions have so far primarily been analyzed in chondritic meteorites that formed within ~4 AU from the Sun. Here, we investigate Ti isotopic signatures of four refractory inclusions from the ungrouped carbonaceous chondrite WIS 91600 that was previously suggested to have formed beyond ~10 AU from the Sun. We show that these inclusions exhibit correlated excesses in 50 Ti and 46 Ti and lack large Ti isotopic anomalies that would otherwise be indicative of more enigmatic refractory materials with unknown formation ages. Instead, these isotope systematics suggest the inclusions to be genetically related to regular CAIs commonly found in other chondrites that have a broadly known formation region and age. Collectively, this implies that a common population of CAIs was distributed over the inner ~10 AU within ~3.5 Myr, yielding an average (minimum) speed for the transport of millimeter‐scale material in the early solar system of ~1 cm s −1 .

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Triton Initiative: FY 2024 Communications, Outreach, and Engagement End-of-Year Report

The Department of Energy (DOE) Water Power Technologies Office (WPTO) Triton Initiative works to reduce barriers to permitting of marine energy testing and installation through environmental monitoring research that can help inform decision-makers on potential environmental effects associated with these systems. Communications, outreach, and engagement efforts are critical to Triton's success, which involves facilitating the effective communication and dissemination of environmental monitoring research information and results to end-users and fostering collaborations between researchers and industry partners to address the most pressing needs of this emerging industry. The Triton Initiative's communications, outreach, and engagement (TCOE) foundational goals are to educate and raise awareness of ME and the role of Triton's environmental monitoring research in supporting the industry, build trust with audiences through transparent communications and outreach, and evaluate and refine TCOE tactics based on feedback and metrics. The TCOE FY 2024-specific objectives were to (1) refine and grow Triton's audience network by reaching new individuals and communities within Triton's target audience base, and (2) improve the strategy and evaluation of TCOE efforts to demonstrate the value of communications and outreach for the ME community. This report presents the results and analysis of communications activities from September 1, 2023 through August 31, 2024. We assess the TCOE target audiences, highlight notable successes and lessons learned from FY2024, and identify the most effective channels and activities used to connect with those audiences to achieve the TCOE goals.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2025

Building a new multiphysics workflow in MOOSE: application to tritium migration, trapping and advection in TMAP8

Fusion devices are anticipated to produce and consume several kilograms of tritium per year. This rare fuel resource is both highly mobile and radioactive, making tracking inventories a priority for operation and safety. The fusion safety program at the Idaho National Laboratory has been developing the Tritium Migration and Analysis Program (TMAP), of which the latest version is a MOOSE-based application. TMAP8 is verified against its predecessors and possesses additional multi-dimensional tritium migration modeling capabilities. As we extend its capabilities towards both whole device (in multiple dimensions) and whole plant (with multiple components) simulations, the syntax of inputs must become compact, descriptive, compatible with quality assurance processes, and as error-proof as achievable. The new Physics system developed MOOSE can set up equations and instantiating them on plant components. The system permits the automatic definition of complex discretization with a consistency between object parameters achieved programmatically. The Physics system can currently instantiate the equations for heat conduction and Navier Stokes weakly compressible flow. In MOOSE-terms, it automates the definition of kernels, boundary conditions, and several core and helper materials and fields. As part of this effort, Physics classes were developed for tritium migration, trapping and advection within either a multi-dimensional Navier Stokes fluid dynamics simulation, or a 1D thermal hydraulics piping system. In this presentation, we will showcase the new syntax, its application to several verification and validation cases which were already studied using the classical TMAP8 syntax, and a demonstration of the new coupling capabilities for the migration of tritium into blanket coolant channels and the subsequent advection into the coolant loop.

70 - PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

A Markov framework for generalized post-event systems recovery modeling: From single to multihazards

State-dependent models can be used to represent the system recovery process as a series of stochastic transitions from lower to higher functional states. However, the applications of these models have been limited in scope and there is a lack of a generalized recovery modeling framework. A generalized framework would permit a robust forecasting of systems and system-of-systems recovery under multiple hazards, and more broadly, would contribute to community disaster preparedness. This paper develops a generalized post hazard-event recovery modeling framework based on state-dependent Markov-type processes. We then apply the proposed framework to solve a spectrum of problems that range from hind-casting single-system recovery following a single hazard event to forecasting post-event trajectories under multiple hazards and modeling the recovery of a system-of-systems. First, Markov chains are used to hind-cast the observed recovery for a portfolio of buildings affected by the 2014 South Napa, California, earthquake. Next, Markov processes are used to formulate a parametric post hazard-event recovery model, which can be updated using Bayesian statistics when relevant datasets become available. Semi-Markov processes are then used to develop a more general model of single hazard recovery, which accounts for the intensity of the loading and level of damage caused by the event. Semi-Markov processes with non-renewal features are then used to account for multihazard interactions in a post-event recovery model, and applied to a case study that involves a community in Charleston, South Carolina. Lastly, Markov-type processes are combined with Bayesian networks to model the recovery of residential, commercial, educational, and industrial buildings (system-of-systems) following a hazard event. Overall, these applications demonstrate the versatility of the Markov framework towards handling recovery problems with varying levels of complexity.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Documentation of Air Emissions Source Term for Radionuclide NESHAP Compliance: TA-53 Building 0984 Isotope Production Facility

This paper will document the air emissions source term for the TA-53 Building 0984 Isotope Production Facility (IPF). The facility has historically been managed as a minor source under Radionuclide NESHAP regulations, but began using a wider variety of irradiation targets and a higher beam current. To support expanded generation of actinium-225 for medical diagnostic and therapeutic uses, IPF is now irradiating thorium targets and the beam current is planned to increase from 250 microamperes up to 600 microamperes. These changes merit a review of the anticipated source term under the new proposed operational conditions. The end result of the review indicates the main stack (Exhaust Stack ES-1) needs to be managed as a major source with continuous emissions monitoring. No additional advance notifications or permitting is required as a result of these operational changes.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Cascading parallel fractures on Enceladus

Active eruptions from the south polar region of Saturn’s ~500-km-diameter moon Enceladus are concentrated along a series of lineaments known as the ‘tiger stripes’, thought to be partially open fissures that connect to the liquid water ocean beneath the ice shell. To date, no study simultaneously explains why the tiger stripes should be located only at the south pole, why there are multiple approximately parallel and regularly spaced fractures, what accounts for their spacing of about 35 km, and why similarly active fissures have not been observed on other icy bodies. Here in this paper, we propose that secular cooling, which leads to a thickening of the ice shell and building of global tensile stresses, causes the first fracture to form at one of the poles, where the ice shell is thinnest owing to tidal heating. The tensile stresses are thereby relieved, preventing a similar failure at the opposite pole. The steadily erupting water ice loads the flanks of the open fissure, causing bending in the surrounding elastic plate and further tensile failure in bands parallel to the first fracture—a process that may be unique to Enceladus, where the gravity is too weak for compressive stresses to prevent fracture propagation through the thin ice shell. The sequence of fissures then cascades outwards until the loading becomes too weak or the background shell thickness becomes too great to permit through-going fractures.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Decontamination of urban surfaces contaminated with radioactive materials and consequent onsite recycling of the waste water

Enhancing rapid remediation strategies is paramount for recovery after a large-scale nuclear contamination event in an urban environment. Some current strategies recommend use of readily available equipment, materials, and facilities to expedite recovery. For example, applying pressurized water to contaminated surfaces may effectively remove radioactive contamination. In this study, a commercial power washer removes soluble forms of 152 Eu 3 + , 85 Sr 2 + , and 137 Cs + contamination from common porous building materials, and computer simulations characterize the recycling of the resultant contaminated wash water. Pressure washing the porous building materials under spray conditions typical with do-it-yourself units improved decontamination factors (DFs) for 152 Eu compared to low-pressure application of tap water (majority of two-tailed t-test p-values < 0.1), but pressure did not improve DFs for 137 Cs or 85 Sr. For both pressurized and low-pressure applications, adding potassium ions (K + ) to promote ion exchange reactions produced significantly higher DFs for tested radionuclides on asphalt, brick, and concrete. The resultant contaminated wash water can be processed through self-prepared chemical filtration beds of clay and sand. Modeled in a prior study, the beds yielded linear trends (R 2 > 0.98) in sensitivity analyses between most bed configuration variables and bed performance variables, permitting flexible ad-hoc bed design. The experimental and simulation results led to estimates of the remediation rate and waste generated after cleaning 250 m 2 of cesium-contaminated concrete from the combined deployment of a power washer and two different mobile treatment beds. Furthermore, the first treatment bed was designed to reduce treatment time and processed 1900 L of wash solution in 70 min using 880 kg of clay/sand infill material. Designed to reduce the solid waste generated, the second bed processed the same solution volume in 1040 min (17 h) using 170 kg of clay/sand infill material. The results of this analysis warrant further investigation of power washing with recycled salt solution as an effective rapid decontamination method with manageable waste.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2024

Cryogen-free modular scanning tunneling microscope operating at 4-K in high magnetic field on a compact ultra-high vacuum platform

One of the daunting challenges in modern low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is the difficulty of combining atomic resolution with cryogen-free cooling. Further functionality needs, such as ultra-high vacuum (UHV), high magnetic field (HF), and compatibility with μm-sized samples, pose additional challenges to an already ambitious build. We present the design, construction, and performance of a cryogen-free, UHV, low temperature, and high magnetic field system for modular STM operation. An internal vibration isolator reduces vibrations in this system, allowing for atomic resolution STM imaging while maintaining a low base temperature of ∼4 K and magnetic fields up to 9 T. Samples and tips can be conditioned in situ utilizing a heating stage, an ion sputtering gun, an e-beam evaporator, a tip treater, and sample exfoliation. In situ sample and tip exchange and alignment are performed in a connected UHV room temperature stage with optical access. Multisite operation without breaking vacuum is enabled by a unique quick-connect STM head design. A novel low-profile vertical transfer mechanism permits transferring the STM between room temperature and the low temperature cryostat.

Instruments & Instrumentation↗
DOE OSTI2025

Illinois Storage Corridor CarbonSAFE Phase III: Stakeholder Engagement and Outreach Plan

The Stakeholder Engagement and Outreach Plan provides a comprehensive framework for engaging stakeholders of the Illinois Storage Corridor (ISC) project. The ISC project is a CarbonSAFE Phase III project designed to facilitate commercial deployment of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) in Illinois. The project aims to establish a multi-industry carbon storage corridor through development of storage sites near the One Earth Energy (OEE) ethanol production facility in north-central Illinois and the Prairie State Generating Company (PSGC) coal-fired power plant in south-central Illinois, with combined annual CO 2 capture ultimately exceeding 8.6 million tons per year. Stakeholder engagement is recognized as a critical component for successful CCUS deployment, alongside technical and economic considerations. As an emerging technology, CCUS may not be well understood by the general population, and lack of public awareness can lead to opposition that poses significant barriers to project development. This plan addresses this challenge through systematic stakeholder identification, analysis, planning, and implementation of engagement actions. The plan is structured around four main sections: Communication, Stakeholder Analysis, Stakeholder Engagement, and Environmental Justice. Activities will be conducted under Tasks 1 and 4 of the project's Statement of Project Objectives, with two key subtasks: (1) developing a stakeholder analysis and engagement plan through face-to-face meetings, facilitated discussions, and surveys; and (2) implementing stakeholder engagement and public outreach activities including meetings, open houses, and permit hearings. The Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS) will manage engagement activities following DOE-NETL best practices, focusing on providing objective, fact-based information about CCUS and the ISC project. A comprehensive Communication Plan establishes protocols for media contacts, site visits, and crisis communications. The stakeholder analysis follows a structured workflow process divided into Pre-feasibility and Feasibility phases, incorporating contextual understanding, assessment, data collection, and analysis. Key stakeholder groups include government bodies, educational organizations, conservation and environmental groups, agricultural communities, and religious organizations. The plan addresses common stakeholder questions regarding project risks, benefits, safety, property values, liability, and environmental impacts. Recommendations emphasize developing clear messaging, creating informational materials, and preparing to address both project-specific and broader environmental concerns to ensure transparent communication and build stakeholder support throughout project implementation.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Differentiating the bonding states in calcium carbonate polymorphs by low-loss electron-energy-loss spectroscopy

Calcium carbonate is one of the important building components in organisms, especially the two most common polymorphs, calcite and aragonite. Here, to understand the difference in bonding state, the two polymorphs are characterized by valence (low-loss) electron energy loss spectroscopy. It is found that the difference in Ca M 23 edge originating from 3p to 3d states is consistent with the change of Ca-O bonds in the two studied polymorphs. Surprisingly, the measured Ca M 23 edge is in qualitative agreement with the calculated partial density of states (PDOS) of Ca-d states in contrast to their L edges (from 2p to 3d states) which are strongly influenced by atomic multiplet effect (spin-orbit coupling). This is because the atomic multiplet effect is much reduced for the Ca 3p orbital, which permits the corresponding Ca M 23 edge to be compared with the PDOS results. Our findings show insights that PDOS can potentially be used to interpret the M 23 edge of lighter 3d transition metals such as scandium, titanium, vanadium and chromium when such interpretation may not be achieved for their L edges.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

FLARE: field line analysis and reconstruction for 3D boundary plasma modeling

The FLARE code is a magnetic mesh generator that is integrated within a suite of tools for the analysis of the magnetic geometry in toroidal fusion devices. A magnetic mesh is constructed from field line segments and permits fast reconstruction of field lines in 3D boundary plasma codes such as EMC3-EIRENE. Both intrinsically non-axisymmetric configurations (stellarators) and those with symmetry breaking perturbations of an axisymmetric equilibrium (tokamaks) are supported. The code itself is written in Modern Fortran with MPI support for parallel computing, and it incorporates object-oriented programming for the definition of the magnetic field and the material surface geometry. Extended derived types for a number of different magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium and plasma response models are implemented. The core element of FLARE is a field line tracer with adaptive step-size control, and this is integrated into tools for the construction of Poincaré maps and invariant manifolds of X-points. A collection of high-level procedures that generate output files for visualization is build on top of that. The analysis modules are build with Python frontends that facilitate customization of tasks and/or scripting of parameter scans.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Towards Resolving the Risk of Turbine Collision on Fish: FY21-22 Seedling Report Phase I

The most important concern for permitting tidal and river turbines is the collision risk of marine animals with the turbine blades. Our understanding of the risk to individual fish from colliding with turbine blades is poor; if these collisions were to occur, it is unknown whether fish will sustain recoverable injuries or be killed. Equally unknown is the impact these collisions might have on populations, particularly for threatened, endangered, or commercially managed fish species. In addition to observations of interactions of fish with turbines, numerical models need to be developed or expanded to predict impacts on fish populations. These models could replace expensive and technically challenging monitoring programs in high energy, often murky, tidal or river waters. In this project, a multi-pronged approach was taken to understand the state of knowledge for collision risk of fish with turbines and build a pathway forward. This approach included a workshop with experts, a literature review of modeling and empirical studies, the development of a research framework, and the identification of case studies to address through future work. This project is a first step towards the future development of effective and robust numerical models for assessing the collision risk of fish around turbines. This will achieve a balanced and improved estimate of the severity of collision risk to fish at the population scale.

Garavelli, Lysel↗
DOE OSTI2020

UNRAVEL: A Robust Modular Velocity Dealiasing Technique for Doppler Radar

Unfold Radar Velocity (UNRAVEL) is an open-source modular Doppler velocity dealiasing algorithm for weather radars. UNRAVEL is an algorithm that does not need external reference velocity data, making it easily applicable. The proposed algorithm includes 11 core modules and 2 dealiasing strategies. UNRAVEL is an iterative algorithm. The goal is to build the dealiasing results starting with the strictest possible continuity tests in azimuth and range and, after each step, relaxing the parameters to include more results from a progressively growing number of reference points. UNRAVEL also has modules that perform 3D continuity checks. Thanks to this modular design, the number of dealiasing strategies can be expanded in order to optimize the dealiasing results. While the first driver dealiases Doppler velocity from each tilt independently from one another, the second driver also performs a three-dimensional continuity check of the velocity using successive elevations. The proposed dealiasing algorithm is tested using severe weather data from an S-band Doppler radar that have been aliased to mimic aliased radial velocity patterns that would be observed by a C-band Doppler radar. Artificially aliasing S-band data permits creation of a reference to which the performance of various dealiasing techniques can be compared. Comparisons show that UNRAVEL consistently outperforms other established dealiasing algorithms for the test period selected in this work.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2022

West Valley Demonstration Project (WVDP) Annual Site Environmental Report (ASER) for Calendar Year 2021

The report, prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy West Valley Demonstration Project office (DOE-WVDP), summarizes the environmental protection program at the WVDP for calendar year (CY) 2021. Monitoring and surveillance of the facilities used by the DOE are conducted to verify protection of public health and safety and the environment. The report is a key component of DOE’s effort to keep the public informed of environmental conditions at the WVDP. The quality assurance protocols applied to the environmental monitoring program ensure the validity and accuracy of the monitoring data. In addition to demonstrating compliance with environmental laws, regulations, and directives, evaluation of data collected in 2021 continued to indicate that WVDP activities pose no threat to public health or safety, or to the environment.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2021

West Valley Demonstration Project (WVDP) Annual Site Environmental Report (ASER) for Calendar Year 2020

West Valley Demonstration Project (WVDP) Annual Site Environmental Report (ASER) for Calendar Year 2020. The report, prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy West Valley Demonstration Project office (DOE-WVDP), summarizes the environmental protection program at the WVDP for calendar year (CY) 2020. Monitoring and surveillance of the facilities used by the DOE are conducted to verify protection of public health and safety and the environment. The report is a key component of DOE’s effort to keep the public informed of environmental conditions at the WVDP. The quality assurance protocols applied to the environmental monitoring program ensure the validity and accuracy of the monitoring data. In addition to demonstrating compliance with environmental laws, regulations, and directives, evaluation of data collected in 2020 continued to indicate that WVDP activities pose no threat to public health or safety, or to the environment.

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act↗
DOE OSTI2023

Iterative Stability Enforcement in Adaptive Antoulas–Anderson Algorithms for \({\boldsymbol{\mathcal{H}_2}}\) Model Reduction

This paper presents an extension of the Adaptive-Antoulas-Anderson (AAA) algorithm for rational modelling. Specifically, our new stable multi-input multi-output AAA (smiAAA) algorithm builds rational approximations of multi-input signals with a common set of stable poles. A new methodology is presented for iteratively enforcing stability constraints on the poles. We demonstrate the strengths of this approach compared to the stability enforcement in the FastAAA algorithm. Results using the smiAAA algorithm are compared with the commonly used Vector Fitting algorithm and the more recently published RKFIT algorithm. Vector Fitting and RKFIT both require the user to input the number of poles to use in the approximations. If the final approximation is not accurate enough, the user must re-start Vector Fitting or RKFIT with a larger number of poles and/or a new starting location for the poles. In contrast, the smiAAA algorithm is designed to allow the user to simply input the desired accuracy of the approximations, and the necessary number of poles is detected automatically. This permits users to produce approximations of a desired accuracy with no knowledge about the underlying order of the system being approximated, preventing the algorithm from ever needing to be rerun. An additional feature for preventing extraneous poles from being returned by AAA is also discussed. The cause of these extraneous poles is efficiently detected and removed by our presented methodology. In conclusion, the examples presented demonstrate that smiAAA can efficiently produce approximations of similar or better accuracy than Vector Fitting and RKFIT while requiring less input from the user.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Developing and testing capabilities for simulating cases with heterogeneous land/water surfaces in a novel atmospheric large eddy simulation code

Large eddy simulations (LES) are the primary computational tool used to simulate high Reynolds number three-dimensional turbulent flows. In the context of earth system sciences, particularly atmospheric science, LES are uniquely able to resolve the scales of atmospheric motion that are key for building process-level understanding of boundary layer turbulence, atmosphere-surface interaction, clouds, and cloud-aerosol-chemistry interaction, and are a core limited-area modeling capability. Increasing demands are being placed on LES code bases as growing high performance computing resources allow LES to address a wider range of scientific problems. In addition, LES are emerging as a source of high-quality machine learning training data. These demands necessitate an agile and extensible code base that allows the model to quickly adapt to emergent needs. However, LES have largely relied on legacy Fortran code bases that lack flexibility. A new, Python-based LES capability called Predicting INteractions of Aerosol and Clouds in Large Eddy Simulation (PINACLES) has been developed as part of the Department of Energy’s Earth System Model Development (ESMD) program area’s Enabling Aerosol-cloud interactions at Global convection-permitting scalES (EAGLES) project. PINACLES was developed from the ground up with a philosophy of maximizing scientific throughput, by attempting to optimize for both model throughput and software extensibility. The initial development of PINACLES delivered a state-of-the-art idealized LES capability solving the non-hydrostatic anelastic equations of motion with doubly periodic boundary conditions and idealized homogenous surface boundary conditions. Here we provide a final report on the outcomes of a fiscal year 2021 Seed Laboratory Directed Research Project that extended PINACLES in two key ways. First, PINACLES was coupled to a state-of-the-art land surface model enabling it to simulate spatially inhomogeneous land-atmosphere interactions that are known to control key atmospheric processes. Second, the dynamical core of PINACLES was modified to permit non-periodic boundary conditions. This model enhancement enables simulation of realistic cases with boundary conditions prescribed from atmospheric reanalysis and enables nested simulations conducted on a hierarchy of computational domains with increasing resolution. Together, these extensions to PINACLES make it a formidable modeling capability and expand its potential application to diverse components of DOE’s atmospheric science portfolio.

42 ENGINEERING↗