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At least 109 records · Page 6
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Discussion: Presentation of Atmospheric 14 C O2 data

ABSTRACT Observations of radiocarbon ( 14 C) in Earth’s atmosphere and other carbon reservoirs are important to quantify exchanges of CO 2 between reservoirs. The amount of 14 C is commonly reported in the so-called Delta notation, i.e., Δ 14 C, the decay- and fractionation-corrected departure of the ratio of 14 C to total C from that ratio in an absolute international standard; this Delta notation permits direct comparison of 14 C/C ratios in the several reservoirs. However, as Δ 14 C of atmospheric CO 2 , Δ 14 CO 2 is based on the ratio of 14 CO 2 to total atmospheric CO 2 , its value can and does change not just because of change in the amount of atmospheric 14 CO 2 but also because of change in the amount of total atmospheric CO 2 , complicating ascription of change in Δ 14 CO 2 to change in one or the other quantity. Here we suggest that presentation of atmospheric 14 CO 2 amount as mole fraction relative to dry air (moles of 14 CO 2 per moles of dry air in Earth’s atmosphere), or as moles or molecules of 14 CO 2 in Earth’s atmosphere, all readily calculated from Δ 14 CO 2 and the amount of atmospheric CO 2 (with slight dependence on δ 13 CO 2 ), complements presentation only as Δ 14 CO 2 , and can provide valuable insight into the evolving budget and distribution of atmospheric 14 CO 2 .

Geochemistry & Geophysics↗
DOE OSTI2022

Modeling and Analysis of a Thermophotovoltaic Integrated Self-Powered Furnace

This work investigates the energy efficiency and carbon reduction potential of self-powered residential building heating equipment using a thermodynamic modeling approach. An integrated thermophotovoltaic power module and residential scale furnace system (40,000 Btu/h) were modeled and studied in detail to assess the influence of different design configurations on primary energy efficiency. Operational characteristics such as total power generation, electrical efficiency, and heat recovery were examined in a self-powered system configuration. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the influence of the electric grid’s carbon dioxide footprint (carbon intensity) and the cost of electricity on the environmental, as well as the economic, benefit associated with the self-powered configuration. Compared with a traditional furnace powered by an electric grid at a carbon intensity of 0.5 kg CO 2eq /kWh EL , the self-powered furnace was shown to decrease the annual carbon dioxide emissions by approximately 550 kg (~75% reduction), while also saving more than USD 200 in utility expenses, annually. Additionally, the carbon emission reduction potential of blending different concentrations of hydrogen in natural gas fuel was also studied.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

The distribution and selective decontamination of carbon-14 from nuclear graphite

This work investigates 14 C release behaviour from UK Magnox reactor sourced irradiated graphite under relatively low temperature oxidation conditions: a 1% oxygen in argon atmosphere at temperatures ranging from 600°C to 700°C, and durations from 4 to 120 hours. A method is used for construction of a detailed 14 C release profile with mass loss. The 14 C release profile is predictable between samples, and an empirical release profile is derived to predict releases to higher mass losses than in this work. An accelerated 14 C release rate at small mass losses is observed, indicative of a 14 C-enriched surface region with a depleting concentration gradient into the material, and the source terms and complexities associated with predicting where the 14 C arose from are discussed. Selective decontamination of a fraction of the 14 C is possible, with the limitation of a reducing efficiency with mass loss and time. This work demonstrates a method for determining the distribution of 14 C between near-surface regions and the bulk material in differing sources of irradiated graphite, and provides data in support of making an informed assessment for the adoption of low temperature thermal treatment and isotopic reduction of irradiated graphite wastes.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2026

Blended conventional and high oxygen permeability ionomers as a fuel cell electrode binder

Ionomer strongly influences the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), affecting catalyst activity and reactant transport within the electrodes. While recent work on high oxygen permeability ionomers (HOPI) has demonstrated improved performance compared to conventional perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomers such as Nafion™, there have also been reports of increased cracking in fabricated electrodes. We investigated the effects of blending HOPI with Nafion™ ionomer dispersions when fabricating cathode catalyst layers (CCLs). Small-angle x-ray scattering suggests that the ionomers mix well, and adsorption measurements indicate that HOPI adsorbs less strongly to the carbon-supported platinum (Pt) catalyst, and in blends, the Nafion™ ionomer exhibits a greater degree of adsorption. Imaging CCLs revealed a decrease in crack formation in blended samples as HOPI content decreased, with 14% HOPI having the lowest crack density. In a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) using a high surface area carbon support, the 14% HOPI blend exhibited similar performance to 100% HOPI. However, similar performance enhancements were not achieved with a medium surface area carbon support. These findings suggest a path for low-crack CCLs with enhanced oxygen transport, while highlighting a need for further investigation of ionomer blending towards efficient and durable PEMFCs.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

SPRUCE Climate Warming and Elevated CO2 Rapidly Alter Peatland Soil Carbon Sources and Stability: Supporting Data

This data set reports a suite of complementary biogeochemical analyses of peat samples from the SPRUCE (Spruce and Peatland Responses Under Changing Environments) experiment. Results were collected using quantitative molecular analysis of bulk soil carbon to assess the stability of soil organic carbon following whole-ecosystem warming and exposure to elevated carbon dioxide concentrations (eCO2). Targeted soil organic carbon components include solvent-extractable compounds (alkanoic acids, alkanols, alkanes, steroids, and terpenoids), ester-bound hydrolysable biopolymers (cutin and suberin markers), lignin phenols, and pyrogenic carbon. Bulk peat samples were analysed by Soxhlet extraction and solid phase separation for solvent-extractable compounds, alkaline hydrolysis to extract hydrolysable biopolymers, copper (II) oxide oxidation to extract lignin phenols and benzene polycarboxylic acids (BPCAs) as an approximation of pyrogenic carbon. Samples were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and compound identification was performed on GC coupled to mass selective detector (MS) for solvent-extractable compounds, ester-bound hydrolysable biopolymers and lignin phenols, and high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) for pyrogenic carbon. Results are presented in Ofiti et al. (accepted). The experimental work was conducted on samples collected in August 2018 at the SPRUCE climate manipulation experiment in northern Minnesota, 40 km north of Grand Rapids, in the USDA Forest Service Marcell Experimental Forest (MEF). Samples were collected and later analysed in a 10 cm increments over 0 to 50 cm depth and 25 cm intervals from 50 to 75 cm. Samples were analyzed for lignin phenols over 0 to 30 cm depth. This data set contains one file in comma separate (*.csv) format. This dataset contains data used to produce: Ofiti, N.O.E., Schmidt, M.W.I., Abiven, S., Hanson, P.J., Iversen, C.M., Wilson, R.M., Kostka, J.E., Wiesenberg, G.L.B., Malhotra, A. 2023. Climate warming and elevated CO2 rapidly alter peatland soil carbon sources and stability. Nat Commun 14, 7533. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-43410-z.

SPRUCE experiment, Marcell Experimental Forest, so↗
DOE OSTI2021

Carbon nanotubes in high-performance perovskite photovoltaics and other emerging optoelectronic applications

Here, we take a look back at the successful integration of carbon nanotubes (CNT) into high-efficiency solar cells based on metal-halide perovskites (MHPs). In addition to these successes, we identify critical questions and issues that remain to be addressed for the functionality of CNTs in MHP-based solar cells. Finally, we look forward toward potential future opportunities for CNT/MHP interfaces, in both new types of photovoltaic devices and other emerging optoelectronic applications.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Low-dimensional carbon materials decorated FAPbI 3 for carbon-based perovskite solar cells

Carbon nanomaterials are at the forefront of research in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to their exceptional electrical, optical, and stability properties. Their diverse applications include serving as interfacial layers, additives, hole and electron transport materials, and back electrodes. While the influence of various low-dimensional carbon nanomaterial structures on crystallinity, optical and electrical performance, and overall device efficiency has been a topic of interest, it has not been thoroughly explored until now. In this study, we effectively integrated carbon quantum dots (CQDs), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and graphene into the FAPbI 3 photoactive layer using a two-step sequential deposition method. Our experiments revealed marked improvements in the photovoltaic performance of PSCs that incorporated all three types of carbon nanomaterials. In particular, the data shows significant enhancements in power conversion efficiency, demonstrating the effectiveness of these materials in optimizing device functionality. Notably, MWCNTs distinguished themselves by exhibiting a remarkable potential for enhancing long-term stability. This finding underscores the importance of selecting the right carbon nanomaterials for future PSC developments, paving the way for more reliable and efficient solar energy solutions. As a result, our research highlights the critical role of carbon nanomaterials in advancing perovskite solar technology.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
NASA NTRS2004

The Water-Wheel IR (WIR): A Contact Survey Experiment for Water and Carbonates on Mars

Minimum requirements for life include water and accessible carbon. Mars has both in its polar caps and atmosphere. Water (or water-equivalent hydrogen) is present at shallow depths (approx. 10-20 cm) at latitudes =60 and is heterogeneously distributed in other parts of Mars [1]. Mars may have once had surface water that could plausibly have produced carbonate deposits [2-5]. Mars shows signs of hydrothermal activity [6-8] that may have affected soil composition [9, 10]. The Thermal Emission Spectrometer on the Mars Global Surveyor found large and small patches of hematite that may have been water-borne or water-derived [11, 12]. Current orbiting spacecraft (MGS & Odyssey) have not found massive carbonate deposits, however [13]. Shales and limestones, which we associate with moist and benign environments on Earth, are apparently not abundant on Mars. Both carbonate and organic carbon occur as alteration products in Martian meteorites of igneous origin [14]. One study of MGS-TES data suggests 2-5 wt% carbonates (mainly MgCO3) in surface dust, but found no concentrated source [15]. Carbonates and H2O/OH bearing minerals will be sought by the mini-TES and Mossbauer experiments on the Mars Exploration Rovers, one of which landed successfully on Mars on January 3.

Wang, Alian↗
DOE OSTI2024

Effects of Interactions Between Produced Formation Fluid and Rock Matrix on Pore Structure of Caney Shale, Southern Oklahoma

ABSTRACT: Rock-fluid interactions change properties of shales during exploitation. To investigate effects of rock-fluid interactions on pore structure of shales matrix after hydraulic fracturing, powder samples from two late Mississippian Caney Shale cores in the Ardmore Basin, southern Oklahoma, were used to react with formation produced fluid from the field in the batch reactor analysis. X-ray diffraction for mineralogy and Low-pressure nitrogen adsorption isotherms for pore structure were measured for original, after-7days, and after-30days samples. Results show that the samples consist mainly of quartz, followed by clay minerals, carbonates, and feldspar. The pore sizes of micropore (<2 nm) and mesopore (2-50 nm) increase 14%-233% due to dissolution of pyrite, feldspar, and carbonates after 7 days. Due to the transformation from smectite to illite and the increase of pore size, the specific surface area (SSA) decreases after 7-days interactions. After 30-days interactions, the micropore volume slightly increases and the mesopore and macropore volume decreases. Due to the decrease of pore size, the SSA of 30-days reacted samples increases correspondingly and is lower (for the clay-rich sample) or higher (for the calcareous sample) than that of the unreacted samples. Findings improve our understanding of dynamic alteration of shale properties during production. 1. INTRODUCTION Energy demand will continuously grow owing to the increasing global population as well as energy consumption (EIA, 2023). On the other hand, shale gas and oil reshaped the energy market in the United States, enabling the United States to become a net-export of natural gas country in 2017 (EIA, 2023). However, shale reservoirs are challenging tight formations that are still poorly understood in the extraction and production of hydrocarbons (Ross and Bustin, 2009; Curtis et al., 2012; Xiong et al., 2015, 2021a; Li Y. et al., 2016; Gong et al., 2019a; Benge et al., 2021; Awejori et al., 2022; Huang et al., 2022). One of the most challenging topics is the rock-fluid interactions post hydraulic fracturing and its subsequent impacts on the pore structures of fractured formation matrix.

Xiong, Fengyang↗
DOE OSTI2023

Carbon Electrode with Sputtered Au Coating for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

Halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) represent a low-cost and high-efficiency solar technology. However, most of the highly efficient PSCs need a noble electrode, such as Au, through thermal evaporation. Here it is reported that a sputtered Au electrode on a PSC could damage the organic hole transport layer (HTL) and the perovskite layer. Here, we report a simple, yet effective sputtered gold nanoparticle decorated carbon electrode to fabricate efficient and stable planar PSCs. The sputtered Au layer on the doctor-bladed coated carbon electrode can be directly applied to the perovskite semicells by mechanical stacking. By optimizing the gold thickness, a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.87% was obtained for the composite electrode-based PSC, while the reference device recorded a PCE of 12.38%. The composite electrode-based device demonstrated 96% performance retention after being stored under humid conditions (50-60%) without encapsulation for ~100 h. This demonstrates a promising pathway toward the commercialization of large-scale manufacturable sputtered electrodes for the PSC solar module.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Revealing the Structure of Single Cobalt Sites in Carbon Nitride for Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction

Single Co 2+ sites in graphitic carbon nitride (C 3 N 4 ) have demonstrated excellent activity and selectivity in photocatalytic CO 2 reduction. In this work, we combine computational and spectroscopic tools, including X-ray absorption spectroscopy, to probe the structure of such single Co 2+ sites. Our results indicate that the Co 2+ sites exist in the Co–N 2+2 coordination at the edges of C 3 N 4 flakes. This mode of coordination is further supported by experimental results obtained using single Co 2+ sites in C 3 N 4 materials treated with NH 3 , which contain more edge sites than untreated C 3 N 4 . In our experimental observations, doping C 3 N 4 with carbon is found to be important for the photocatalytic properties of the single Co 2+ sites. Here, a simplified model is proposed to explain the origin of the observed enhancement effect of C doping. In this model, the presence of C dopant near the metal centers results in shorter Co–N bond length and stronger Co–N binding energy. In addition to enhanced light absorption and charge separation in C-doped C 3 N 4 , the stronger Co–N binding upon C doping likely contributes to the improved catalytic properties of the single Co 2+ sites.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Long-Term Stability of Ferri-/Ferrocyanide as an Electroactive Component for Redox Flow Battery Applications: On the Origin of Apparent Capacity Fade

We assess the suitability of potassium ferri-/ferrocyanide as an electroactive species for long-term utilization in aqueous organic redox flow batteries. A series of electrochemical and chemical characterization experiments was performed to distinguish between structural decomposition and apparent capacity fade of ferri-/ferrocyanide solutions used in the capacity-limiting side of a flow battery. Our results indicate that, in contrast with previous reports, no structural decomposition of ferri-/ferrocyanide occurs at tested pH values as high as 14 in the dark or in diffuse indoor light. Instead, an apparent capacity fade takes place due to a chemical reduction of ferricyanide to ferrocyanide, via chemical oxygen evolution reaction. We find that this parasitic process can be further exacerbated by carbon electrodes, with apparent capacity fade rates at pH 14 increasing with an increased ratio of carbon electrode surface area to ferricyanide in solution. Based on these results, we report a set of operating conditions that enables the long-duration cycling of alkaline ferri-/ferrocyanide electrolytes and demonstrate how apparent capacity fade rates can be engineered by the initial system setup. If protected from direct exposure to light, the structural stability of ferri-/ferrocyanide anions allows for their practical deployment as electroactive species in long duration energy storage applications.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Carbon quantum dots interfacial modified graphene/silicon Schottky barrier solar cell

The two-dimensional thin film, as an effective interface modification layer to improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of graphene/silicon (Gr/Si) heterojunction solar cells has attracted extensive attention recently. However, the complicated manufacturing process and specialized equipment requirements impede its broad application. Herein, carbon quantum dots (CQDs) fabricated under the mild reaction condition was first time used to modify Gr/Si devices interface structure. The effects of CQDs size distributions and coating thickness on J-V characteristics and the energy band structure of Gr/CQDs/Si solar cells were systematically analyzed. The findings indicate that the PCE of resulting Gr/CQDs/Si solar cells could reach 9.97% when the thickness and sizes of CQDs interlayer are ~26 nm and 4–7 nm, without any chemical doping, which is 6.8-times PCE than that of virgin Gr/Si solar cells. The CQDs interlayer serves as both an electron blocking layer and hole transport layer to reduce the carrier recombination, leading to a lower reverse saturation current as well as a larger VOC then improved the device performance. The enhanced PCE shows that the CQDs species have the potential applications in a cost-effective photovoltaic device.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Cold air quench control of local crystallization environment in fully air-processed carbon-based perovskite solar cells

Carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) present a low-cost route to efficient photovoltaic technology. Gas quenching is an essential process commonly used for solvent extraction in scalable module fabrication using solution processes, but film quality remains highly sensitive to the localized environmental processing temperature, especially during intermediate phase transitions before perovskite film high temperature annealing. In this study, we introduce a cold air quench strategy to precisely control the local crystallization temperature that simultaneously promotes uniform crystallization and facilitates strain relaxation in fully air-processed C-PSCs. It is found that implementing dry air at 10 °C as the quenching gas yields a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.52 %, with preferential (110) orientation and reduced, homogenized in-plane strain. This newly developed technique of a cost-effective low temperature air quenching process also enhances carrier lifetime, reduces interface recombination, and improves charge extraction. Furthermore, this work presents cold air quenching as a scalable, economic method to control perovskite crystallization and strain in C-PSC fabrication, advancing the industrial viability of high-performance perovskite modules.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Technical, Economic, Energetic, and Environmental Evaluation of Pretreatment Strategies for Scaling Control in Brackish Water Desalination Brine Treatment

Effective pretreatment is essential for achieving long-term stable operation and high water recovery during the desalination of alternative waters. This study developed a process modeling approach for technical, economic, energetic, and environmental assessments of pretreatment technologies to identify the impacts of each technology treating brackish water desalination brine with high scaling propensity. The model simulations evaluated individual pretreatment technologies, including chemical softening (CS), chemical coagulation (CC), electrocoagulation (EC), and ion exchange (IX). In addition, combinations of these pretreatment technologies aiming at the effective reduction of key scaling constituents such as hardness and silica were investigated. The three evaluation parameters in this assessment consist of levelized cost of water (LCOW, $/m 3 ), specific energy consumption and cumulative energy demand (SEC|CED, kWh/m 3 ), and carbon dioxide emissions (CO 2 , kg CO 2-eq /m 3 ). The case study evaluated in this work was the desalination brine from the Kay Bailey Hutchison Desalination Plant (KBHDP) with a total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration of 11,000 mg/L and rich in hardness and silica. The evaluation of individual pretreatment units from the highest to lowest LCOW, SEC|CED, and CO 2 emissions in the KBHDP brine was IX > CS > EC > CC, CS > IX > EC > CC, and CC > CS > EC > IX, respectively. In the case of pretreatment combinations for the KBHDP, the EC + IX treatment combination was shown to be the best in terms of the LCOW and CO 2 emissions. The modeling and evaluation of these pretreatment units provide valuable guidance on the selection of cost-effective, energy-efficient, and environmentally sustainable pretreatment technologies tailored to desalination brine applications for minimal- or zero-liquid discharge.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Spin‐Polarized Interfaces Redirect CO 2 Reduction From CO to Formate

Achieving high product selectivity in electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction (CO 2 RR) remains a critical challenge due to competition between multiple proton-coupled electron-transfer pathways on catalyst surfaces. Meanwhile, chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS), which enables spin-polarized electron transport through chiral interfaces, has recently emerged as a promising strategy to modulate interfacial electrochemical reactions. Although the CISS effect has been shown to enhance selectivity and efficiency in the spin-sensitive oxygen evolution reaction (OER), its role in regulating CO 2 RR pathways and in stabilizing intermediates remains largely unexplored. Here, chiral molecules (R- and S-1,1′-bi-2-naphthyl-2,2′-diyl hydrogen phosphate, BNP) were integrated with SnO 2 to construct chiral-modified catalysts (R-BNP/SnO 2 and S-BNP/SnO 2 ). Compared with bare SnO 2 and racemic BNP-modified SnO 2 (Rac-BNP/SnO 2 ), the chiral catalysts exhibited a pronounced shift in product selectivity from CO toward formate production. Importantly, in-situ attenuated total reflectance surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (ATR-SEIRAS) reveals that the chiral interface selectively stabilizes the O-bound *OCHO intermediate associated with the formate pathway and modulates interfacial water structure and hydrogen-bonding dynamics. These findings demonstrate that spin-polarized interfacial electron transfer can regulate CO 2 RR pathway selectivity by modulating the stabilization of key intermediates. More broadly, this work establishes chiral spin-selective interfaces as a new strategy for regulating competitive electrocatalytic reaction pathways.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Radiocarbon Analyses Quantify Peat Carbon Losses With Increasing Temperature in a Whole Ecosystem Warming Experiment

Abstract Climate warming is expected to accelerate peatland degradation and release rates of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and methane (CH 4 ). Spruce and Peatlands Responses Under Changing Environments is an ecosystem‐scale climate manipulation experiment, designed to examine peatland ecosystem response to climate forcings. We examined whether heating up to +9 °C to 3 m‐deep in a peat bog over a 7‐year period led to higher C turnover and CO 2 and CH 4 emissions, by measuring 14 C of solid peat, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), CH 4 , and dissolved CO 2 (DIC). DOC, a major substrate for heterotrophic respiration, increased significantly with warming. There was no 7‐year trend in the DI 14 C of the ambient plots which remained similar to their DO 14 C. At +6.75 °C and +9 °C, the 14 C of DIC, a product of microbial respiration, initially resembled ambient plots but became more depleted over 7 years of warming. We attributed the shifts in DI 14 C to the increasing importance of solid phase peat as a substrate for microbial respiration and quantified this shift via the radiocarbon mass balance. The mass‐balance model revealed increases in peat‐supported respiration of the catotelm depths in heated plots over time and relative to ambient enclosures, from a baseline of 20%–25% in ambient enclosures, to 35%–40% in the heated plots. We find that warming stimulates microorganisms to respire ancient peat C, deposited under prior climate (cooler) conditions. This apparent destabilization of the large peat C reservoir has implications for peatland‐climate feedbacks especially if the balance of the peatland is tipped from net C sink to C source.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Geological study of an outburst flood event in the upper Yangtze River and risk of similar extreme events

Here, outburst flood sediments are studied on the upper course of the Yangtze River (known as the Jinsha River) where is a key region for the development of hydroelectric power. As the history and magnitude of outburst flooding in this stretch of the Jinsha River during historic times has remained largely undocumented, we have endeavored as part of this study to conduct field investigations into, and provide numerical dating (using OSL and 14 C dating techniques) of outburst flood evidence found in the First Bend area of the Yangtze River. Carbonized nutshells and charcoal from the ancient settlement yielded 14 C ages that precisely pinpointed an outburst flood event ~1200–1300 cal yr BP, during China's Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE). However, OSL ages using the minimum age model for all outburst flood samples ranged from 9.1 to 1.8 ka, which was ~0.5–7.8 ka older than the 14 C-dated outburst flood. This discrepancy suggests a potential overestimation of quartz age when dating outburst flood sediments from the Holocene period. Furthermore, using 2D hydraulic modeling, we estimated the magnitude of the aforementioned outburst flood, revealing a reconstructed peak flow discharge of 51,000–55,300 m 3 /s. This discharge was three times greater than the 10,000-year flood for the hydroelectric power station nearest to the study area. Our study underscores the significant role of combining archaeological and geological evidence in enhancing paleoflood hydrology research. Through a multidisciplinary approach, our findings emphasize the importance of paleoflood hydrology studies in comprehending both the latent and catastrophic flood risks in alpine mountain areas amid the context of global warming.

14C dating↗