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At least 109 records · Page 6

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NASA NTRS2010

Current Sheets in the Corona and the Complexity of Slow Wind

The origin of the slow solar wind has long been one of the most important problems in solar/heliospheric physics. Two observational constraints make this problem especially challenging. First, the slow wind has the composition of the closed-field corona, unlike the fast wind that originates on open field lines. Second, the slow wind has substantial angular extent, of order 30 degrees, which is much larger than the widths observed for streamer stalks or the widths expected theoretically for a dynamic heliospheric current sheet. We propose that the slow wind originates from an intricate network of narrow (possibly singular) open-field corridors that emanate from the polar coronal hole regions. Using topological arguments, we show that these corridors must be ubiquitous in the solar corona. The total solar eclipse in August 2008, near the lowest point of cycle 23 affords an ideal opportunity to test this theory by using the ultra-high resolution Predictive Science's (PSI) eclipse model for the corona and wind. Analysis of the PSI eclipse model demonstrates that the extent and scales of the open-field corridors can account for both the angular width of the slow wind and its closed-field composition. We discuss the implications of our slow wind theory for the structure of the corona and heliosphere at solar minimum and describe further observational and theoretical tests.

Antiochos, Spiro↗

NASA NTRS2010

Formation and Reconnection of Three-Dimensional Current Sheets in the Solar Corona

Current-sheet formation and magnetic reconnection are believed to be the basic physical processes responsible for much of the activity observed in astrophysical plasmas, such as the Sun s corona. We investigate these processes for a magnetic configuration consisting of a uniform background field and an embedded line dipole, a topology that is expected to be ubiquitous in the corona. This magnetic system is driven by a uniform horizontal flow applied at the line-tied photosphere. Although both the initial field and the driver are translationally symmetric, the resulting evolution is calculated using a fully three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (3D MHD) simulation with adaptive mesh refinement that resolves the current sheet and reconnection dynamics in detail. The advantage of our approach is that it allows us to apply directly the vast body of knowledge gained from the many studies of 2D reconnection to the fully 3D case. We find that a current sheet forms in close analogy to the classic Syrovatskii 2D mechanism, but the resulting evolution is different than expected. The current sheet is globally stable, showing no evidence for a disruption or a secondary instability even for aspect ratios as high as 80:1. The global evolution generally follows the standard Sweet- Parker 2D reconnection model except for an accelerated reconnection rate at a very thin current sheet, due to the tearing instability and the formation of magnetic islands. An interesting conclusion is that despite the formation of fully 3D structures at small scales, the system remains close to 2D at global scales. We discuss the implications of our results for observations of the solar corona. Subject Headings: Sun: corona Sun: magnetic fields Sun: reconnection

Edmondson, J. K.↗

NASA NTRS2011

Thermodynamics of the Solar Corona and Evolution of the Solar Magnetic Field as Inferred from the Total Solar Eclipse Observations of 11 July 2010

We report on multi-wavelength observations of the corona taken simultaneously in broadband white light, and in seven spectral lines, H-alpha 656.3 nm, Fe IX 435.9 nm, Fe X 637.4 nm, Fe XI 789.2 nm, Fe XIII 1074.7 nm, Fe XIV 530.3 nm and Ni XV 670.2 nm. The observations were made during the total solar eclipse of 11 July 2010 from the atoll of Tatakoto in French Polynesia. Simultaneous imaging with narrow bandpass filters in each of these spectral lines and in their corresponding underlying continua maximized the observing time during less than ideal observing conditions and yielded outstanding quality data. The application of two complementary image processing techniques revealed the finest details of coronal structures at 1" resolution in white light, and 6.5" in each of the spectral lines. This comprehensive wavelength coverage confirmed earlier eclipse findings that the solar corona has a clear two-temperature structure: The open field lines, expanding outwards from the solar surface, are characterized by electron temperatures near 1 X 10(exp 6) K, while the hottest plasma around 2X 10(exp 6) K resides in loop-like structures forming the bulges of streamers. The first images of the corona in the forbidden lines of Fe IX and Ni XV, showed that there was very little coronal plasma at temperatures below 5 X 10(exp 5) K and above 2.5X 10(exp 6) K. The data also enabled temperature differentiations as low as 0:2 X 10(exp 6) K in different density structures. These observations showed how the passage of CMEs through the corona, prior to totality, produced large scale ripples and very sharp streaks, which could be identified with distinct temperatures for the first time. The ripples were most prominent in emission from spectral lines associated with temperatures around 10(exp 6) K. The most prominent streak was associated with a conical-shaped void in the emission from the coolest line of Fe IX and from the hottest line of Ni XV. A prominence, which erupted prior to totality, appeared in the shape of a hook in the cooler lines of Fe X and Fe XI, spanning 0.5 R(solar) in extent starting at a heliocentric distance of 1.3 R(solar), with a complex trail of hot and cool twisted structures connecting it to the solar surface. Simultaneous Fe X 17.4 nm observations from space by Proba2/SWAP provided an ideal opportunity for comparing emission from a coronal forbidden line, namely Fe X 637.4 nm, with a space-based EUV allowed line. Comparison of the Fe X 17.4 nm and 637.4 nm emission provided the first textbook example of the role of radiative excitation in extending the detectability of coronal emission to much larger heliocentric distances than its collisionally excited component. These eclipse observations demonstrate the unique capabilities of coronal forbidden lines for exploring the evolution of the coronal magnetic field in the heliocentric distance range of 1 - 3 R(solar), which is currently inaccessible to any space-borne or ground-based observatory.

Habbal, Shadia Rifai↗

NASA NTRS2014

The Substructure of the Solar Corona Observed in the Hi-C Telescope

Winebarger, A.↗

NASA NTRS2014

Discovery of Finely Structured Dynamic Solar Corona Observed in the Hi-C Telescope

In the summer of 2012, the High-resolution Coronal Imager (Hi-C) flew aboard a NASA sounding rocket and collected the highest spatial resolution images ever obtained of the solar corona. One of the goals of the Hi-C flight was to characterize the substructure of the solar corona. We therefore examine how the intensity scales from AIA resolution to Hi-C resolution. For each low-resolution pixel, we calculate the standard deviation in the contributing high-resolution pixel intensities and compare that to the expected standard deviation calculated from the noise. If these numbers are approximately equal, the corona can be assumed to be smoothly varying, i.e. have no evidence of substructure in the Hi-C image to within Hi-C's ability to measure it given its throughput and readout noise. A standard deviation much larger than the noise value indicates the presence of substructure. We calculate these values for each low-resolution pixel for each frame of the Hi-C data. On average, 70 percent of the pixels in each Hi-C image show no evidence of substructure. The locations where substructure is prevalent is in the moss regions and in regions of sheared magnetic field. We also find that the level of substructure varies significantly over the roughly 160 s of the Hi-C data analyzed here. This result indicates that the finely structured corona is concentrated in regions of heating and is highly time dependent.

Winebarger, A.↗

NASA NTRS2017

Ozone Production by Corona Discharges During a Convective Event in DISCOVER-AQ Houston

An ozonesonde launched near electrically active convection in Houston, TX on 5 September 2013 during the NASA DISCOVER-AQ project measured a large enhancement of ozone throughout the troposphere. A separate ozonesonde was launched from Smith Point, TX (approx. 58 km southeast of the Houston site) at approximately the same time as the launch from Houston and did not measure that enhancement. Furthermore, ozone profiles for the descent of both sondes agreed well with the ascending Smith Point profile, suggesting a highly localized event in both space and time in which an anomalously large enhancement of 70 - 100 ppbv appeared in the ascending Houston ozonesonde data. Compared to literature values, such an enhancement appears to be the largest observed to date. Potential sources of the localized ozone enhancement such as entrainment of urban or biomass burning emissions, downward transport from the stratosphere, photochemical production from lightning NO(sub x), and direct ozone production from corona discharges were investigated using model simulations. We conclude that the most likely explanation for the large ozone enhancement is direct ozone production by corona discharges. Integrating the enhancement seen in the Houston ozone profile and using the number of electrical discharges detected by the NLDN (or HLMA), we estimate a production of 2.48 x 10(exp. 28) molecules of ozone per flash which falls within the range of previously recorded values (9.89 x 10(exp. 26) - 9.82 x 10)exp. 28) molecules of ozone per flash). Since there is currently no parameterization for the direct production of ozone from corona discharges we propose the implementation of an equation into a chemical transport model. Ultimately, additional work is needed to further understand the occurrence and impact of corona discharges on tropospheric chemistry on short and long timescales.

ozone↗

NASA NTRS1997

Corona Formation and Heat Loss on Venus by Coupled Upwelling and Delamination

Coronae are volcanotectonic features that are unique to Venus and are interpreted to be small-scale upwellings. A model in which upwelling causes delamination at the edge of the plume head, along with deformation of a pre-existing depleted mantel Layer, can produce the full range of topographic forms of coronae. If half of the coronae are active, delamination of the lower lithosphere could account for about 10% of venus's heat loss, with another 15% due to upwelling. Delamination may occur in other geologic enviroment and could help account for 'Venus' heat loss 'deficit'.

Corona Formation Venus↗

NASA NTRS1998

New Insights into Coronae Evolution: Mapping on Venus

Coronae are geologically and geophysically important features on Venus, since they are thought to contribute to planetary heat loss. It is thus necessary to understand their role in space and time in the evolution of Venus. We show that the formation of corona annuli can be multistaged and that the position of the annulus does not always coincide with the main topographic ridges and troughs that outline the feature. We demonstrate that coronae do not all have the same relative ages with respect to adjacent units.

coronae↗

NASA NTRS2023

Feasibility Study of Measuring Degree of Linear Polarization of the Solar F-Corona Using Filter Observations on the COronal Diagnostic EXperiment

One of the most unrevealed pieces of information about solar F-corona is its polarization. We propose the possibility of measuring the degree of linear polarization (D F ) of the F-corona along the radial distance from the Sun using the signal of two filters installed on the COronal Diagnostic EXperiment (CODEX), which will be mounted on board the International Space Station in December 2023. By analyzing the signal and noise of CODEX with Monte-Carlo simulations, we can derive D F with a 1.4 nm-width narrow bandpass filter centered at 393.55 nm and a 10 nm-width broad bandpass filter centered at 393.5 nm by stacking six images and integrating over 1R ⊙ × 1R ⊙ . The D F measured by CODEX will help reduce the uncertainty of the K-coronal polarization (pB K ), a main target of the mission, as well as to provide a better understanding of the F-corona.

Solar F corona↗

NASA NTRS2023

Uncovering the Geometry of the Hot X-Ray Corona in the Seyfert Galaxy NGC 4151 with IXPE

We present an X-ray spectropolarimetric analysis of the bright Seyfert galaxy NGC 4151. The source has been observed with the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) for 700 ks, complemented with simultaneous XMM–Newton (50 ks) and NuSTAR (100 ks) pointings. A polarization degree Π = 4.9 ± 1.1 per cent and angle Ψ = 86° ± 7° east of north (68 per cent confidence level) are measured in the 2–8 keV energy range. The spectropolarimetric analysis shows that the polarization could be entirely due to reflection. Given the low reflection flux in the IXPE band, this requires, however, a reflection with a very large (>38 per cent) polarization degree. Assuming more reasonable values, a polarization degree of the hot corona ranging from ∼4 to ∼8 per cent is found. The observed polarization degree excludes a ‘spherical’ lamppost geometry for the corona, suggesting instead a slab-like geometry, possibly a wedge, as determined via Monte Carlo simulations. This is further confirmed by the X-ray polarization angle, which coincides with the direction of the extended radio emission in this source, supposed to match the disc axis. NGC 4151 is the first active galactic nucleus with an X-ray polarization measure for the corona, illustrating the capabilities of X-ray polarimetry and IXPE in unveiling its geometry.

NGC 4151↗

NASA NTRS1972

Corona inception voltage in statorettes with various gas-solid dielectric systems

Corona inception voltage was calculated and measured for three statorettes in several gases and gas mixtures at pressures from 50.8 to 1270 torr. In helium the corona inception voltage was lowest, and in air it was highest. In argon and mixtures of helium and xenon the corona inception voltage was between that of air and helium. Correlation between experimental and calculated data was good.

Bollenbacher, G.↗

NASA NTRS1972

The structure and heating of the chromosphere-corona transition region

The structure and heating (or energy balance) of the transition region and the role of the transition region in the structure and heating of the solar atmosphere as a whole are investigated. The features of the structure of the atmosphere and radiative energy losses of the atmosphere are summarized. A static, planar model of the solar temperature which has a temperature profile representative of the actual solar atmosphere is considered. Then a static, planar model of the transition region which is heated by thermal conduction from the corona and cooled by radiative losses is developed. A general conclusion is that the temperature profile of the transition region and lower corona results primarily from the energy balance of the corona, while the number density is determined by the energy balance of the transition region.

Moore, R. L.↗

NASA NTRS1971

RF multicoupler design techniques to minimize problems of corona, multipaction, and stability

A mathematical expression was derived describing multipacting and corona effects in a coaxial cavity. Both mechanical and electrical design techniques were investigated to minimize the susceptibility of coaxial cavity to corona and multipacting-type breakdown. To assist in the design of a multicoupler free from corona and multipactor breakdown, a flow chart obtained from the derived mathematical expression is included.

Hurley, H. S.↗

NASA NTRS1971

A polarization-color effect in the K-corona.

An observation of the corona during the 7 March, 1970 eclipse through a Wollaston prism-red and blue filter combination was carried out for the purpose of confirming the prediction that the component of the K-corona with electric vector radial to the Sun is redder than the tangential component. An analysis of a portion of the resulting data seems to confirm this prediction, and also indicates that the method is useful for determining the three-dimensional configuration of the very inner corona. A three-dimensional configuration is suggested for a portion of the NE quadrant of the Sun, including the large NE streamer and an adjacent low-lying loop.

Billings, D. E.↗

NASA NTRS1972

Solar corona photography, part B

Photographic observations of the solar corona by the Apollo 16 command module pilot while in lunar orbit are reported. These were designed to provide data on outer coronal forms and intensities to elongation angles of 25 deg. The results of Apollo 15 solar corona photography verified the procedures and provided the first photographs of identifiable coronal streamers curving at elongation angles of some 10 deg. By using the Apollo 15 data, exposure settings were optimized for Apollo 16, and the results show a significant improvement in photometric quality over the large range of brightness to be photographed. Ground observations of the inner solar corona (to approximately 2 solar radii from Sun center) indicate a general lack of coronal structure, and results of data reduction thus far show no streamer structure at large elongation angles.

Macqueen, R. M.↗

NASA NTRS1976

Solar magnetic fields and the corona

Results from a seminar on the role of solar magnetic fields in determining the structure of the corona and interplanetary medium are presented. Some topics considered are: (1) polar regions of the sun which have identical magnetic configurations but display a vastly different appearance in the corona, (2) the influence of latitude on coronal and interplanetary microstructure, and (3) the role of the corona in contributing to the solar wind. It is proposed that an out-of-the-ecliptic solar probe mission would provide needed information on the above topics, and the study of solar activity in general.

Newkirk, G., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS1976

Ultraviolet corona detection sensor study

The feasibility of detecting electrical corona discharge phenomena in a space simulation chamber via emission of ultraviolet light was evaluated. A corona simulator, with a hemispherically capped point to plane electrode geometry, was used to generate corona glows over a wide range of pressure, voltage, current, electrode gap length and electrode point radius. Several ultraviolet detectors, including a copper cathode gas discharge tube and a UV enhanced silicon photodiode detector, were evaluated in the course of the spectral intensity measurements. The performance of both silicon target vidicons and silicon intensified target vidicons was evaluated analytically using the data generated by the spectroradiometer scans and the performance data supplied by the manufacturers.

Schmitt, R. J.↗

NASA NTRS1976

Ultrasonic corona sensor study

The overall objective of this program is to determine the feasibility of using ultrasonic (above 20 kHz) corona detection techniques to detect low order (non-arcing) coronas in varying degrees of vacuum within large high vacuum test chambers, and to design, fabricate, and deliver a prototype ultrasonic corona sensor.

Harrold, R. T.↗