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At least 109 records · Page 6

Simulations of the Mg II K and Ca II 8542 Lines From an Alfvén Wave-Heated Flare Chromosphere

We use radiation hydrodynamic simulations to examine two models of solar flare chromospheric heating: Alfven wave dissipation and electron beam collisional losses. Both mechanisms are capable of strong chromospheric heating, and we show that the distinctive atmospheric evolution in the mid-to-upper chromosphere results in Mg II k-line emission that should be observably different between wave-heated and beam-heated simulations. We also present Ca II 8542 A profiles that are formed slightly deeper in the chromosphere. The Mg II k-line profiles from our wave-heated simulation are quite different from those from a beam-heated model and are more consistent with Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph observations. The predicted differences between the Ca II 8542 A in the two models are small. We conclude that careful observational and theoretical study of lines formed in the mid-to-upper chromosphere holds genuine promise for distinguishing between competing models for chromospheric heating inflares.

Kerr, Graham S.↗

Impulsive phase Fe K-alpha emission in a flare of 1989 March

Evidence for enhanced Fe K-alpha line emission that is coincident (to within 15 s) of an intense hard X-ray (greater than 50 keV) burst is presented on the basis of observations of the Fe K-alpha soft X-ray line made with the SMM. Three different models for explaining the K-alpha enhancement are investigated, namely, photoexcitation by soft X-ray thermal bremsstrahlung radiation from an isothermal source, collisional excitation by nonthermal thick-target electrons, and photoexcitation by a nonthermal hard X-ray flux distribution which extends with a power-law spectrum down to the Fe K-alpha ionization threshold at 7.1 keV. It is found that, to within the limits of isothermal temperature and emission measure set by soft X-ray observations, the thermal photoexcitation model cannot reproduce satisfactorily the intensity of enhanced K-alpha emission during the hard X-ray impulsive phase. The impulsive phase K-alpha flux exceeds that predicted by the thermal photoexcitation model by about 3 sigma. The implications of these results for the nonthermal interpretation of impulsive hard X-ray bursts in solar flares are discussed.

Zarro, D. M.↗

Components in interstellar molecular hydrogen

Results are reported for precise spectrophotometric measurements of the profiles of selected Lyman absorption lines produced by hydrogen molecules in various rotational levels along the line of sight to 13 stars which have shown some evidence for an increase in line width with increasing rotational quantum number (J). The line profiles were measured by multiple scans with the Copernicus satellite telescope. Based on analysis of the radial velocities, derivations of the column densities, and line-profile fitting, the following conclusions are made: (1) the increase in interstellar H2 line width with increasing J results from the presence of the most shortward component, which is relatively weak at low J but becomes more important at higher J; (2) the relative column densities found for the different J levels in each component may be fitted by a theoretical model in which rotational excitation is due to absorption of UV photons followed by radiative quadrupole spontaneous transitions or collisionally induced downward transitions between different J levels; (3) the atomic hydrogen density is between 300 and 1000 per cu cm in the most shortward component for each of three stars; (4) the approaching gas which produces each shortward component must be in the form of thin sheets; and (5) the sheets are the compressed gas behind a shock front moving through the interstellar medium.

Spitzer, L., Jr.↗

The Voyager 1 EUV spectrum of the Io plasma torus

The Voyager 1 EUV spectrum of the hot Io plasma torus obtained before encounter in 1979 at a range of 4,800,000 km is analyzed in terms of a collisional model with improved collision strengths. Model calculations are based entirely on steady-state equilibrium between electron excitation-deactivation and radiative decay in the subspecies structure, and plasma temperature and species number densities are derived by fitting model spectra to the observations. Lines of S II, S III, S IV, O II, and O III are found to be dominant in the plasma torus, at torus half width densities of 44, 160, 220, 50, and 340/cu cm, respectively, and lines of S V and K III may also be present. An effective electron temperature of 80,000 K is estimated for the central dense region near 6 Jupiter radii. Model calculations are in substantial agreement with other spectroscopic observations of the hot torus; however, the observations exhibit strong morphological differences with recent ground-based observations of S II emission, and calculated ion densities differ from in situ Voyager 1 plasma science measurements.

Shemansky, D. E.↗

Hydrogen line ratios in Seyfert galaxies and low redshift quasars

New observations of the Lymal alpha radiation/hydrogen alpha radiation ratio in a set of X-ray selected active galactic nuclei and an archival study of International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) observations of Lymal alpha low redshift quasars and Seyfert galaxies have been used to form a large sample for studying the influence of soft X-rays on the enhancement of Balmer emission in the broad line region. In common models of broad line clouds, the Balmer lines are formed deep in the interior, largely by collisional excitation. Heating within the clouds is provided by soft X-ray radiation, while Lymal alpha is formed mainly by recombination after photoionization. The ratio Lymal alpha/Halpha is expected to depend weakly on the ratio of ionizing ultraviolet luminosity to X-ray luminosity (L sub UV/l sub x). If the Lymal alpha luminosity is used as a measure of L sub UV' a weak dependence of Lymal/H alpha on the X-ray luminosity is found similar to previous results.

Kriss, G. R.↗

The ionization equilibrium of astrophysically abundant elements

The paper presents new calculations of ionization equilibrium fractions of 11 abundant elements (C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, Ar, Ca, Fe, Ni) as functions of temperature. Convenient coefficients for fitting the rates of collisional ionization, radiative recombination, and dielectronic recombination are also tabulated. Many of the ionization rates are based on recent experimental measurements of cross sections for collisional ionization and autoionization following inner-shell excitation. These rates are used elsewhere in computations of nonequilibrium ionization, radiative cooling, radiative shock models, and plasma emission diagnostics.

Shull, J. M.↗

Analysis of IUE observations of hydrogen in comets

The large body of hydrogen Lyman-alpha observations of cometary comae obtained with the International Ultraviolet Explorer satellite has gone generally unanalyzed because of two main modeling complications. First, the inner comae of many bright (gas productive) comets are often optically thick to solar Lyman-alpha radiation. Second, even in the case of a small comet (low gas production) the large IUE aperture is quite small as compared with the immense size of the hydrogen coma, so an accurate model which properly accounts for the spatial distribution of the coma is required to invert the inferred brightnesses to column densities and finally to H atom production rates. Our Monte Carlo particle trajectory model (MPTM), which for the first time provides the realistic full phase space distribution of H atoms throughout the coma was used as the basis for the analysis of IUE observations of the inner coma. The MCPTM includes the effects of the vectorial ejection of the H atoms upon dissociation of their parent species (H2O and OH) and of their partial collisional thermalization. Both of these effects are crucial to characterize the velocity distribution of the H atoms. A new spherical radiative transfer calculation based on our MCPTM was developed to analyze IUE observations of optically thick H comae. The models were applied to observations of comets P/Giacobini-Zinner and P/Halley.

Combi, Michael R.↗

Molecular line emission models of Herbig-Haro objects. I - H2 emission

A comprehensive model for molecular hydrogen emssion in Herbig-Haro objects that are associated with the heads of radiative stellar jets is presented by using a simple representation of the jet head as a comprising a leading bow shock and a trailing jet shock, separated by a dense layer of cool shocked gas. Attention is given to collisional excitation in a nondissociative shock and formation pumping in the molecular reformation zone behind a dissociative shock, employing detailed shock and photodissociation-region emission models that incorporate most of the relevant atomic physics and chemistry. The conditions under which each of these excitation mechanisms may be expected to contribute to the observed emission are discussed, and a general diagnostic scheme for discriminating among them is constructed. Applying this scheme to the HH 1-2 system, strong evidence for excitation by the radiation field of a fast shock is found. It is inferred that FUV pumping contributes a significant fraction of the H2 line emission, and it is shown that this can occur only if the UV pump lines are not strongly self-shielded.

Wolfire, Mark G.↗

A cloud collision model for water maser excitation

High-velocity collisions between small, dense, neutral clouds or between a dense cloud and a dense shell can provide the energy source required to excite H2O maser emission. The radiative precursor from the surface of the collisional shock front rapidly diffuses through the cloud, heating the dust grains but leaving the H2 molecules cool. Transient maser emission occurs as the conditions for the Goldreich and Kwan (1974) 'hot-dust cold-gas' maser pump scheme are realized locally within the cloud. In time, the local maser action quenches due to the heating of the H2 molecules by collisions against the grains. Although this model cannot explain the very long-lived steady maser features, it is quite successful in explaining a number of the observed properties of the high-velocity features in such sources as Orion, W51, and W49. In particular, it provides a natural explanation for the rapid time variations, the narrow line widths, juxtaposition of high- and low-velocity features, and the short lifetimes which are frequently observed for the so-called high-velocity maser 'bullets' thought to be accelerated by strong stellar winds.

Tarter, T. C.↗

Atomic Data Needs for X-Ray Astronomy

This publication contains written versions of most of the invited talks presented at the workshop on Atomic Data Needs for X-ray Astronomy which was held at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center on December 16-1 7 1999. The idea of hosting such a workshop emerged from an imminent need to update and complete current atomic datasets in anticipation of a new era of high quality X-ray spectra starting with the launching of Chandra and XMM-Newton observatories. At first, our vision of the workshop was of a short and limited attendance event, given the specialization of the topic. But it, was soon realized, from the response to the first workshop announcement, that the topic was of much interest, to researchers working in X-ray spectra (physicists and astronomers). As a result, the workshop grew to approximately 120 participants from several countries. The kind of atomic data that interests us are those parameters needed for analysis and modeling of spectra shortward of about about 100 A and relevant to ionic species of astronomical interest. The physical mechanisms of interest in the formation of spectra include photoionization. collisional ionization, recombination (radiative and dielectronic). collisional excitation (by electrons and protons). and radiative deexcitation. Unique to X-ray spectroscopy are the ionization and excitation processes from inner-closed shells. in addition to the challenges in interpret,ing the medium resolution (epsilon/delta epsilon is about 0.05 - 0.1) data obtained by current X-ray astronomy experiments. Line wavelengths are of interest too, particularly owing to the high resolution spectra from the new experiments. The workshop was divided into five major areas: Observational Spectroscopy, Theoretical Calculations of Atomic Data, Laboratory Measurements of Atomic Parameters. Spectra Modeling, and Atomic Databases. One comforting finding from the work shop is that the enthusiasm felt by X-ray astronomers about the new observational missions seems to be shared by theoretical and experimental physicists. Talks were presented about several exciting new projects and experimental and theoretical techniques devoted to X-ray spectroscopy. Simultaneously, several new tools for spectral analysis and modeling have recently been developed, together with improved atomic databases. These proceeding are expected to be of interests to producers and users of atomic data. Moreover. the contributions presented here have been written in a way that can be used by a general audience of scientists and graduate students in X-ray astronomy, modelling, and in computational and experimental atomic physics.

Kallman, Timothy↗

The Far-Infrared Emission Line and Continuum Spectrum of the Seyfert Galaxy NGC 1068

We report on the analysis of the first complete far-infrared spectrum (43-197 microns) of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068 as observed with the Long Wavelength Spectrometer (LWS) onboard the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO). In addition to the 7 expected ionic fine structure emission lines, the OH rotational lines at 79, 119 and 163 microns were all detected in emission, which is unique among galaxies with full LWS spectra, where the 119 micron line, where detected, is always in absorption. The observed line intensities were modelled together with IS0 Short Wavelength Spectrometer (SWS) and optical and ultraviolet line intensities from the literature, considering two independent emission components: the AGN component and the starburst component in the circumnuclear ring of approximately 3kpc in size. Using the UV to mid-IR emission line spectrum to constrain the nuclear ionizing continuum, we have confirmed previous results: a canonical power-law ionizing spectrum is a poorer fit than one with a deep absorption trough, while the presence of a big blue bump is ruled out. Based on the instantaneous starburst age of 5 Myr constrained by the Br gamma equivalent width in the starburst ring, and starburst synthesis models of the mid- and far-infrared fine-structure line emission, a low ionization parameter (U=10(exp -3.5)) and low densities (n=100 cm (exp -3)) are derived. Combining the AGN and starburst components, we succeed in modeling the overall UV to far-IR atomic spectrum of SGC 1068, reproducing the line fluxes to within a factor 2.0 on average with a standard deviation of 1.4. The OH 119 micron emission indicates that the line is collisionally excited, and arises in a warm and dense region. The OH emission has been modeled using spherically symmetric, non-local, non-LTE radiative transfer models. The models indicate that the bulk of the emission arises from the nuclear region, although some extended contribution from the starburst is not ruled out. The OH abundance in the nuclear region is expected to be approximately 10(exp -5), characteristic of X-ray dominated regions.

Spinoglio, Luigi↗

On The Effect of Electron Collisions in the Excitation of Cometary HCN

The electron-HCN collision rate for the excitation of rotational transitions of the HCN molecule is evaluated in comets C/1995 01 (Hale-Bopp) and C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake). Based on theoretical models of the cometary atmosphere, we show that collisions with electrons can provide a significant excitation mechanism for rotational transitions in the HCN molecule. Computed values of the cross section sigma(sub e-HCN) can be as high as 1.3 x cm2, more than 2 orders of magnitude greater than the commonly assumed HCN-H2O cross section. For the ground rotational transitions of HCN, the electron-HCN collision rate is found to exceed the HCN-H2O collision rate at distances greater than 3000 km from the cometary nucleus of Hale-Bopp and 1000 km from that of Hyakutake. Collisional excitation processes dominate over radiative excitation processes up to a distance of 160,000 km from the cometary nucleus of Hale-Bopp and 50,000 km from that of Hyakutake. Excitation models that neglect electron collisions can underestimate the HCN gas production rates by as much as a factor of 2.

Lovell, Amy J.↗

Measurements of [C I] 9850 A Emission from Comet Hale-Bopp

We present quantitative measurements of cometary [C I] 9850 A, emission obtained during observations of comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1) in 1997 March and April. The observations were carried out using a high-resolution (lambda/Delta lambda approx. 40,000) Fabry-Perot/CCD spectrometer at the McMath-Pierce solar telescope on Kitt Peak. This forbidden line, the carbon analog of [O I] 6300 A, is emitted in the radiative decay of C(1D) atoms. In the absence of other sources and sinks, [C I] 9850 A emission may be used as a direct tracer of CO photodissociation in comets. However, in Hale-Bopp's large, dense coma, other processes, such as collisional excitation of ground-state C(3P), dissociative recombination of CO+, and collisional dissociation of CO and CO2 may produce significant amounts of C(1D). The long C(1D) radiative lifetime (approx. 4000 s) makes collisional de-excitation (quenching) the primary loss mechanism in the inner coma. Thus, a detailed, self-consistent global model of collisional and photochemical interactions is necessary to fully account for [C I] 9850 A emission in comet Hale-Bopp.

Oliversen, R. J.↗

The Suzaku Observation of NGC 3516: Complex Absorption and the Broad and Narrow Fe K Lines

We present results from a 150 ksec Suzaku observation of the Seyfert 1 NGC 3516 in October 2005. The source was in a relatively highly absorbed state. Our best-fit model is consistent with partial covering by a lowly-ionized absorber with a column density near 5x10(exp 22) cm(exp -2) and with a covering fraction 96-100 percent. Narrow K-shell absorption features due to He- and H-like Fe confirm the presence of a high-ionization absorbing component as well. A broad Fe K(alpha) diskline is required in all fits, even after the complex absorption is taken into account; an additional partial-covering component is an inadequate substitute for the continuum curvature associated with the broad line. The narrow Fe Ka line at 6.4 keV is resolved, yielding a velocity width commensurate with the optical Broad Line Region. The strength of the Compton reflection hump suggests a contribution mainly from the broad Fe line origin. We include in our model soft band emission lines from He- and H-like ions and radiative recombination lines, consistent with photo-ionization, though a small contribution from collisional ionization is possible.

Markowitz, Alex↗

Dust in a Type Ia Supernova Progenitor: Spitzer Spectroscopy of Kepler's Supernova Remnant

Characterization of the relatively poorly-understood progenitor systems of Type Ia supernovae is of great importance in astrophysics, particularly given the important cosmological role that these supernovae play. Kepler's Supernova Remnant, the result of a Type Ia supernova, shows evidence for an interaction with a dense circumstellar medium (CSM), suggesting a single-degenerate progenitor system. We present 7.5-38 micron IR spectra of the remnant, obtained with the Spitzer Space Telescope, dominated by emission from warm dust. Broad spectral features at 10 and 18 micron, consistent with various silicate particles, are seen throughout. These silicates were likely formed in the stellar outflow from the progenitor system during the AGB stage of evolution, and imply an oxygen-rich chemistry. In addition to silicate dust, a second component, possibly carbonaceous dust, is necessary to account for the short-wavelength IRS and IRAC data. This could imply a mixed chemistry in the atmosphere of the progenitor system. However, non-spherical metallic iron inclusions within silicate grains provide an alternative solution. Models of collisionally-heated dust emission from fast shocks (> 1000 km/s) propagating into the CSM can reproduce the majority of the emission associated with non-radiative filaments, where dust temperatures are approx 80-100 K, but fail to account for the highest temperatures detected, in excess of 150 K. We find that slower shocks (a few hundred km/s) into moderate density material (n(sub o) approx 50-100 / cubic cm) are the only viable source of heating for this hottest dust. We confirm the finding of an overall density gradient, with densities in the north being an order of magnitude greater than those in the south.

Williams, Brian J.↗

Excitation of the low lying vibrational levels of H2O by O(3P) as measured on Spacelab 2

The data from the infrared telescope (IRT), which was flown on space shuttle Challenger Spacelab 2 mission (July 1985), were originally reported by Koch et al. (1987) as originating from near orbital emissions, primarily H2O. In this study, analysis of this data was extended to determine the collisional cross sections for the excitation of the low lying vibrational levels of H2O, present in the orbiter cloud, by atmospheric O(3P). The evaluation of the contribution to the measured signal from solar excitation and ram O excitation of outgassing H2O permits the determination of the H2O column density and the excitation cross section of the (101) level at an O(3P) velocity of approximately 7.75 km/s. Contributions to the radiation in the 1.7-3.0 micron band by transitions from the (100), (001), and multiquantum excited levels are discussed. The findings of the study are (1) the IRT data for the 4.5-9.5 micron and the nighttime data for the 1.7-3.0 micron sensors are consistent with being explained by collision excitation of H2O by O(3P), (2) diurnal variations of 4.5-9.5 micron intensities follow the model predicted O density for a full orbit, (3) daytime increases in the H2O cloud density were not evident, (4) the cross sections for the collisional excitation process are derived and compared to values computated by Johnson (1986) and Redmon et al. (1986), (5) theoretical investigation suggests greater than 60% of the radiation from H2O is a result of multiphoton emission resulting from collisional multiquanta excitation, and (6) the large daytime increase in the 1.7-3.0 micron intensity data suggests that O(+) may likely be instrumental in producing excited H2O(+) through charge exchange.

Meyerott, R. E.↗

Data Needs for Stellar Atmosphere and Spectrum Modeling

The main data need for stellar atmosphere and spectrum modeling remains atomic and molecular transition data, particularly energy levels and transition cross-sections. We emphasize that data is needed for bound-free (b - f) as well as bound-bound (b - b), and collisional as well as radiative transitions. Data is now needed for polyatomic molecules as well as atoms, ions, and diatomic molecules. In addition, data for the formation of, and extinction due to, liquid and solid phase dust grains is needed. A prioritization of species and data types is presented, and gives emphasis to Fe group elements, and elements important for the investigation of nucleosynthesis and Galactic chemical evolution, such as the -elements and n-capture elements. Special data needs for topical problems in the modeling of cool stars and brown dwarfs are described.

Short, C. I.↗

Collisional excitation of carbon monoxide in interstellar clouds.

Investigation of different models for the collisional excitation of carbon monoxide (CO) by solving the rate equations for the ten lowest energy levels, including stimulated emission and absorption by 3 K isotropic radiation, spontaneous emission, and collisions. The results are qualitatively applicable to other linear molecules. They show that a wide range of rotational excitation temperatures, including population inversions, can be produced by the various kinetic temperatures and particle densities which are likely to occur in the interstellar regions containing molecules.

Goldsmith, P. F.↗