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DOE OSTI2021

Technical Report: Accessor Realization

As we have seen the arithmetic power of hardware architectures growing much faster than the memory bandwidth, there is an urgent need to rethink the way we operate, communicate, and store data. A promising strategy for overcoming the “memory wall” is the decoupling of memory precision from arithmetic precision as proposed in Anzt et al.. Such a decoupling of memory precision and arithmetic precision requires a “memory accessor” that handles the conversion between formats (resp. compression of the data) on the fly in registers. For such a memory accessor to be useful in practice, it has to combine multiple characteristics.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2022

VOLTTRON Modular Framework: Enabling flexible and scalable deployment solutions

VOLTTRON ™ is an open-source platform for distributed sensing and control. The platform provides services for collecting and storing data from buildings and devices and provides an environment for developing applications which interact with that data. The platform allows developers to build out their use cases by utilizing these frameworks and integrating new capabilities. To simplify the deployment of systems built on VOLTTRON, a new way of organizing the codebase is being explored. This document details these efforts through a new code repository layout for the VOLTTRON platform and services, and how this new layout provides targeted deployments using standard python deployment packages (wheels). In addition, this paper will discuss the development of third-party agents and how they can be integrated within the VOLTTRON ecosystem. Finally, we will discuss core platform development and direction for the modularized version of VOLTTRON.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

DOE OSTI2024

Enhancing Cloud Cybersecurity: Prescriptive Controls for Operational Technology

This whitepaper provides strategic insights and recommendations into security cloud-based solutions for electric utilities, encompassing operational technology (OT), virtual power plants (VPP), distributed energy resources (DERs), applications, networks, and data storage as they transition to and leverage cloud infrastructure through managed service providers (MSPs) and cloud service providers (CSPs). Principles derived from established frameworks serve as a foundation for best practices across cybersecurity projects and remove the constraints of settling on a single framework. For organizations that prefer not to integrate a specific framework altogether, elements of the proposed approach could be adopted or tailored to best fit defined requirements and expected functionalities. The Cirrus assessment, a utility cloud feasibility tool, and the roadmap it provides serve as a precursor to this paper, which seeks to be a valuable resource for defining next steps following cloud technology integration feasibility appraisal. With its comprehensive approach to adoption, the Cirrus framework offers strategic guidance on responsibly preparing for or deploying a utility cloud solution. The previously published whitepaper, “Use Case-Informed Framework for Utility Cloud Migration,” details the guiding strategy, research, and deployment of cloud solutions within electric and interconnected grid systems. Before implementing the controls suggested in this document, it is recommended that stakeholders complete Cirrus's cloud integration assessment and pair the results with their unique cybersecurity controls to form a comprehensive cloud-based utility cybersecurity plan. The Cirrus outcome will consider a series of future architectures for the grid before and after the energy transition and evaluate the arguments for and against cloud applications for each electric and interconnected grid layer. This document is a companion to the original whitepaper, "Use Case-Informed Framework for Utility Cloud Migration" to further identify and recommend security controls based on Cirrus’s cloud integration assessment output. The following whitepaper outlines the cybersecurity controls that secure cloud-service models pertinent to the electric sector using the predefined categories identify, protect, detect, and respond and recover. The objective is to outline prescriptive security controls based on the type of architecture and data stored in the cloud. The focus includes dissecting the shared responsibility model and elucidating what on-premises Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS) entail. A pivotal consideration in this context is allocating responsibility for foundational cybersecurity aspects—having used Cirrus for the cloud integration assessment. The ensuing controls detailed herein also represent a checklist of controls necessary for a secure cloud transition, equipping utilities with the knowledge to navigate this digital transformation with confidence and strategic foresight in a safe and responsible manner.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2025

SULI Deliverables Using: Python-B1500 [Slides]

A new electrical setup for testing ECRAM devices is described in this presentation. This presentation details the background of ECRAM devices, how the B1500 is used to program ECRAM devices, and the python GUI that was created for controlling the B1500. ECRAM devices are a form of non-volatile memory. The stored data is the resistance between two of the terminals on the device. Using only the B1500, the ECRAM devices can be programmed and the state read out. This creates a simple, logical testing setup. The overall setup was successful, ECRAM devices could easily be programmed and measured. However, there is still room for improvement. Specifically, in the creation of an automated “Program” feature and a “Data Collection” feature. These features will require additional advances in the understanding of ECRAM devices but will greatly automate and improve the current data collection and application of ECRAM devices.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2024

A Blockchain and PKI-Based Secure Vehicle-to-Vehicle Energy-Trading Protocol

With the increasing awareness for sustainable future and green energy, the demand for electric vehicles (EVs) is growing rapidly, thus placing immense pressure on the energy grid. To alleviate this, local trading between EVs should be encouraged. In this paper, we propose a blockchain and public key infrastructure (PKI)-based secure vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) energy-trading protocol. A permissioned blockchain utilizing the proof of authority (PoA) consensus and smart contracts is used to securely store data. Encrypted communication is ensured through transport layer security (TLS), with PKI managing the necessary digital certificates and keys. A multi-leader, multi-follower Stackelberg game-based trade algorithm is formulated to determine the optimal energy demands, supplies, and prices. Finally, we propose a detailed communication protocol that ties all the components together, enabling smooth interaction between them. Key findings, such as system behavior and performance, scalability of the trade algorithm and the blockchain, smart contract execution costs, etc., are presented through numerical results by implementing and simulating the protocol in various scenarios. This work not only enhances local energy trading among EVs, encouraging efficient energy usage and reducing burden on the power grid, but also paves a way for future research in sustainable energy management.

Stackelberg game↗

DOE OSTI2025

ERA5-Land Data for LASSO-CACTI Overview Paper

The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) generated a soil reanalysis dataset for the land component of the fifth generation of European ReAnalysis (ERA5), referred to as ERA5-Land. This is a model-generated dataset, with the original version available for the period 1950 to present. The version archived in this DOE ARM product is a subset of the data is for the period of the CACTI field campaign plus several preceding months, specifically from August 1, 2018 through March 22, 2019 with hourly intervals. The ARM copy is also a sub-region of the original global product; the ARM copy is for -60 to -5 °N by -105 to -30 °W. Only variables necessary to drive the WRF-Hydro model are included, which are the 2-m temperature and specific humidity, 10-m wind components, surface pressure, rain rate, and downward surface short and longwave radiation. These data have been obtained from the Copernicus Data Store.

10m wind u-component↗

DOE OSTI2020

Systems and methods for shock-resistant memory devices

A shock-resistant memory device comprises a housing and a memory module. The memory module is disposed within the housing and surrounded by potting material to protect the memory module from damage during a shock event. The housing can include a port that accommodates a data connection between the memory module and a sensor from which data is desirably received by the memory module. During a shock event the connection between the memory module and the sensor may be severed, but data stored in the memory module can be retained in the memory module which is protected by the housing. To facilitate retrieval of the memory device subsequent to a shock event, a balloon can be affixed to the housing. The balloon can be configured to inflate subsequent to the shock event so that the shock-resistant memory device does not sink in water and to make the memory device more visible for recovery.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2020

Method and apparatus for maintaining data coherence in a non-uniform compute device

A data processing apparatus includes one or more host processors with first processing units, one or more caches with second processing unit, a non-cache memory having a third processing unit and a reorder buffer operable to maintain data order during execution of a program of instructions. An instruction scheduler routes instructions to the processing units. Data coherence is maintained by control logic that blocks access to data locations in use by a selected processing unit other than the selected processing unit until data associated with the data locations are released from the reorder buffer. Data stored in the cache is written to the memory if it is already in a modified state, otherwise the state is set to the modified state. A memory controller may be used to restrict access to memory locations to be operated on.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2021

Synchronization between processes in a coordination namespace

A system and method of supporting point-to-point synchronization among processes/nodes implementing different hardware barriers in a tuple space/coordinated namespace (CNS) extended memory storage architecture. The system-wide CNS provides an efficient means for storing data, communications, and coordination within applications and workflows implementing barriers in a multi-tier, multi-nodal tree hierarchy. The system provides a hardware accelerated mechanism to support barriers between the participating processes. Also architected is a tree structure for a barrier processing method where processes are mapped to nodes of a tree, e.g., a tree of degree k to provide an efficient way of scaling the number of processes in a tuple space/coordination namespace.

Jacob, Philip↗

DOE OSTI2021

Determining diagnostic coverage for memory using redundant execution

Memory, used by a computer to store data, is generally prone to faults, including permanent faults (i.e. relating to a lifetime of the memory hardware), and also transient faults (i.e. relating to some external cause) which are otherwise known as soft errors. Since soft errors can change the state of the data in the memory and thus cause errors in applications reading and processing the data, there is a desire to characterize the degree of vulnerability of the memory to soft errors. In particular, once the vulnerability for a particular memory to soft errors has been characterized, cost/reliability trade-offs can be determined, or soft error detection mechanisms (e.g. parity) may be selectively employed for the memory. In some cases, memory faults can be diagnosed by redundant execution and a diagnostic coverage may be determined.

Bramley, Richard Gavin↗

DOE OSTI2022

Optimizing neural networks

A system and method design and optimize neural networks. The system and method include a data store that stores a plurality of gene vectors that represent diverse and distinct neural networks and an evaluation queue stored with the plurality of gene vectors. Secondary nodes construct, train, and evaluate the neural network and automatically render a plurality of fitness values asynchronously. A primary node executes a gene amplification on a select plurality of gene vectors, a crossing-over of the amplified gene vectors, and a mutation of the crossing-over gene vectors automatically and asynchronously, which are then transmitted to the evaluation queue. The process continuously repeats itself by processing the gene vectors inserted into the evaluation queue until a fitness level is reached, a network's accuracy level plateaus, a processing time period expires, or when some stopping condition or performance metric is met or exceeded.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2022

Synchronization between processes in a coordination namespace

A system and method of supporting point-to-point synchronization among processes/nodes implementing different hardware barriers in a tuple space/coordinated namespace (CNS) extended memory storage architecture. The system-wide CNS provides an efficient means for storing data, communications, and coordination within applications and workflows implementing barriers in a multi-tier, multi-nodal tree hierarchy. The system provides a hardware accelerated mechanism to support barriers between the participating processes. Also architected is a tree structure for a barrier processing method where processes are mapped to nodes of a tree, e.g., a tree of degree k, to provide an efficient way of scaling the number of processes in a tuple space/coordination namespace.

Jacob, Philip↗

DOE OSTI2023

Liveness as a factor to evaluate memory vulnerability to soft errors

Bramley, Richard Gavin↗

DOE OSTI2023

Hybrid power system control and operating strategy based on power system state vector calculation

Controlling a hybrid power system includes calculating a power system state vector based on energy demand and a stored data array including a matrix defined by a power system hardware configuration. The control further includes producing a power request based on the power system state vector, and varying a flow of energy amongst energy devices using drive linkages in the hybrid power system based on the power request. Related apparatus, control logic and controller structure is disclosed.

Guo, Fang↗

DOE OSTI2024

Reducing AI RAG Hallucination by Optimizing Routing Techniques

Large Language Models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, tend to “hallucinate”, meaning they confidently generate false information. Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) attempts to diminish hallucination by providing context to the LLM from data stores (indexes) containing relevant information. The LLM uses this context to formulate its response. RAG systems can still suffer from hallucination because of bad embeddings or ineffective routing. For example, a router will often return context from an irrelevant index, resulting in a hallucinated answer. In this study, we aim to minimize the frequency of routing hallucinations by optimizing Index Summary Routing.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2021

TEAL Output Visualization

Tool for Economic Analysis (TEAL) is an open-source economics calculation package written and maintained by Idaho National Laboratory (INL). As a plugin of the Risk Analysis Virtual ENvironment (RAVEN), TEAL provides economics analysis models to RAVEN workflow users. In addition, TEAL is used in other RAVEN plugins such as LOGOS and the Holistic Energy Resource Optimization Network (HERON) to complement other analyses with economic calculations. This report documents the efforts in developing the capability of TEAL output visualization for users to better understand and investigate TEAL simulation results. In the past, outputs (e.g., various cash flows) were generated and printed to screen. According to the need and purpose for visualization, users can select various bar charts and donut charts to visualize the cash flows including inflows, outflows, and net cash flows in each year or in a selected time range, in addition to observing data stored in comma-separated value files (CSVs). The visualization capability is flexible and user-friendly by introducing several user-defined parameters, for instance, the start and the end project year of interest and the type of colors to be assigned to the cash flows.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

DOE OSTI2022

Defense mechanism for non-volatile memory based main memory

A method includes receiving a write request for writing incoming data to a target memory line and, in response to the write request, comparing the incoming data with existing data in the target memory line to determine a number of a first type of state transition. The method further includes, in response to determining that the number of the first type of state transition for the write request exceeds a threshold, prior to writing the incoming data to the target memory line, storing adjacent data from each of a set of memory lines adjacent to the target memory line, and after writing the incoming data to the target memory line, writing the stored data to the set of adjacent memory lines.

SeyedzadehDelcheh, SeyedMohammad↗

DOE OSTI2020

Distributed gather/scatter operations across a network of memory nodes

Devices, methods, and systems for distributed gather and scatter operations in a network of memory nodes. A responding memory node includes a memory; a communications interface having circuitry configured to communicate with at least one other memory node; and a controller. The controller includes circuitry configured to receive a request message from a requesting node via the communications interface. The request message indicates a gather or scatter operation, and instructs the responding node to retrieve data elements from a source memory data structure and store the data elements to a destination memory data structure. The controller further includes circuitry configured to transmit a response message to the requesting node via the communications interface. The response message indicates that the data elements have been stored into the destination memory data structure.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗