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At least 109 records · Page 6

Clearing up the Strong $CP$ problem

The absence of a neutron electric dipole moment (EDM) constrains the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) theta angle to be less than one part in ten billion, posing the Strong $CP$ problem. We revisit two classes of proposed solutions. First, we show that when $P$ or $CP$ is realized as a gauged discrete symmetry - as can arise in quantum gravity - the vacuum necessarily preserves $CP$, contrary to recent claims that discrete-symmetry solutions fail. Gauged discrete models face model-building challenges, such as avoiding contributions to the neutron EDM after spontaneous $P$ or $CP$ breaking, but in principle have no fundamental obstructions. Second, we critically examine recent arguments that the Strong $CP$ problem is illusory, demonstrating that a nonzero neutron EDM at finite $\barθ$ follows directly from well-understood QCD dynamics. Taken together, our results reinforce the reality of the Strong $CP$ problem and highlight gauged discrete-symmetry realizations of $P$ or $CP$ as plausible solutions.

FOS: Physical sciences↗

Infrared Spectroscopy of Matrix-Isolated Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds and their Ions: Polycyclic Aromatic Nitrogen Heterocycles - 6

The matrix-isolation technique has been employed to measure the mid-infrared spectra of several polycyclic aromatic nitrogen heterocycles in both neutral and cationic forms. The species studied include: 7,8 benzoquinoline (C13H9N); 2-azapyrene (C15H9N); 1- and 2-azabenz(a)anthracene (C17H11N); and 1-, 2-, and 4-azachrysene (also C17H11N). The experimentally measured band frequencies and intensities for each molecule are tabulated and compared with their theoretically calculated values computed using density functional theory at the B3LYP/4-31G level. The overall agreement between experiment and theory is quite good, in keeping with previous investigations involving the parent aromatic hydrocarbons. Several interesting spectroscopic trends are found to accompany nitrogen substitution into the aromatic framework of these compounds. First, for the neutral species, the nitrogen atom produces a significant increase in the total integrated infrared intensity across the 1600 - 1100/cm region and plays an essential role in the molecular vibration that underlies an uncharacteristically intense, discrete feature that is observed near 1400/cm in the spectra of 7,8 benzoquinoline, 1-azabenz(a)anthracene, and 4-azachrysene. The origin of this enhanced infrared activity and the nature of the new 1400/cm vibrational mode are explored. Finally, in contrast to the parent hydrocarbon species, these aromatic nitrogen heterocycles possess a significant permanent dipole moment. Consequently, these dipole moments and the rotational constants are reported for these species in their neutral and ionized forms.

Mattioda, A. L.↗

Photoexcitation and ionization in carbon dioxide - Theoretical studies in the separated-channel static-exchange approximation

Vertical-electronic static-exchange photoexcitation and ionization cross sections are reported which provide a first approximation to the complete dipole spectrum of CO2. Separated-channel static-exchange calculations of vertical-electronic transition energies and oscillator strengths, and Stieltjes-Chebyshev moment methods were used in the development. Detailed comparisons were made of the static-exchange excitation and ionization spectra with photoabsorption, electron-impact excitation, and quantum-defect estimates of discrete transition energies and intensities, and with partial-channel photoionization cross sections obtained from fluorescence measurements and from tunable-source and (e, 2e) photoelectron spectroscopy. Results show that the separate-channel static-exchange approximation is generally satisfactory in CO2.

Padial, N.↗

A new method for the calculation of photodissociation cross sections

A time-independent quantum mechanical approach to the calculation of photodissociation cross sections is developed. The method is based on the use of a discrete variable representation and the application of absorbing boundary conditions. Both total photodissociation cross sections and partial cross sections (hence product state distributions) are obtained using the same basic technique, but the calculation is particularly efficient when only the former quantity is required. The method is applied to the photodissociation of HCl(+) for which accurate potential energy curves and dipole moment functions are available, to the photodissociation of ClCN which is a direct process, involving a single excited electrosonic state, and to the photodissociation of ICN, which involves several strongly coupled excited electronic states.

Seideman, Tamar↗

Photoabsorption in formaldehyde

Theoretical studies of the vertical electronic dipole excitation and ionization spectra in molecular formaldehyde are reported. The investigations relied on configuration-interaction calculations and moment-theory techniques. A double-zeta basis of contracted Gaussian-lobe functions supplemented with appropriate polarization and bond functions was used to construct Fock spectra in C(2 nu) symmetry for certain states near the ground state equilibrium geometry. The ionization energies, discrete vertical transition frequencies, and oscillator strengths for occupied and vertical Fock orbitals are in general accord with experimental determinations and other theoretical calculations. Stieltjes and Chebyshev vertical electronic photoionization profiles were calculated and found to be in good agreement with appropriately averaged photoionization-mass spectrometric measurements of the cross section for parent H2CO(+) ion production.

Langhoff, P. W.↗

Primary $\gamma$-ray intensities and $\gamma$-strength functions from discrete two-step $\gamma$-ray cascades in radiative proton-capture experiments

Background: Reaction rates of radiative capture reactions can play a crucial role in the nucleosynthesis of heavy nuclei in explosive stellar environments. These reaction rates depend strongly on $\gamma$-ray decay widths in the reaction products, which are, for nonresonant capture reactions at high excitation energies, derived from the $\gamma$-ray strength function and the nuclear level density. Recently, the ratio method was applied to primary $\gamma$ rays observed from ($\textit{d, p}$) reactions and nuclear resonance fluorescence measurements to extract the dipole strength in atomic nuclei and to test the generalized Brink-Axel hypothesis. Purpose: The purpose of this work is to apply the ratio method to primary $\gamma$-ray intensities of the 63,65 Cu($\textit{p},\gamma$) reactions to extract $\gamma$-ray strength information on the nuclei 64,66 Zn. Here, the impact of spin distribution, total $\gamma$-ray decay widths, level densities, and width fluctuations on the application of the ratio method will be discussed. Additionally, by comparing the relative $\gamma$-ray strength at different excitation energies, conclusions on the validity of the generalized Brink-Axel hypothesis can be made. Method: The radiative proton capture reaction measurements have been performed at the HORUS $\gamma$-ray spectrometer of the University of Cologne at one excitation energy for each reaction. Primary $\gamma$-ray intensities have been determined by normalizing secondary $\gamma$-ray transitions in two-step cascades using their absolute branching ratio. The ratio method was applied to the measured primary $\gamma$-ray intensities as well as to previous measurements by Erlandsson et al. at different excitation energies. Results: The relative strength function curve for 64 Zn from our measurement shows no significant deviation from the previous measurement at a different excitation energy. The same is true for 66 Zn where both measurements were at almost the same excitation energy. Absolute $\gamma$-strength function values have been obtained by normalizing the relative curves to quasiparticle random phase approximation calculations because of the absence of experimental data in the respective energy region. Conclusion: The generalized Brink-Axel hypothesis, i.e., the independence of the strength function on the excitation energy, seems to hold in the studied energy region and nuclei. The method to obtain primary $\gamma$-ray intensities from two-step cascade spectra was shown to be a valuable and sensitive tool although its uncertainties are connected to the knowledge of the low-energy level scheme of the investigated nucleus. The scaling in the ratio method should be taken with care, because the relative strength is not a simple sum of $f_{E1}$ and $f_{M1}$ but a somewhat complex linear combination dependent on the excitation energy of the nucleus.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Sub Coulomb barrier d+ 208 Pb scattering in the time-dependent basis function approach

We employ the non-perturbative time-dependent basis function (tBF) approach to study the scattering of the deuteron on 208 Pb below the Coulomb barrier. We obtain the bound and discretized scattering states of the projectile, which form the basis representation of the tBF approach, by diagonalizing a realistic Hamiltonian in a large harmonic oscillator basis. We find that the higher-order inelastic scattering effects are noticeable for sub barrier scatterings with the tBF method. We have successfully reproduced experimental sub Coulomb barrier elastic cross section ratios with the tBF approach by considering only the electric dipole (E1) component of the Coulomb interaction between the projectile and the target during scatterings. Here, we find that the correction of the polarization potential to the Rutherford trajectory is dominant in reproducing the data at very low bombarding energies, whereas the role of internal transitions of the deuteron projectile induced by the E1 interaction during the scattering becomes increasingly significant at higher bombarding energies.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

TBIEM3D: A Computer Program for Predicting Ducted Fan Engine Noise

This document describes the usage of the ducted fan noise prediction program TBIEM3D (Thin duct - Boundary Integral Equation Method - 3 Dimensional). A scattering approach is adopted in which the acoustic pressure field is split into known incident and unknown scattered parts. The scattering of fan-generated noise by a finite length circular cylinder in a uniform flow field is considered. The fan noise is modeled by a collection of spinning point thrust dipoles. The program, based on a Boundary Integral Equation Method (BIEM), calculates circumferential modal coefficients of the acoustic pressure at user-specified field locations. The duct interior can be of the hard wall type or lined. The duct liner is axisymmetric, locally reactive, and can be uniform or axially segmented. TBIEM3D is written in the FORTRAN programming language. Input to TBIEM3D is minimal and consists of geometric and kinematic parameters. Discretization and numerical parameters are determined automatically by the code. Several examples are presented to demonstrate TBIEM3D capabilities.

Dunn, M. H.↗

A coupled vacancy diffusion-dislocation dynamics model for the climb-glide motion of jogged screw dislocations

Here, we develop a novel model to study the climb/glide motion of jogged screw dislocations within the discrete dislocation dynamics (DDD) framework. We present results for the dependence of the climb velocity on the applied stress and on the jog size and distribution statistics. We show that the model predictions are consistent with experimental data in both γ-TiAl and Zircaloy-4. The ranges of the applied stress and jog spacing that determine the dominance of one of three dislocation mechanisms are identified. These are the jog dragging, dipole dragging, and dipole bypass mechanisms, respectively. The overall dislocation motion in the jog dragging regime is composed of glide of screw segments and climb of jogs, controlling the plastic strain and the creep rate, respectively. Based on current simulations and on a detailed examination of the predicted jog heights compared to experiments, we advance the hypothesis that a combination of jog dragging and dipole bypass mechanisms is necessary to reproduce the high creep rate observed in some experiments.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Surface electrical properties experiment

The surface electrical properties (SEP) experiment was used to explore the subsurface material of the Apollo 17 landing site by means of electromagnetic radiation. The experiment was designed to detect electrical layering, discrete scattering bodies, and the possible presence of water. From the analysis of the data, it was expected that values of the electrical properties (dielectric constant and loss tangent) of lunar material in situ would be obtained. The basic principle of the SEP experiment is interferometry. This principle involves only the interference of two or more waves to produce an interference pattern. The inversion of the interference pattern in terms of the spatial distribution of the electrical properties is the basic aim of the experiment (fig. 15-1). The experiment is most easily understood in terms of a single dipole antenna for radiating electromagnetic energy and a loop receiver for measuring the magnitudes of the fields.

Simmons, G.↗

Mapping of auroral kilometric radiation sources to the aurora

Auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) and optical auroral emissions are observed simultaneously using plasma wave instrumentation and auroral imaging photometers carried on the DE 1 spacecraft. The DE 1 plasma wave instrument measures the relative phase of signals from orthogonal electric dipole antennas, and from these measurements, apparent source directions can be determined with a high degree of precision. Wave data are analyzed for several strong AKR events, and source directions are determined for several emission frequencies. By assuming that the AKR originates at cyclotron resonant altitudes, a candidate source field line is identified. When the selected source field line is traced down to auroral altitudes on the concurrent DE 1 auroral image, a striking correspondece between the AKR source field line and localized auroral features is produced. The magnetic mapping study provides strong evidence that AKR sources occur on field lines associated with discrete auroral arcs, and it provides confirmation that AKR is generated near the electron cyclotron frequency.

Huff, R. L.↗

A parametric analysis of oilfield design factors affecting the detectability and characterization of electrically conductive hydrofracks

Electrical responses in the vicinity of energized steel-cased well sources offer significant potential for monitoring induced fractures. However, the high complexity of well-fracture-host models spanning multiple length scales compels analysts to simplify their numerical models due to enormous computational costs. This consequently limits our understanding regarding monitoring capabilities and the limitations of electrical measurements on realistic hydraulically fracturing systems. In this paper, we use the hierarchical finite element approach to construct geoelectric models in which geometrically complex fractures and steel-cased wells are discretely represented in 3D conducting media without sacrificing the model realism and computation efficiency. We have discovered systematic numerical analyses of the electrical responses to evaluate the influences of borehole material conductivity and the source type as well as the effects of well geometry, conductivity contrast, source location, fracture growth, and fracture propagation. Furthermore, the numerical results indicate that the borehole material property has a strong control on the electrical potentials along the production and monitoring wells. The monopole source located at a steel-cased well results in a current density distribution that decays away from the source location throughout the well length, whereas the dipole source produces a current density that dominates mainly along the dipole length. Moreover, the conductivity contrast between the fractures and host does not change the overall pattern of the electrical potentials but varies its amplitude. The fracture models near different well systems indicate that the well geometry controls the entire distribution of potentials, while the characteristics of the voltage difference profiles along the wells before and after fracturing are insensitive to the well geometry and the well in which the source is located. Further, the hydraulic-fracturing models indicate that the voltage differences along the production well before and after fracturing have strong sensitivity to fracture growth and fracture set propagation.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

Global magnetic anomaly and aurora of Neptune

The large offset and tilt of Neptune's dipole magnetic field combine to create a global magnetic anomaly, analogous to but much more important than earth's South Atlantic Anomaly. Energetic particle precipitation loss within the Neptune anomaly creates 'atmospheric drift shadows' within which particle fluxes are greatly reduced. The energetic particle dropout observed by Voyager near closest approach occurred near the predicted times when Voyager passed within the atmospheric drift shadow. Extremely soft, structured bursts of ions and electrons within the drift shadow may result from plasma wave-induced pitch angle scattering of trapped particles confined near the magnetic equator. The dropout does not necessarily imply that Voyager passed through an earth-like discrete auroral zone, as earlier reported. The ion and electron fluxes observed within the dropout period correspond to particles that must precipitate to Neptune's atmosphere within the anomaly region. This anomaly precipitation can account for a major portion of the ultraviolet emissions previously identified as Neptune aurora.

Cheng, Andrew F.↗

Non-invertible duality interfaces in field theories with exotic symmetries

In recent years, the concept of global symmetry has generalized considerably. Two dramatic examples of this generalization are the exotic symmetries that govern theories with fractons and non-invertible symmetries, which do not fuse according to a group law. Only recently has the interplay between these two been examined. In this paper, we provide further examples of the interplay in the XY plaquette model, XY cube model, 1+1 d theory with global dipole symmetry, and the 2+1 d Lifshitz theory. They are analogs of the duality symmetries in 2d CTFs and are constructed by first gauging a finite subgroup of the momentum symmetry on half of spacetime and then performing a duality transformation. We analyze the fusion rules of the symmetries and find that they are condensation defects from an analog of higher gauging exotic symmetries. We also address their dependence on the UV cutoff when relevant.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Chandra X-Ray Observatory Observations of the Globular Cluster M28 and its Milisecond Pulsar PSR B1821-24

We report here the results of the first Chandra X-Ray Observatory observations of the globular cluster M28 (NGC 6626). We detect 46 X-ray sources, of which 12 lie within 1 core radius of the center. We show that the apparently extended X-ray core emission seen with the ROSAT HRI is due to the superposition of multiple discrete sources, for which we determine the X-ray luminosity function down to a limit of about 6 x 10(exp 30) ergs/s. We measure the radial distribution of the X-ray sources and fit it to a King profile finding a core radius of r(sub c,X) approx. = 5 11". We measure for the first time the unconfused phase-averaged X-ray spectrum of the 3.05 ms pulsar B1821-24 and find that it is best described by a power law with photon index Gamma approx. = 1.2. We find marginal evidence of an emission line centered at 3.3 keV in the pulsar spectrum, which could be interpreted as cyclotron emission from a corona above the pulsar s polar cap if the magnetic field is strongly different from a centered dipole. The unabsorbed pulsar flux in the 0.1 - 8.0 keV band is approx. = 3.5 x 10(exp -13) ergs/s sq cm. We present spectral analyses of the five brightest unidentified sources. Based on the spectral parameters of the brightest of these sources, we suggest that it is a transiently accreting neutron star in a low-mass X-ray binary, in quiescence. Fitting its spectrum with a hydrogen neutron star atmosphere model yields the effective temperature T(sub eff, sup infinity) = 90(sup +30, sub -10) eV and the radius R(sub NS, sup infinity) = 14.5(sup +6.9, sub -3.8) km. In addition to the resolved sources, we detect fainter, unresolved X-ray emission from the central core. Using the Chandra-derived positions, we also report on the result of searching archival Hubble Space Telescope data for possible optical counterparts.

Becker, Werner↗

Chandra X-Ray Observatory Observations of the Globular Cluster M28 and its Millisecond Pulsar PSR B1821-24

We report here the results of the first Chandra X-Ray Observatory observations of the globular cluster M28 (NGC 6626). We detect 46 X-ray sources of which 12 lie within one core radius of the center. We show that the apparently extended X-ray core emission seen with the ROSAT HRI is due to the superposition of multiple discrete sources for which we determine the X-ray luminosity function down to a limit of about 6 x 10(exp 30) erg/s. We measure the radial distribution of the X-ray sources and fit it to a King profile finding a core radius of r(sub c,x) approx. 11 sec. We obtain the best-fit mass of the X-ray sources to be M(sub x) approx. 1.9 solar masses. We measure for the first time the unconfused phase-averaged X-ray spectrum of the 3.05-ms pulsar B1821-24 and find it best described by a power law with photon-index Gamma approx. equal to 1.2. We find marginal evidence of an emission line centered at 3.3 kev in the pulsar spectrum, which could be interpreted as cyclotron emission from a corona above the pulsar's polar cap if the the magnetic field is strongly different from a centered dipole. The unabsorbed pulsar flux in the 0.5-8.0 keV band is approx. 3.5 x 10(exp -13) ergs/s/sq cm. We present spectral analyses of the 5 brightest unidentified sources. Based on the spectral parameters of the brightest of these sources, we suggest that it is a transiently accreting neutron star in a low-mass X-ray binary, in quiescence. Fitting its spectrum with a hydrogen neutron star atmosphere model yields the effective temperature T(sup infinity)(sub eff) = 90(sup +30)(sub -10) eV and the radius R(sup infinity)(sub NS) = 14.5(sup +6.9)(sub -3.8) km. In addition to the resolved sources, we detect fainter, unresolved X-ray emission from the central core. Using the Chandra-derived positions, we also present a preliminary report on the result of searching archival Hubble Space Telescope data for possible optical counterparts.

Becker, Werner↗

Lightning Charge Retrievals: Dimensional Reduction, LDAR Constraints, and a First Comparison w/ LIS Satellite Data

A "dimensional reduction" (DR) method is introduced for analyzing lightning field changes whereby the number of unknowns in a discrete two-charge model is reduced from the standard eight to just four. The four unknowns are found by performing a numerical minimization of a chi-squared goodness-of-fit function. At each step of the minimization, an Overdetermined Fixed Matrix (OFM) method is used to immediately retrieve the best "residual source". In this way, all 8 parameters are found, yet a numerical search of only 4 parameters is required. The inversion method is applied to the understanding of lightning charge retrievals. The accuracy of the DR method has been assessed by comparing retrievals with data provided by the Lightning Detection And Ranging (LDAR) instrument. Because lightning effectively deposits charge within thundercloud charge centers and because LDAR traces the geometrical development of the lightning channel with high precision, the LDAR data provides an ideal constraint for finding the best model charge solutions. In particular, LDAR data can be used to help determine both the horizontal and vertical positions of the model charges, thereby eliminating dipole ambiguities. The results of the LDAR-constrained charge retrieval method have been compared to the locations of optical pulses/flash locations detected by the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS).

Koshak, William↗

Correlated solvent coordinates accelerate multi-donor proton-coupled electron transfer

The rate of charge transfer within a discrete donor–acceptor (D/A) pair is well-described by semi-classical electron transfer theory, but the effects of multiple equivalent redox sites remain less understood. We report a series of ground-state intramolecular proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) complexes designed to isolate the effects of donor number, N, while holding geometry, coupling, and driving forces constant. The [Ru(L) 3−N (OH) N ] 2+ complexes incorporate one, two, or three identical phenolic electron donors linked to Ru through rigid phenanthroline bridges (OH = 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-(1-methyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthrolin-2-yl)phenol). Upon flash photolysis and oxidative quenching with methyl viologen (MV 2+ ), the transient Ru(III) oxidizes an appended phenol by PCET with the hydrogen-bonded imidazole nitrogen atom functioning as the base. The rate increased by 3.4-fold and 5.7-fold (1.7-fold and 1.9-fold after statistical correction) for two- and three-donor complexes compared to the single-donor system. The supra-statistical acceleration is attributed to a reduced effective outer sphere reorganization energy (λ m ) modeled by a partially shared solvent reaction coordinate, in which a subset of solvent dipoles is already oriented to stabilize charge from any donor. The final phenoxyl radical state is localized due to the transfer of a proton, and the recombination reaction with the viologen radical is not accelerated. These results demonstrate the effects of solvent dynamics on intramolecular PCET rates, offering a new strategy for the design of synthetic charge transfer systems.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗