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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 109 records · Page 6
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Activation Energy for End-of-Life Solder Bond Degradation: Thermal Cycling of Field-Aged PV Modules

The longevity of solar photovoltaic modules depends on the durability and reliability of their components, one of which is the solder bonds in interconnect ribbons. The solder joints experience stresses from thermal cycling and constant elevated temperatures (40 °C-70 °C) in regular field operation leading to thermo-mechanical fatigue and intermetallic compound formation. To study the end-of-life wear-out mechanisms and to obtain activation energy of solder bond degradation, here two field-aged modules from Arizona-a 21-year-old Solarex MSX60 module (with Sn62Pb36Ag2 at the solder joints) and an 18-year-old Siemens M55 module (with Sn60Pb40 at the solder joints)-underwent 800 and 400 modified thermal cycles, respectively. Using three heating blankets, each module had three temperature zones maintained at 85, 95, and 105 °C during the 15-min hot dwell time of the thermal cycle. Cell-level series resistance data obtained from three temperature zones enabled the calculation of activation energy for solder bond degradation for the MSX60 and the M55 modules to be 0.12 eV and 0.35 eV, respectively. From each temperature zone in both modules, busbar-solder samples were obtained, imaged through SEM, and analyzed with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. In the MSX60 module with traces of Ag in the solder material, phase segregation and growth were primarily observed at high temperatures. For M55 modules without Ag in the solder material, major phase segregation was observed in all temperature zones. The IMC thickness for both modules increased with increasing module temperature. The beneficial effect of Ag in solder material on mitigating solder bond degradation is presented.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

An underground, wireless, open-source, low-cost system for monitoring oxygen, temperature, and soil moisture

Abstract. The use of wireless sensor networks to measure soil parameters eliminates the need to remove sensors for field operations, such as tillage, thus allowing long-term measurements without multiple disturbances to soil structure. Wireless sensors also reduce above-ground cables and the risk of undesired equipment damage and potential data loss. However, implementing wireless sensor networks in field studies usually requires advanced and costly engineering knowledge. This study presents a new underground, wireless, open-source, low-cost system for monitoring soil oxygen, temperature, and soil moisture. The process of system design, assembly, programming, deployment, and power management is presented. The system can be left underground for several years without the need to change the battery. Emphasis was given on modularity so that it can be easily duplicated or changed if needed and deployed without previous engineering knowledge. Data from this type of system have a wide range of applications, including precision agriculture and high-resolution modelling.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2017

High reactivity of deep biota under anthropogenic CO 2 injection into basalt

Basalts are recognized as one of the major habitats on Earth, harboring diverse and active microbial populations. Inconsistently, this living component is rarely considered in engineering operations carried out in these environments. This includes carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies that seek to offset anthropogenic CO 2 emissions into the atmosphere by burying this greenhouse gas in the subsurface. Here, we show that deep ecosystems respond quickly to field operations associated with CO 2 injections based on a microbiological survey of a basaltic CCS site. Acidic CO 2 -charged groundwater results in a marked decrease (by ~ 2.5–4) in microbial richness despite observable blooms of lithoautotrophic iron-oxidizing Betaproteobacteria and degraders of aromatic compounds, which hence impact the aquifer redox state and the carbon fate. Host-basalt dissolution releases nutrients and energy sources, which sustain the growth of autotrophic and heterotrophic species whose activities may have consequences on mineral storage.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Waste Compliance and Tracking System (WCATS) Version 3 Requirements Document

This document describes the end-user requirements for the Waste Compliance and Tracking System (WCATS) project in accordance with the WCATS Software Quality Management Plan, EPC-WMP-WCATSPLAN-001. The WCATS application shall support the generation, characterization, processing, and shipment of LANL radioactive, hazardous, and industrial waste. Regulatory drivers include RCRA hazardous waste, DOT shipping, NNSA nuclear material control and accountability, DOE nuclear safety, TSDF permit, and transuranic waste certification requirements. The system will utilize a task-based architecture that supports the spectrum of treatment, storage, disposal, administrative, and characterization based unit operations necessary to manage waste from cradle to grave. The application design shall readily accommodate new facilities, processes, workflow, signature requirements, and so forth, via end-user established metadata. WCATS will provide support for representing waste storage and disposal facilities, buildings, rooms, and grid layouts (x, y, z) to support waste and radioactive material inventory management. Nuclear material at risk (MAR), DOE hazard rating (e.g., Category II facility) compliance per DOE-STD-1027, and permit inventory requirements will be configurable for any storage or disposal facility, or waste operation, and the system will automatically evaluate and enforce those requirements. In addition, the application will support the characterization and management of the entire range of hazardous and radioactive wastes (TRU, MTRU, LLW, MLLW, hazardous waste, etc.) that might be colocated or processed at a permitted facility. Some capabilities not found in traditional systems include user-defined tank systems for liquid waste, user-defined work paths (i.e., sequence of operations), and an equipment subsystem for tracking the calibration, maintenance, and inspection of tools used to process waste, such as torque wrenches, scales, pH probes, etc. The application incorporates a desktop and mobile user interface as shown in Figure 1. The mobile interface supports field operations, such as waste item characterization, intra-facility transfers, internal and external audits, and shipment preparation and receipt.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2015

Noise analysis for near field 3-D FM-CW radar imaging systems

Near field radar imaging systems are used for several applications including concealed weapon detection in airports and other high-security venues. Despite the near-field operation, phase noise and thermal noise can limit the performance in several ways including reduction in system sensitivity and reduction of image dynamic range. In this paper, the effects of thermal noise, phase noise, and processing gain are analyzed in the context of a near field 3-D FM-CW imaging radar as might be used for concealed weapon detection. In addition to traditional frequency domain analysis, a time-domain simulation is employed to graphically demonstrate the effect of these noise sources on a fast-chirping FM-CW system.

microwave imaging↗
DOE OSTI2022

Experimental Investigation of Polymer-Induced Fouling of Heater Tubes in the First-Ever Polymer Flood on Alaska North Slope Part II

A polymer flood pilot has been ongoing in the Schrader Bluff viscous oil reservoir at Milne Point on the Alaska North Slope. The results from the pilot are encouraging. However, a major concern of the operator is the influence of polymer on the production system after breakthrough, especially the fouling in heat exchangers. This work applies a multiexperimental approach to study the severity of polymer-induced fouling in both dynamic and static states of produced fluids to determine safe operating conditions. Dynamic scale loop (DSL) tests were conducted to study fouling due to polymer at different skin temperatures (165–350°F) in a dynamic state of fluid flow where the fluids’ flow mimics the residence time of fluids in the heat exchanger of the field pilot. Static deposit tests were also conducted at similar skin temperatures of 165–250°F using a novel experimental apparatus designed and built in-house. It was found that at higher skin temperatures of 250–350°F, tube blocking was observed in the DSL tests, whereas the tests at 165–200°F did not show any tube blocking, even in a more extended test period. The deposit test showed that the deposit rate generally increases with skin temperature, and the presence of polymer aggravates the fouling. The copper tube performs best when the skin temperatures are 165–200°F, while the stainless steel tube performs best at a skin temperature of 250°F. These experiments also manifested the influence of the cloudpoint of the solution as the deposit rate increased significantly when the skin temperature was higher than the solution cloudpoint. The study provides a source of practical guidance to the field operations.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2014

Look-ahead driver feedback and powertrain management

Commercial medium and heavy vehicles, though only a small portion of total vehicle population, play a significant role in energy consumption. In 2012, these vehicles accounted for about 5775.5 trillion btu of energy consumption and 408.8 million tons of CO2 emissions annually, which is a quarter of the total energy burden of highway transportation in the United States [1]. This number is expected to surpass passenger car fuel use within the next few decades. In the meantime, most commercial vehicle fleets are running at a very low profit margin. It is a well known fact that fuel economy can vary significantly between drivers, even when they operate the same vehicle on the same route. According to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Natural Resource Canada (NRCan), there is up to 35% fuel economy difference between drivers within the same commercial fleet [2] [3], [4]. Similar results were obtained from a Field Operation Test conducted by Eaton Corporation [5]. During this test as much as 30% fuel economy difference was observed among pick-up-and-delivery drivers and 11% difference was observed among line-haul drivers. The driver variability can be attributed to the fact that different drivers react differently to driving conditions such as road grade, traffic, speed limits, etc. For instance, analysis of over 600k miles of naturalistic heavy duty truck driving data [5] indicates that an experienced driver anticipates a downhill and eases up on the throttle to save fuel while an inexperienced driver lacks this judgment.

Verma, Rajeev↗
DOE OSTI2017

Geodetic imaging of thermal deformation in geothermal reservoirs - production, depletion and fault reactivation

Here, we investigate thermally induced surface deformation in geothermal systems. To define source mechanisms at depth, we assess the mechanical process of subsurface deformation by assuming a spherically cooled fractured reservoir in an infinite medium and derive relations that define magnitudes of thermal contraction, stress change and permeability evolution. The magnitude of thermal deformation in typical geothermal system is larger than anticipated and suggests two different modalities of surface subsidence – thermal contraction and fault reactivation. Here, surface deformation (vertical displacement, surface tilt and horizontal strain) induced by the two different modalities are assessed with Mogi (contraction) and Okada (slip) models and compared with instrumental sensitivity of high precision surface geodetic tools. Here, we show that 1 year of geothermal operation at 10 MW with a power plant conversion efficiency of 12% can yield ~ 3.0 × 10 4 m 3 of subsurface volume change. For a reservoir at 2000 m depth, this induces ~ 1.7 mm of vertical surface displacement, ~ 800 nano-radians of surface tilt and ~ 900 nano-strains of surface strain. This result implies that typically observed magnitudes of surface subsidence (order of cm/year) are naturally expected in massive (100 MW scale) geothermal operations and observed surface subsidence may largely be the result of thermal contraction. Conversely, thermal unloading can trigger fault reactivation. Analysis with an Okada slip model shows these shear offsets on pre-existing faults can also result in surface deformations of considerable magnitude. Our analysis of field operational data from various geothermal projects suggests that both thermal contraction and slow fault reactivation may contribute to the observed large surface deformation. Comparison of predicted deformation with instrumental sensitivity of high precision surface tools confirms that geodetic signals, especially tilt and strain, are indeed sufficiently large to describe reservoir evolution and to potentially deconvolve reservoir parameters of interest, such as permeability.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

Spin orbit coupling for molecular ab initio density matrix renormalization group calculations: Application to g-tensors

Spin Orbit Coupling (SOC) is introduced to molecular ab initio density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) calculations. In the presented scheme, one first approximates the electronic ground state and a number of excited states of the Born-Oppenheimer (BO) Hamiltonian with the aid of the DMRG algorithm. Owing to the spin-adaptation of the algorithm, the total spin S is a good quantum number for these states. After the non-relativistic DMRG calculation is finished, all magnetic sublevels of the calculated states are constructed explicitly, and the SOC operator is expanded in the resulting basis. To this end, spin orbit coupled energies and wavefunctions are obtained as eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the full Hamiltonian matrix which is composed of the SOC operator matrix and the BO Hamiltonian matrix. This treatment corresponds to a quasi-degenerate perturbation theory approach and can be regarded as the molecular equivalent to atomic Russell-Saunders coupling. For the evaluation of SOC matrix elements, the full Breit-Pauli SOC Hamiltonian is approximated by the widely used spin-orbit mean field operator. This operator allows for an efficient use of the second quantized triplet replacement operators that are readily generated during the non-relativistic DMRG algorithm, together with the Wigner-Eckart theorem. With a set of spin-orbit coupled wavefunctions at hand, the molecular g-tensors are calculated following the scheme proposed by Gerloch and McMeeking. It interprets the effective molecular g-values as the slope of the energy difference between the lowest Kramers pair with respect to the strength of the applied magnetic field. Test calculations on a chemically relevant Mo complex demonstrate the capabilities of the presented method.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Avista Turner Energy Storage System: Assessment of Battery Technical Performance

This report investigates the technical performance of the 1 MW, 3.2 MWh advanced vanadium flow battery energy storage system (FBESS), consisting of two 0.5 MW, 1.6 MWh strings, based on a number of reference performance and use case tests. The FBESS is located on the utility 12 kV distribution system, between the Turner Substation and SEL’s manufacturing facility in Pullman, Washington. Reference performance tests (RPTs) were intended to assess the general technical capability of the FBESS (e.g., stored energy capacity, ramp rate performance, ability to track varying charge/discharge commands, direct current (DC) battery internal resistance). Use case tests were used to examine the performance of the FBESS while engaged in specific grid services (e.g., arbitrage, frequency regulation, balancing, volt ampere reactive (var) support, dynamic peak shaving). The project determined performance metrics that are important for understanding FBESS performance when subjected to field operation for achieving economic benefits from measurements and/or calculations. These metrics were: • RTE with and without rest, with and without auxiliary loads • Auxiliary power consumption • Reference signal tracking • Temperature excursions beyond normal operating range • Parasitic power loss unaccounted by auxiliary load during rest, and • State of charge (SOC) excursions beyond normal operating range. These RPT and use case performance metrics were analyzed using recorded test results. In addition, the results and lessons presented are also beneficial for any task or effort that needs technical assessment on similar and different types of FBESS, and BESS in general, based on technical specifications and/or field deployment results, since the assessment methodology remains the same.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Interoperable, Inverter-Based Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) Enable 100% Renewable and Resilient Utility Microgrids

Project overcomes frequency stability and system control issues when operating distribution microgrids in a low inertia, high PV penetration environment without fossil fuel generators. The team implemented a grid-forming inverter and advanced control features at SDG&E's Borrego Springs Microgrid to demonstrate islanding and blackstart using renewable resources. Simulation and emulation in advance of deployment de-risks field operations.

battery energy storage systems↗
DOE OSTI2021

Enhancing Steam-Side Heat Transfer via Microdroplet Ejection using Inorganic Coatings

During condensation of water on a superhydrophobic nanostructured surfaces, droplets coalesce and jump (droplet ejection) due to the release of excess surface energy. Meticulously designed nanostructured surfaces or coatings capable of droplet ejection can enhance heat transfer performance by easy removal of droplets during condensation. In the present work, the capabilities of the Nelumbo droplet ejection coatings technology currently used in commercial heat exchangers are explored and optimized for materials and conditions relevant to steam condensers. Specifically, this includes (1) adapting and optimizing the procedures and chemistries to deposit droplet ejecting coatings on materials used in the steam condenser, (2) testing of the heat transfer, durability, and fouling of the fabricated coatings under a variety of steam condenser relevant conditions, and (3) modeling of the impact of droplet dynamics and interfacial properties on heat transfer in steam condensers. We experimentally demonstrated that at low supersaturation conditions (S~1.02), developed superhydrophobic nanostructured surface gives a 40% higher peak heat transfer flux and a 17% higher peak overall heat transfer coefficient (U) with droplet ejection mechanism compared to the dropwise condensation mechanism on the same nanostructured surface. Though the experimentally observed droplet ejection mechanism was short-lived (~3 min) due to the limitation of the chiller to maintain a constant supersaturation condition in fabricated steam condenser. And large variations in water inlet temperature (+ to - 2 degrees C) caused flooding of nanostructure (Wenzel state) at higher supersaturation (S > or = 1.12). This is an important finding because typical supersaturation levels in field operation are over 1.8 and as such, either the flooding potential for these materials should be improved or operation at lower supersaturation may be required to maximize heat transfer efficiency. If supersaturation conditions can be maintained reliably in the steam condenser in addition to droplet ejection mechanism during condensation, this could provide a potential 2% reduction in water flow rate which equates to a savings of over 3900 gallons of water per minute for a 500 MW steam turbine and over $0.3MM savings annually given a 0.02 cent marginal water withdrawal cost. It is also worth noting that these savings are based on improvement of droplet ejection coatings over coatings capable of performing consistent dropwise mechanism in in-field surface condensers. Savings due to the droplet ejections coatings when compared to bare substrates could be much higher. Additionally, the present work provides the importance of steam condenser operating conditions and insights into the challenges in modeling the condensing droplet dynamics on surfaces.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Directional antennas for electromagnetic mapping in a borehole

A bottom hole assembly used for a field operation is disclosed herein. The bottom hole assembly can include at least one directional antenna disposed on an outer surface of a first tubing pipe of a tubing string, where the at least one directional antenna receives a first electric current from at least one power source, where the first electric current generates a first magnetic field that radiates from the at least one directional antenna into a formation. The bottom hole assembly can also include at least one receiver disposed on a second tubing pipe of the tubing string, where the at least one receiver receives the first magnetic field returning from the formation.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2019

Snohomish Public Utility District MESA 2: An Assessment of Flow Battery Energy Storage System Technical Performance

This report investigates the technical performance of the 2.2 MW, 8 MWh MESA 2 advanced vanadium flow battery energy storage system (FBESS), consisting of four 0.55 MW, 2 MWh strings, based on a number of baseline and use case tests. The FBESS is located at the Everett, Washington substation and owned by SnoPUD. The FBESS was procured by SnoPUD with matching funds by the Washington Clean Energy. Baseline tests were intended to assess the general technical capability of the FBESS (e.g., stored energy capacity, ramp rate performance, ability to track varying charge/discharge commands, direct current (DC) battery internal resistance). Use case tests were used to examine the performance of the FBESS while engaged in specific grid services (e.g., arbitrage, power factor correction). The project measured and/or calculated parameters that are important for understanding FBESS performance when subjected to actual field operation for achieving economic benefits, e.g., round trip efficiency (RTE) with and without rest, with and without auxiliary loads, auxiliary power consumption, signal command tracking, temperature trends during operation, parasitic power loss unaccounted by auxiliary load during rest, and state of charge (SOC) excursions. These baseline and use case parameters were analyzed using recorded test results. In addition, the results and lessons presented herein are also beneficial for any task or effort that needs technical assessment on similar and different types of FBESS based on technical specifications and/or field deployment results, since the assessment methodology remains the same.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Zero-bias conductance peaks at zero applied magnetic field due to stray fields from integrated micromagnets in hybrid nanowire quantum dots

Many recipes for realizing topological superconductivity rely on broken time-reversal symmetry, which is often attained by applying a substantial external magnetic field. Alternatively, using magnetic materials can offer advantages through low-field operation and design flexibility on the nanoscale. Mechanisms for lifting spin degeneracy include exchange coupling, spin-dependent scattering, spin injection – all requiring direct contact between the bulk or induced superconductor and a magnetic material. Here, we implement locally broken time-reversal symmetry through dipolar coupling from nearby micromagnets to superconductor-semiconductor hybrid nanowire devices. Josephson supercurrent is hysteretic due to micromagnets switching. At or around zero external magnetic field, we observe an extended presence of Andreev bound states near zero voltage bias. We also show a zero-bias peak plateau of a non-quantized value. Our findings largely reproduce earlier results where similar effects were presented in the context of topological superconductivity in a homogeneous wire, and attributed to more exotic time-reversal breaking mechanisms [Nat. Phys. 17, 43 (2020)]. In contrast, our stray field profiles are not designed to create Majorana modes, and our data are compatible with a straightforward interpretation in terms of trivial states in quantum dots. At the same time, the use of micromagnets in hybrid superconductor-semiconductor devices shows promise for future experiments on topological superconductivity.

Jiang, Luyao [Univ. of Pittsburgh, PA (United Stat↗
DOE OSTI2023

Electro-optic transduction in silicon via gigahertz-frequency nanomechanics

Interfacing electronics with optical fiber networks is key to the long-distance transfer of classical and quantum information. Piezo-optomechanical transducers enable such interfaces by using gigahertz-frequency acoustic vibrations as mediators for converting microwave photons to optical photons via the combination of optomechanical and piezoelectric interactions. However, despite successful demonstrations, efficient quantum transduction remains out of reach due to the challenges associated with hybrid material integration and increased loss from piezoelectric materials when operating in the quantum regime. Here, we demonstrate an alternative approach in which we actuate 5-GHz phonons in a conventional silicon-on-insulator platform. In our experiment, microwave photons resonantly drive a phononic crystal oscillator via the electrostatic force realized in a charge-biased narrow-gap capacitor. The mechanical vibrations are subsequently transferred via a phonon waveguide to an optomechanical cavity, where they transform into optical photons in the sideband of a pump laser field. Operating at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, we measure a microwave-to-optical photon conversion efficiency of 1.72±0.14×10 −7 in a 3.3 MHz bandwidth. Our results mark a stepping stone towards quantum transduction with integrated devices made from crystalline silicon, which promise efficient high-bandwidth operation and integration with superconducting qubits. Additionally, the lack of need for piezoelectricity or other intrinsic nonlinearities makes our approach applicable to a wide range of materials for potential applications beyond quantum technologies.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2015

SU-E-T-195: Commissioning the Neutron Production of a Varian TrueBeam Linac

Purpose: The purpose of this work is the characterization of a new Varian TrueBeam™ facility in terms of neutron production, in order to estimate neutron equivalent dose in organs during radiotherapy treatments. Methods: The existing methodology [1] was used with the reference SRAMnd detector, calibrated in terms of thermal neutron fluence at the reference field operated by PTB (Physikalisch-Technische-Bundesanstalt) at the GeNF (Geesthacht-Neutron-Facility) with the GKSS reactor FRG-1 [2]. Thermal neutron fluence for the 5 available possibilities was evaluated: 15 MV and 10&6 MV with and without Flattening Filter (FF and FFF, respectively). Irradiation conditions are as described in [3]. In addition, three different collimator-MLC configurations were studied for 15 MV: (a) collimator of 10×10 cm{sup 2} and MLC fully retracted (reference), (b) field sizes of 20×20 cm{sup 2} and 10×10 cm{sup 2} for collimator and MLC respectively, and (c) collimator and MLC aperture of 10×10 cm{sup 2}. Results: Thermal fluence rate at the “reference point” [3], as a consequence of the neutron production, obtained for (a) conformation in 15 MV is (1.45±0.11) x10{sup 4} n•cm{sup 2}/MU. Configurations (b) and (c) gave fluences of 96.6% and 97.8% of the reference (a). Neutron production decreases up to 8.6% and 5.7% for the 10 MV FF and FFF beams, respectively. Finally, it decreases up to 2.8% and 0.1% for the 6 MV FF and FFF modes, respectively. Conclusion: This work evaluates thermal neutron production of Varian TrueBeam™ system for organ equivalent dose estimation. The small difference in collimator-MLC configuration shows the universality of the methodology [3]. A decrease in this production is shown when decreasing energy from 15 to 10 MV and an almost negligible production was found for 6 MV. Moreover, a lower neutron contribution is observed for the FFF modes.[1]Phys Med Biol,2012;57:6167–6191.[2]Radiat Meas,2010;45:1513–1517.[3]Med Phys,2015;42:276–281.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Puget Sound Energy Glacier Energy Storage System: An Assessment of Battery Technical Performance

This report investigates the technical performance of the Glacier BESS facility, consisting of one 2 MW, 4 MWh BESS, based on a number of baseline and use case tests. Baseline tests were intended to assess the general technical capability of the BESS (e.g., stored energy capacity, ramp rate performance, ability to track varying charge/discharge commands, direct current (DC) battery internal resistance). Use case tests were used to examine the performance of the BESS while engaged in specific economic services (e.g., arbitrage, power factor correction). The project measured and/or calculated parameters that are important for understanding BESS performance when subjected to actual field operation for achieving economic benefits, e.g., round trip efficiency (RTE) with and without rest, with and without auxiliary loads, auxiliary power consumption, signal command tracking performance, temperature variations, parasitic power loss during power electronics switching during rest, and state of charge (SOC) excursions. These baseline and use case parameters were analyzed using recorded test results. In addition, the results and lessons presented herein are also beneficial for any task or effort that needs technical assessment on similar and different types of BESS based on field deployment results, since the assessment methodology remains the same.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗