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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 109 records · Page 6
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2026

Development and implementation of high-throughput proteomic and metabolomics assays by using advanced chromatographic and mass spectrometric systems (CRADA Final Report)

The mission of this CRADA with Agilent was to couple powerful MS platforms (QQQ, IM-QTOFMS) with Agilent’s novel Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) fast metabolomic workflows and perform ABF Machine Learning (ML) to generated datasets. Agilent transferred UHPLC methods to PNNL and LBNL and methods were implemented and demonstrated in both labs, achieving total acquisition times of < 10 min. Metabolites analyzed using Agilent’s shared methods included metabolites from central carbon metabolism, common across hosts, and metabolites unique to engineered strains. Standards were acquired in an UHPLC-Drift Tube Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometer (DTIMS) system for the first time within the context of ABF and methods were optimized based on Agilent’s protocols. Samples from ABF hosts Pseudomonas putida, Aspergillus pseudoterreus, Aspergillus niger and Rhodosporidium toruloides were analyzed using the UHPLC-DTIMS platform for a total of 276 runs. A data analysis workflow compatible with the Experimental Data Depot (EDD) and completely shareable was developed for the acquired UHPLC-DTIMS data. Samples were analyzed using a Data Independent Acquisition Approach (DIA), which for most of the standards provided more transitions therefore increasing detection confidence. Using the data acquired by PNNL, LBNL, and Agilent’s specifications from previous ML projects, SNL applied an ensemble ML strategy to pick the best performing model for automated LC-method selection. Finally, with the contribution of the participant labs and Agilent, SNL developed an Automated Method Selection (AMS) software tool to predict the best liquid chromatography method for analysis of any new molecules of interest. Samples with novel pathways and new metabolite targets of interest are generated at a high pace in the ABF. Overall, the project advanced rapid metabolomics by combining liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry, and data-independent mass spectrometry with machine learning. This multidimensional approach uses retention time, collision cross-section, precursor mass, and fragment-ion information to distinguish chemically similar metabolites that can be difficult to resolve using conventional liquid- or gas-chromatography methods. The resulting workflow also provided automated metabolite-identification error estimates, addressing a recognized need for statistical confidence measures in metabolomics.

Petzold, Christopher [Lawrence Berkeley National L↗
DOE OSTI2022

Co-processing catalytic fast pyrolysis oil in an FCC reactor

Here, studies of co-processing catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) oil with vacuum gas oil (VGO) are conducted in a Davison Circulating Riser (DCR). The CFP oil (CFPO) for this study was produced by upgrading fast-pyrolysis vapors from pine in an ex-situ fixed-bed reactor. CFPOs were co-processed at up to a volume fraction of 0.05 with VGO at 521 degrees C and 257 kPa. The yields of oil, aqueous phase, tail gas, and coke were measured. The amount of coke was determined from the carbon containing components in the regenerator flue gas. A compositional analysis was conducted with gas chromatography and elemental analyzers. The organic liquids were distilled into gasoline, jet-fuel, diesel, and resid fractions. A biocarbon analysis was conducted on the organic phase and its individual boiling-point fractions. The results show a small decrease in liquid yield and a generally increased gas yield when co-processing CFPO with VGO. The experiments showed that 75%-100% of biocarbon is incorporated into liquid fuels relative to fossil carbon, depending on catalyst and CFPO. The measurements indicate that cracked CFPO components are predominantly included in the jet-fuel and diesel fractions. A techno-economic analysis (TEA) estimated the minimum fuel selling price (MSFP) for fuel-range products derived from FCC co-processing of CFPO at 24 to 29 $\$$/GJ ($\$$2.90 to $\$$3.50 per gasoline-gallon equivalent; GGE) at a yield of 4.87-7.14 GJ/t(biomass) or 40-58 GGE/t.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Co-Processing Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis Oil in an FCC Reactor

Studies of co-processing catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) oil with vacuum gas oil (VGO) are conducted in a Davison Circulating Riser (DCR). The CFP oil (CFPO) for this study was produced by upgrading fast-pyrolysis vapors from pine in an ex-situ fixed-bed reactor. CFPOs were co-processed at up to 5 vol% with VGO at 521°C and 2.57 bar. The yields of oil, aqueous phase, tail gas, and coke were measured. The amount of coke was determined from the carbon containing components in the regenerator flue gas. A compositional analysis was conducted with gas chromatography and elemental analyzers. The organic liquids were distilled into gasoline, jet-fuel, diesel, and resid fractions. A biocarbon analysis was conducted on the organic phase and its individual boiling-point fractions. The results show a small decrease in liquid yield and a generally increased gas yield when co-processing CFPO with VGO. For experiments with E-Cat as catalyst, approximately 70% of biocarbon is incorporated into liquid fuels relative to fossil carbon, while more of the biocarbon is contained in tail gas (as carbon dioxide or olefins) and/or coke. The measurements indicate that cracked CFPO components are predominantly included in the jet-fuel and diesel fractions. A techno-economic analysis (TEA) estimated the minimum fuel selling price (MSFP) for fuel-range products derived from FCC co-processing of CFPO at $3 to $4 per gasoline-gallon equivalent (GGE) at a yield of 51 GGE per ton of biomass.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Electrochemical Decomposition of Primary Alcohol Groups in Deep Eutectic Solvents

This work investigates the electrochemical decomposition of an ethylene glycol/sodium chloride electrolyte and a deep eutectic solvent (DES) comprised of ethylene glycol/choline chloride (ethaline). Understanding these reactions can help to better understand the safety risks of overcharge when these electrolytes are used in a battery and to guide the design of DES electrolytes for improved electrochemical stability. Analysis of the decomposition products was performed using a combination of coulometry, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It was found that even at relatively low (mM) concentrations of water, a stoichiometric rate of hydrogen is produced under cathodic conditions in both the ethaline and EG/NaCl electrolytes. This suggest an electrochemical hydrolysis cathodic decomposition reaction that produces both hydrogen gas and hydroxyl ions. This reaction was verified in both electrolytes by also identifying the liquid phase products. Only liquid phase products were observed under anodic conditions. A suspected alcohol oxidation to aldehyde anodic decomposition reaction was confirmed through a similar analysis of products. A tertiary alcohol only DES was investigated to eliminate these decomposition paths and was found to have increased stability window compared to the primary alcohol.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Air separation via two-step solar thermochemical cycles based on SrFeO 3-δ and (Ba,La) 0.15 Sr 0.85 FeO 3-δ perovskite reduction/oxidation reactions to produce N 2 : rate limiting mechanism(s) determination

Two-step solar thermochemical cycles based on reversible reactions of SrFeO 3–δ and (Ba,La) 0.15 Sr 0.85 FeO 3–δ perovskites were considered for air separation. The cycle steps encompass (1) the thermal reduction of SrFeO 3–δ or (Ba,La) 0.15 Sr 0.85 FeO 3–δ perovskites driven by concentrated solar irradiation and (2) oxidation in air to remove O 2 and produce N 2 . Rate limiting mechanisms were examined for both reactions using a combination of isothermal and non-isothermal thermogravimetry for temperature-swings between 673 and 1373 K, heating rates of 10, 20, and 50 K min –1 , and O 2 pressure-swings between 20% O 2 /Ar and 100% Ar at atmospheric pressure. Evolved O 2 and associated lag due to transport behavior were measured with gas chromatography and used with measured sample temperatures to predict equilibrium compositions from a compound energy formalism thermodynamic model. Measured and predicted chemical equilibrium changes in deviation from stoichiometry were compared. Rapid chemical kinetics were observed as the samples equilibrated rapidly for all conditions, indicative that heat and mass transfer were the rate limiting mechanisms. Furthermore, the effects of bulk diffusion (or gas diffusion through the bed or pellet) were examined using pelletized and loose powdered samples and determined to have no discernable impact.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

PeakDecoder enables machine learning-based metabolite annotation and accurate profiling in multidimensional mass spectrometry measurements

Multidimensional measurements using state-of-the-art separations and mass spectrometry provide advantages in untargeted metabolomics analyses for studying biological and environmental bio-chemical processes. However, the lack of rapid analytical methods and robust algorithms for these heterogeneous data has limited its application. Here, we develop and evaluate a sensitive and high-throughput analytical and computational workflow to enable accurate metabolite profiling. Our workflow combines liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry and data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry with PeakDecoder, a machine learning-based algorithm that learns to distinguish true co-elution and co-mobility from raw data and calculates metabolite identification error rates. We apply PeakDecoder for metabolite profiling of various engineered strains of Aspergillus pseudoterreus, Aspergillus niger, Pseudomonas putida and Rhodosporidium toruloides. Results, validated manually and against selected reaction monitoring and gas-chromatography platforms, show that 2683 features could be confidently annotated and quantified across 116 microbial sample runs using a library built from 64 standards.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Understanding the structure and composition of recalcitrant oligosaccharides in hydrolysate using high-throughput biotin-based glycome profiling and mass spectrometry

Novel Immunological and Mass Spectrometry Methods for Comprehensive Analysis of Recalcitrant Oligosaccharides in AFEX Pretreated Corn Stover. Lignocellulosic biomass is a sustainable alternative to fossil fuel and is extensively used for developing bio-based technologies to produce products such as food, feed, fuel, and chemicals. The key to these technologies is to develop cost competitive processes to convert complex carbohydrates present in plant cell wall to simple sugars such as glucose, xylose, and arabinose. Since lignocellulosic biomass is highly recalcitrant, it must undergo a combination of thermochemical treatment such as Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX), dilute acid (DA), Ionic Liquid (IL) and biological treatment such as enzyme hydrolysis and microbial fermentation to produce desired products. However, when using commercial fungal enzymes during hydrolysis, only 75–85% of the soluble sugars generated are monomeric sugars, while the remaining 15–25% are soluble recalcitrant oligosaccharides that cannot be easily utilized by microorganisms. Previously, we successfully separated and purified the soluble recalcitrant oligosaccharides using a combination of charcoal and celite-based separation followed by size exclusion chromatography and studies their inhibitory properties on enzymes. We discovered that the oligosaccharides with higher degree of polymerization (DP) containing methylated uronic acid substitutions were more recalcitrant towards commercial enzyme mixtures than lower DP and neutral oligosaccharides. Here, we report the use of several complementary techniques that include glycome profiling using plant biomass glycan specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to characterize sugar linkages in plant cell walls and enzymatic hydrolysate, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) using structurally-informative diagnostic peaks offered by negative ion post-secondary decay spectra, gas chromatography followed by mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to characterize oligosaccharide sugar linkages with and without derivatization. Since oligosaccharides (DP 4–20) are small, it is challenging to mobilize these molecules for mAbs binding and characterization. To overcome this problem, we have applied a new biotin-coupling based oligosaccharide immobilization method that successfully tagged most of the low DP soluble oligosaccharides on to a micro-plate surface followed by specific linkage analysis using mAbs in a high-throughput system. This new approach will help develop more advanced versions of future high throughput glycome profiling methods that can be used to separate and characterize oligosaccharides present in biomarkers for diagnostic applications.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Investigating the Role of Silver Oxidation State on the Thermodynamic Interactions between Xenon and Silver-Functionalized Zeolites

The molecular level understanding of the strong adsorption of Xe to silver-modified zeolites remains elusive. Here, we probe the effect of silver oxidation state on the thermodynamics of Xe sorption in silver-functionalized zeolites by measuring the enthalpies of adsorption after various treatments using inverse gas chromatography (IGC). The enthalpy of adsorption was measured for silver-functionalized chabazites (AgCHA) before and after hydrogen reduction and subsequent reoxidation. The sorption enthalpy (ΔH) for AgCHA was 35.2 kJ/mol, which decreased to 25.8 kJ/mol with hydrogen reduction. After reoxidation (O 2 -AgCHA), 95% of the binding strength was restored. Hydrogen reduction of the base chabazite (CHA) did not influence Xe adsorption. Henry’s law constant for Xe adsorption increased in the order AgCHA > O 2 -AgCHA > H 2 -AgCHA > CHA. A decrease in enthalpy and Henry’s constant with silver reduction and increase with reoxidation suggest that ionic silver is playing a role in Xe binding. The effect of reduction and reoxidation on the zeolite microstructure was analyzed using surface area analysis, powder X-ray diffraction (p-XRD), scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Finally, these results lay the groundwork for better material design of strong noble gas adsorbents.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Salinity and hydraulic retention time induce membrane phospholipid acyl chain remodeling in Halanaerobium congolense WG10 and mixed cultures from hydraulically fractured shale wells

Bacteria remodel their plasma membrane lipidome to maintain key biophysical attributes in response to ecological disturbances. For Halanaerobium and other anaerobic halotolerant taxa that persist in hydraulically fractured deep subsurface shale reservoirs, salinity, and hydraulic retention time (HRT) are important perturbants of cell membrane structure, yet their effects remain poorly understood. Membrane-linked activities underlie in situ microbial growth kinetics and physiologies which drive biogeochemical reactions in engineered subsurface systems. Hence, we used gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to investigate the effects of salinity and HRT on the phospholipid fatty acid composition of H. congolense WG10 and mixed enrichment cultures from hydraulically fractured shale wells. We also coupled acyl chain remodeling to membrane mechanics by measuring bilayer elasticity using atomic force microscopy (AFM). For these experiments, cultures were grown in a chemostat vessel operated in continuous flow mode under strict anoxia and constant stirring. Our findings show that salinity and HRT induce significant changes in membrane fatty acid chemistry of H. congolense WG10 in distinct and complementary ways. Notably, under nonoptimal salt concentrations (7% and 20% NaCl), H. congolense WG10 elevates the portion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in its membrane, and this results in an apparent increase in fluidity (homeoviscous adaptation principle) and thickness. Double bond index (DBI) and mean chain length (MCL) were used as proxies for membrane fluidity and thickness, respectively. These results provide new insight into our understanding of how environmental and engineered factors might disrupt the physical and biogeochemical equilibria of fractured shale by inducing physiologically relevant changes in the membrane fatty acid chemistry of persistent microbial taxa. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT Salinity significantly alters membrane bilayer fluidity and thickness in Halanaerobium congolense WG10.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Revisiting Discharge Mechanism of CF x as a High Energy Density Cathode Material for Lithium Primary Battery

Lithium/fluorinated graphite (Li/CFx) primary batteries show great promise for applications in a wide range of energy storage systems due to their high energy density (>2100 Wh kg –1 ) and low self-discharge rate (<0.5% per year at 25 °C). While the electrochemical performance of the CF x cathode is indeed promising, the discharge reaction mechanism is not thoroughly understood to date. In this article, a multiscale investigation of the CF x discharge mechanism is performed using a novel cathode structure to minimize the carbon and fluorine additives for precise cathode characterizations. Titration gas chromatography, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, cross-sectional focused ion beam, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and scanning transmission electron microscopy with electron energy loss spectroscopy are utilized to investigate this system. Results show no metallic lithium deposition or intercalation during the discharge reaction. Crystalline lithium fluoride particles uniformly distributed with <10 nm sizes into the CF x layers, and carbon with lower sp2 content similar to the hard-carbon structure are the products during discharge. This article deepens the understanding of CF x as a high energy density cathode material and highlights the need for future investigations on primary battery materials to advance performance.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Suppressing Chemical Corrosions of Lithium Metal Anodes

In this study, the lithium metal anode is essential for next-generation high-energy-density rechargeable Li-metal batteries. Although extensive studies have been performed to prolong the cycle life of Li-metal batteries, the calendar life, which associates with the chemical corrosion of Li metal in liquid electrolytes, has not been quantitatively understood. Here, by combing the titration gas chromatography method and cryogenic focused ion beam, a quantitative relationship between the chemical corrosion rate and electrochemically deposited Li morphology in various liquid electrolyte systems is established. It has been identified that the corrosion rate is dominated by the porosity of the deposited Li. The larger the porosity of deposited Li has, the faster the corrosion rate will be. Strategies to mitigate the chemical corrosion on Li thus to extend the calendar life of Li-metal batteries are further proposed. By strictly controlling the stacking pressure during Li plating, Li deposits with ultra-low porosity can be achieved, suppressing the corrosion rate to 0.08 ± 0.16%/day compared with 1.71 ± 0.19%/day of the high-porosity Li.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Effect of pyrolysis operating conditions on the catalytic co‐pyrolysis of low‐density polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate with zeolite catalysts

Abstract In this study, the catalytic (co‐)pyrolysis of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with HZSM‐5 and HY zeolite catalysts was conducted in a micro‐pyrolysis reactor coupled to a two‐dimensional gas chromatography system. Pyrolysis operating conditions, such as the pyrolysis temperature, the catalyst to feedstock (CF) ratio, and the LDPE:PET ratio, were varied. It was found that for the co‐pyrolysis of LDPE and PET, HZSM‐5 led to higher yields of C2‐C4 olefins and monoaromatic products. Lower CF ratios increased the yield of C2‐C4 olefins for LDPE pyrolysis, but decreased benzene yield for PET pyrolysis, concomitant with an increased yield in benzoic acid. A lower temperature of 400°C which was sufficient for the pyrolysis of LDPE, led to incomplete conversion of PET. Surface response diagrams were used to visualize the impact of the various pyrolysis operating conditions on the yield of C2‐C4 olefins and BTEX, which serve as target products for the circular economy.

Okonsky, Sean Timothy↗
DOE OSTI2020

From K‐O 2 to K‐Air Batteries: Realizing Superoxide Batteries on the Basis of Dry Ambient Air

Abstract Although using an air cathode is the goal for superoxide‐based potassium‐oxygen (K‐O 2 ) batteries, prior studies were limited to pure oxygen. Now, the first K‐air (dry) battery based on reversible superoxide electrochemistry is presented. Spectroscopic and gas chromatography analyses are applied to evaluate the reactivity of KO 2 in ambient air. Although KO 2 reacts with water vapor and CO 2 to form KHCO 3 , it is highly stable in dry air. With this knowledge, rechargeable K‐air (dry) batteries were successfully demonstrated by employing dry air cathode. The reduced partial pressure of oxygen plays a critical role in boosting battery lifespan. With a more stable environment for the K anode, a K‐air (dry) battery delivers over 100 cycles (>500 h) with low round‐trip overpotentials and high coulombic efficiencies as opposed to traditional K‐O 2 battery that fails early. This work sheds light on the benefits and restrictions of employing the air cathode in superoxide‐based batteries.

Qin, Lei↗
DOE OSTI2020

A mass spectrometry-based high-throughput screening method for engineering fatty acid synthases with improved production of medium-chain fatty acids

Microbial cell factories have been extensively engineered to produce free fatty acids (FFAs), key components of crucial nutrients, soaps, industrial chemicals, and fuels. Yet, our ability to control the specificity of microbially synthesized FFAs is still limited for medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), which is mainly due to lack of high-throughput approaches for FFA analysis. Here we report a mass spectrometry (MS)-based method for rapid profiling of MCFAs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by using membrane lipids as a proxy. Specially, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-ToF) MS was used to detect shorter acyl chain phosphatidylcholines from membrane lipids and the m/z peak ratio at 730 and 758 was used as an index for improved MCFA production. This yeast colony-based method can be performed at a rate of ~2 second per sample, which is much faster than the gold standard gas chromatography (GC)-MS (typically > 30 min per sample). To demonstrate the power of this method, we performed site-saturation mutagenesis of the yeast fatty acid synthase and identified 9 mutants that resulted in improved MCFA production relative to the wild-type strain. This colony-based MALDI-ToF MS screening method offers an alternative way for engineering microbial fatty acid compositions in a high-throughput manner.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Elucidating the Reaction Pathways of Veratrylglycero-β-Guaiacyl Ether Degradation over Metal-Free Solid Acid Catalyst with Hydrogen

Efficient cleavage of β-O-4 bonds in lignin to high-yield aromatic compounds for the potential production of fuels and chemicals is vital for the economics of the modern biorefinery industry. This work is distinct in that a detailed mechanistic analysis of the reaction pathways of veratrylglycero-β-guaiacyl ether (VGE) catalyzed by transition-metal-free solid acid zeolite in aqueous conditions at high hydrogen pressure has been performed. VGE degradation produced high monomers yields (≈87 %), including guaiacol (48.2 %), 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanol (10.3 %), 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-propanol (6.1 %), 3,4-dimethoxyphenylpropanol (4.7 %), 3,4-dimethoxycinnamyl alcohol (4.1 %), and 1,2-dimethoxy-4-propylbenzene (2 %). The products were identified and confirmed by the in situ solid-state magic angle spinning (MAS) 13 C NMR spectroscopy in real-time conditions and the two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC). A variety of products reveal the crucial role of hydrogen, water, and acid sites for heterolytic cleavage of the β-O-4 bond in VGE. Decarbonylation, hydrogenolysis, hydrogenation, and dehydration reaction pathways are proposed and further validated using first-principles calculations.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Broccoli seed extract rich in polysaccharides and glucoraphanin ameliorates DSS ‐induced colitis via intestinal barrier protection and gut microbiota modulation in mice

Abstract BACKGROUND Broccoli has received widespread attention because of its anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The present study aimed to explore the composition of broccoli seed extract (BSE) and its effect on colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). RESULTS BSE mainly comprises glucoraphanin and polysaccharides composed of arabinose, galactose, glucose and mannose. Animal experiments suggested that BSE intervention effectively reversed body weight loss, suppressed the levels of proinflammatory interleukin‐6, tumor necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐1β, and elevated the levels of anti‐inflammatory interleukin‐10 and the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione in DSS‐induced colitis mice. According to histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of colon tissue, BSE intervention may repair the intestinal barrier by upregulating mRNA levels and the expression of tight junction proteins (claudin‐1, occludin and zonula occludens‐1). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (MS) analysis demonstrated that cecal short‐chain fatty acids in mice with BSE administration were significantly increased compared with the model group. Sulforaphane and sulforaphane‐ N ‐acetylcysteine were only detected in BSE group mice by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐MS analysis. In addition, BSE intervention evidently increased the abundance of Alistipeds , Coriobacteriaceae UCG‐002 and Bifidobacterium and decreased the abundance of Escheichia‐Shinella , Lachnospiraceae others , Parabacteroides , Ruminococcaceae others and Turicibacter , which possibly promoted carbohydrate metabolism and short‐chain fatty acid production. CONCLUSION The present study aimed to elucidate the effect of BSE on colitis and found that BSE, as a novel food ingredient, has great potential for the improvement of colitis. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Wu, Jiaying↗