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At least 109 records · Page 6

Development of a NASA 6-U Satellite

NASA/Wallops Flight Facility has focused on the development of new technologies for the advancement of 6 Unit (6U) small satellites. From the design of the structure and instrument support hardware to improvements in the deployer, NASA is concentrating on maximizing the potential of small satellites for the benefit of science. The telemetry system provides much higher data rates than typical I U UHF system. 6U provides up to several hundred kilobits per second and utilizes the existing NASA Ground Network for data reception. The guidance, navigation and control system keeps the satellite pointed within plus or minus 10 degrees of the sun and has knowledge of the sun vector within 1 degree. The 6U power design increased the options for different voltages and power switching capabilities and is capable of supporting instruments with higher power requirements. The Command & Data Handling (C&DH) system includes a low-power 520 MHz flight processor which provides more processing capability than existing I U processor technologies. These optimized technologies will offer the science community a greater opportunity for flying more sophisticated and complex instruments.

Thompson, Linda D.↗

Avionics architecture for the U.S. segment of the international space station alpha

The International Space Station Alpha (ISSA) is a joint project between the United States, European Space Agency, Japan, Canada and Russia to develop and fly a space station in the later part of the 1990s. The United States will be the largest hardware contributor to this project, and this paper will describe the avionics architecture for the U.S. provided pressurized modules and truss segments. The avionics contained within these U.S. modules and segments will perform many of the core engineering and payload support functions for the ISSA. These functions include: the command and data handling, communications and tracking, guidance navigation and control (in partnership with the Russian elements), and electrical power generation and distribution. This paper will describe the architecture of the avionics systems that will perform these core engineering avionics functions, as well as provide a discussion on the avionics necessary for the proper functioning of the core engineering avionics supported functions such as thermal control, life support, and mechanisms.

Smith, Joseph F.↗

COBALT CoOperative Blending of Autonomous Landing Technology

COBALT is a terrestrial test platform for development and maturation of GN&C (Guidance, Navigation and Control) technologies for PL&HA (Precision Landing and Hazard Avoidance). The project is developing a third generation, Langley Navigation Doppler Lidar (NDL) for ultra-precise velocity and range measurements, which will be integrated and tested with the JPL Lander Vision System (LVS) for Terrain Relative Navigation (TRN) position estimates. These technologies together provide navigation that enables controlled precision landing. The COBALT hardware will be integrated in 2017 into the GN&C subsystem of the Xodiac rocket-propulsive Vertical Test Bed (VTB) developed by Masten Space Systems (MSS), and two terrestrial flight campaigns will be conducted: one open-loop (i.e., passive) and one closed-loop (i.e., active).

Carson, John M. III↗

First Results from a Hardware-in-the-Loop Demonstration of Closed-Loop Autonomous Formation Flying

A closed-loop system for the demonstration of formation flying technologies has been developed at NASA s Goddard Space Flight Center. Making use of a GPS signal simulator with a dual radio frequency outlet, the system includes two GPS space receivers as well as a powerful onboard navigation processor dedicated to the GPS-based guidance, navigation, and control of a satellite formation in real-time. The closed-loop system allows realistic simulations of autonomous formation flying scenarios, enabling research in the fields of tracking and orbit control strategies for a wide range of applications. A sample scenario has been set up where the autonomous transition of a satellite formation from an initial along-track separation of 800 m to a final distance of 100 m has been demonstrated. As a result, a typical control accuracy of about 5 m has been achieved which proves the applicability of autonomous formation flying techniques to formations of satellites as close as 50 m.

Gill, E.↗

Space station systems analysis study. Part 2, volume 3: Appendixes, Book 2: Supporting data (7 through 18)

Topics discussed include: (1) design considerations for a MARS sample return laboratory module for space station investigations; (2) crew productivity as a function of work shift arrangement; (3) preliminary analysis of the local logistics problem on the space construction base; (4) mission hardware construction operational flows and timelines; (5) orbit transfer vehicle concept definition; (6) summary of results and findings of space processing working review; (7) crew and habitability subsystem (option L); (8) habitability subsystem considerations for shuttle tended option L; (9) orbiter utilization in manned sortie missions; (10) considerations in definition of space construction base standard module configuration (option L); (11) guidance, control, and navigation subsystems; and (12) system and design tradeoffs.

Source record↗

Time and Frequency-Domain Cross-Verification of SLS 6DOF Trajectory Simulations

The Space Launch System (SLS) Guidance, Navigation, and Control (GNC) team and its partners have developed several time- and frequency-based simulations for development and analysis of the proposed SLS launch vehicle. The simulations differ in fidelity and some have unique functionality that allows them to perform specific analyses. Some examples of the purposes of the various models are: trajectory simulation, multi-body separation, Monte Carlo, hardware in the loop, loads, and frequency domain stability analyses. While no two simulations are identical, many of the models are essentially six degree-of-freedom (6DOF) representations of the SLS plant dynamics, hardware implementation, and flight software. Thus at a high level all of those models should be in agreement. Comparison of outputs from several SLS trajectory and stability analysis tools are ongoing as part of the program's current verification effort. The purpose of these comparisons is to highlight modeling and analysis differences, verify simulation data sources, identify inconsistencies and minor errors, and ultimately to verify output data as being a good representation of the vehicle and subsystem dynamics. This paper will show selected verification work in both the time and frequency domain from the current design analysis cycle of the SLS for several of the design and analysis simulations. In the time domain, the tools that will be compared are MAVERIC, CLVTOPS, SAVANT, STARS, ARTEMIS, and POST 2. For the frequency domain analysis, the tools to be compared are FRACTAL, SAVANT, and STARS. The paper will include discussion of these tools including their capabilities, configurations, and the uses to which they are put in the SLS program. Determination of the criteria by which the simulations are compared (matching criteria) requires thoughtful consideration, and there are several pitfalls that may occur that can severely punish a simulation if not considered carefully. The paper will discuss these considerations and will present a framework for responding to these issues when they arise. For example, small event timing differences can lead to large differences in mass properties if the criteria are to measure those properties at the same time, or large differences in altitude if the criteria are to measure those properties when the simulation experiences a staging event. Similarly, a tiny difference in phase can lead to large gain margin differences for frequency-domain comparisons of gain margins.

Johnson, Matthew↗

Autonomous rendezvous and capture system design

Marshall Space Flight Center has a long history of involvement in the design of Autonomous Rendezvous and Capture (AR&C) systems. The first extensive studies were begun in the late seventies, incrementally leading to the development of an assortment of Guidance, Navigation, and Control (GN&C) concepts and algorithms suitable for a variety of mission requirements and spacecraft capabilities, with a strong emphasis placed upon flexible system-level design. These efforts have led to the development of sophisticated algorithms for docking with tumbling targets, and simple but efficient algorithms for stabilized spacecraft; each has been tested and validated using dynamic system simulation, with hardware in the loop when practical. Recent investigations include the use of neural networks for video image interpretation, and fuzzy logic for control system implementation.

Dabney, Richard W.↗

In-Flight Performance of the Cassini Hemispherical Quartz Resonator Gyro Inertial Reference Units

The Cassini-Huygens mission is a flagship class NASA/ESA mission to the planet Saturn. Launched in 1997, Cassini is still successfully operating after 16 years of flight and the telemetry from the attitude control hardware on Cassini has produced an immense dataset that allows the Cassini operations team to report on the long-term performance of several commercially available GNC hardware components in the space environment. This investigation summarizes the in-flight performance of the two inertial reference units aboard Cassini. Each of the two Cassini inertial reference units contains four hemispherical quartz resonator gyros. The Cassini operations team previously reported on the performance of the inertial reference units in 2007, and this paper provides an update with an additional 6 years of flight experience at Saturn.

guidance, navigation, and control (GNC)↗

Viking Navigation: Introduction

The design, control, and reconstruction of the flight paths of all four Viking vehicles is presented. The specification of requirements on the flight hardware is described along with the navigation strategies, procedures, operational software, and the inflight navigation. Features of the Viking navigation discussed include the precise determination of the spacecraft trajectories, prediction of the trajectories, design of the propulsive maneuvers required to effect the necessary trajectory changes, and calculation of the Lander descent guidance parameters.

Oneil, W. J.↗

Propulsive Reaction Control System Model

This software models a propulsive reaction control system (RCS) for guidance, navigation, and control simulation purposes. The model includes the drive electronics, the electromechanical valve dynamics, the combustion dynamics, and thrust. This innovation follows the Mars Science Laboratory entry reaction control system design, and has been created to meet the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) entry, descent, and landing simulation needs. It has been built to be plug-and-play on multiple MSL testbeds [analysis, Monte Carlo, flight software development, hardware-in-the-loop, and ATLO (assembly, test and launch operations) testbeds]. This RCS model is a C language program. It contains two main functions: the RCS electronics model function that models the RCS FPGA (field-programmable-gate-array) processing and commanding of the RCS valve, and the RCS dynamic model function that models the valve and combustion dynamics. In addition, this software provides support functions to initialize the model states, set parameters, access model telemetry, and access calculated thruster forces.

Brugarolas, Paul↗

Cobalt: Development and Maturation of GN&C Technologies for Precision Landing

The CoOperative Blending of Autonomous Landing Technologies (COBALT) instrument is a terrestrial test platform for development and maturation of guidance, navigation and control (GN&C) technologies for precision landing. The project is developing a third-generation Langley Research Center (LaRC) navigation doppler lidar (NDL) for ultra-precise velocity and range measurements, which will be integrated and tested with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) lander vision system (LVS) for terrain relative navigation (TRN) position estimates. These technologies together provide precise navigation knowledge that is critical for a controlled and precise touchdown. The COBALT hardware will be integrated in 2017 into the GN&C subsystem of the Xodiac rocket-propulsive vertical test bed (VTB) developed by Masten Space Systems, and two terrestrial flight campaigns will be conducted: one open-loop (i.e., passive) and one closed-loop (i.e., active).

Carson, John M.↗

Implementation of a Six Degree of Freedom Precision Lunar Landing Algorithm Using Dual Quaternion Representation

In this study, a powered descent guidance algorithm using a unit dual quaternion represen- tation of the vehicle dynamics is implemented in a high-fidelity simulation and on representative flight hardware. This Dual-Quaternion Guidance (DQG) algorithm is applied to the precision lunar landing problem which levies complex constraints upon the trajectory, including state triggered attitude constraints to enable terrain-relative navigation and hazard detection as well as real-time requirements for landing site re-designation. The investigation explores DQG’s usefulness as a mission design tool as well as a real-time guidance algorithm and defines real-time performance requirements for the hazard detection and avoidance (HDA) re-targeting phase of precision lunar landing. The experiment is presented in two parts. First, DQG is implemented within a high-fidelity Monte Carlo simulation to tune the algorithm’s parameters for the simulated vehicle, to refine the mission design, and to develop guidance update timing requirements to perform the HDA maneuver. DQG generates trajectories online for the divert which are tracked by the vehicle’s inner-loop controllers to the targeted landing site. Second, DQG is run on representative hardware to demonstrate real-time operation through a divert maneuver. These results allow for rapid, flexible, optimal mission design satisfying complex constraints, and for the definition of real-time performance requirements for the HDA operations inherent in precision lunar landing. The HDA divert maneuver is found to require guidance trajectory updates in less than three seconds. DQG is found to be too slow to meet this update timing on the descent and landing computer (DLC) in its current implementation. DQG running on alternative hardware can meet the update rate requirement. Algorithm implementation improvements are also recommended which are expected to speed up computation sufficiently to meet requirements on the DLC.

GN&C↗

Virtual Satellite

Virtual Satellite (VirtualSat) is a computer program that creates an environment that facilitates the development, verification, and validation of flight software for a single spacecraft or for multiple spacecraft flying in formation. In this environment, enhanced functionality and autonomy of navigation, guidance, and control systems of a spacecraft are provided by a virtual satellite that is, a computational model that simulates the dynamic behavior of the spacecraft. Within this environment, it is possible to execute any associated software, the development of which could benefit from knowledge of, and possible interaction (typically, exchange of data) with, the virtual satellite. Examples of associated software include programs for simulating spacecraft power and thermal- management systems. This environment is independent of the flight hardware that will eventually host the flight software, making it possible to develop the software simultaneously with, or even before, the hardware is delivered. Optionally, by use of interfaces included in VirtualSat, hardware can be used instead of simulated. The flight software, coded in the C or C++ programming language, is compilable and loadable into VirtualSat without any special modifications. Thus, VirtualSat can serve as a relatively inexpensive software test-bed for development test, integration, and post-launch maintenance of spacecraft flight software.

Hammrs, Stephan R.↗

Developing a Fundamental Model for an Integrated GPS/INS State Estimation System with Kalman Filtering

This work will demonstrate the integration of sensor and system dynamic data and their appropriate models using an optimal filter to create a robust, adaptable, easily reconfigurable state (motion) estimation system. This state estimation system will clearly show the application of fundamental modeling and filtering techniques. These techniques are presented at a general, first principles level, that can easily be adapted to specific applications. An example of such an application is demonstrated through the development of an integrated GPS/INS navigation system. This system acquires both global position data and inertial body data, to provide optimal estimates of current position and attitude states. The optimal states are estimated using a Kalman filter. The state estimation system will include appropriate error models for the measurement hardware. The results of this work will lead to the development of a "black-box" state estimation system that supplies current motion information (position and attitude states) that can be used to carry out guidance and control strategies. This black-box state estimation system is developed independent of the vehicle dynamics and therefore is directly applicable to a variety of vehicles. Issues in system modeling and application of Kalman filtering techniques are investigated and presented. These issues include linearized models of equations of state, models of the measurement sensors, and appropriate application and parameter setting (tuning) of the Kalman filter. The general model and subsequent algorithm is developed in Matlab for numerical testing. The results of this system are demonstrated through application to data from the X-33 Michael's 9A8 mission and are presented in plots and simple animations.

Canfield, Stephen↗

Ground Simulation of an Autonomous Satellite Rendezvous and Tracking System Using Dual Robotic Systems

A hardware-in-the-loop ground system was developed for simulating a robotic servicer spacecraft tracking a target satellite at short range. A relative navigation sensor package "Argon" is mounted on the end-effector of a Fanuc 430 manipulator, which functions as the base platform of the robotic spacecraft servicer. Machine vision algorithms estimate the pose of the target spacecraft, mounted on a Rotopod R-2000 platform, relay the solution to a simulation of the servicer spacecraft running in "Freespace", which performs guidance, navigation and control functions, integrates dynamics, and issues motion commands to a Fanuc platform controller so that it tracks the simulated servicer spacecraft. Results will be reviewed for several satellite motion scenarios at different ranges. Key words: robotics, satellite, servicing, guidance, navigation, tracking, control, docking.

Trube, Matthew J.↗

Pointing and control for planetary spacecraft - The first twenty years

The evolution of guidance and control systems for United States planetary and unmanned lunar spacecraft over the last 20 years is traced. The characteristics of the guidance and control systems used on spacecraft from the Range lunar impactor to the planned Galileo Jupiter orbiter and entry probe are surveyed, with attention given to the uses of three-axis stabilized, spin-stabilized and dual-spin designs. System performance trends that have evolved to meet the increasing science and mission requirements of the spacecraft are considered in the areas of attitude references, control consumables, dynamics and system modeling, thrust vector control, optical navigation, manuever turns, maneuver velocity control, instrument pointing, and antenna pointing. Hardware trends in optical sensors, inertial sensors, processing electronics, electromechanical devices, and system testing and reliability are also reviewed. The achievements represented by these advances are emphasized, and it is predicted that future developments will be in the areas of increased control system autonomy and performance requirements.

Pace, G. D.↗

A real-time digital computer program for the simulation of automatic spacecraft reentries

The automatic reentry flight dynamics simulator, a nonlinear, six-degree-of-freedom simulation, digital computer program, has been developed. The program includes a rotating, oblate earth model for accurate navigation calculations and contains adjustable gains on the aerodynamic stability and control parameters. This program uses a real-time simulation system and is designed to examine entries of vehicles which have constant mass properties whose attitudes are controlled by both aerodynamic surfaces and reaction control thrusters, and which have automatic guidance and control systems. The program has been used to study the space shuttle orbiter entry. This report includes descriptions of the equations of motion used, the control and guidance schemes that were implemented, the program flow and operation, and the hardware involved.

Kaylor, J. T.↗

Integrated Display System for Low Visibility Landing and Surface Operations

This report summarizes the software products and system architectures developed by Lockheed Martin in support of the Low Visibility Landing and Surface Operations (LVLASO) program at NASA Langley Research Center. It presents an overview of the technical aspects, capabilities, and system integration issues associated with an integrated display system (IDS) that collects, processes and presents information to an aircraft flight crew during all phases of landing, roll-out, turn-off, inbound taxi, outbound taxi and takeoff. Communications hardware, drivers, and software provide continuous real-time data at varying rates and from many different sources to the display programs for presentation on a head-down display (HDD) and/or a head-up display (HUD). An electronic moving map of the airport surface is implemented on the HDD which includes the taxi route assigned by air traffic control, a text messaging system, and surface traffic and runway status information. Typical HUD symbology for navigation and control of the aircraft is augmented to provide aircraft deceleration guidance after touchdown to a pilot selected exit and taxi guidance along the route assigned by ATC. HUD displays include scene-linked symbolic runways, runway exits and taxiways that are conformal with the actual locations on the airport surface. Display formats, system architectures, and the various IDS programs are discussed.

Beskenis, Sharon Otero↗