Analytical, experimental, and developmental work for a radiative heating system, volume I Final report
Optical system for radiative heat transfer for thermal protection of reentry vehicle
THERMAL PROTECTION↗
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Modeling and Validation of a Residential Multi-Functional Variable Refrigerant Flow Heat Pump System with Heat Recovery
To bridge the existing gap in modeling the variable refrigerant flow heat pump systems with heat recovery (VRFHR), we developed a suite of dynamic VRFHR system models in Modelica. These models are specifically tailored for residential multi-functional VRFHR (MF-VRFHR) applications, including space conditioning and domestic hot water (DHW) heating, utilizing both the TIL library for HVAC equipment and the Buildings library for thermal load calculations. The development comprises essential component models, including the newly developed heat recovery unit (HRU), along with system models that integrate the heat pump system and building envelope. These system models accommodate various operational modes such as heating-only, cooling-only, and heating-recovery (including heating-dominant and cooling-dominant) modes. Furthermore, we propose an efficient optimization-based model calibration method that identifies critical model parameters while utilizing a small amount of data obtained from either real systems or manufacturer's specifications. We demonstrate the effectiveness of these models and the proposed calibration method for a MF-VRFHR system installed in Richland, WA. The developed models are calibrated and validated using data collected under different operational modes during both heating and cooling seasons. The results show that the models capture the system dynamics and achieve high accuracy, with the coefficient of the variation of the root-mean-square-error less than 15% for variables such as outdoor unit power consumption, compressor speed, space temperature and DHW temperature. The validated models serve as a reliable representation of the MF-VRFHR system, facilitating the development and validation of optimized controls needed to realize the full benefits of integrated heat pump systems. Future research will utilize these models to develop advanced controls and optimize system performance for improved energy efficiency and demand flexibility.
Modeling, Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems,↗
Building America Case Study: Side-by-Side Testing of Water Heating Systems: Results from 2013-2014 Evaluation Final Report, Cocoa, FL
The Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC) has completed a fourth year-long evaluation on residential hot water heating systems in a laboratory environment (east central Florida, hot-humid climate). This report contains a summary of research activities regarding the evaluation of two residential electric heat pump water heaters (HPWHs), a solar thermal system utilizing a polymer glazed absorber and a high efficiency natural gas system.
30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗
Fuel Heating System Design and Thermal Modeling for Aviation Combustion Research
Aviation fuels offer substantial heat-sink capability that can be applied to aircraft thermal-management strategies and advanced propulsion-system concepts. Accurate control of fuel temperature is critical for understanding combustion behavior and supporting high temperature fuel experimental studies. This work describes the modeling and experimental validation of a portable, high temperature fuel-conditioning system designed for multiple NASA Glenn Research Center’s combustion facilities. The system utilizes a circulating-oil heating unit and modular tube-in-tube heat exchangers capable of conditioning Jet-A to temperatures approaching 600 K. A Thermal Desktop model was created to analyze heat exchanger configurations and predict performance across a range of operating conditions. Model predictions were compared with measurements collected in the CE-13C test facility, showing good agreement across the tested flow range except at low fuel flow rate around 2 kg/hr. Results provide guidance for sizing future fuel heating system for combustion research applications.
Jet fuel heating system↗
Winter performance of a domestic solar-heating system--Duffield, Virginia
Sunlight supplies 39 percent of heat load, saving 9 barrels of fuel oil in one heating season. Report describes system installation in two-story, single-family residence. Energy is collected with roof-mounted air flat-plate collectors, stored in rock bin, and transferred to water preheat tank whenever system is storing energy; heat pump supplies heat to house.
Source record↗
CO 2 laser heating system for in situ radial x-ray absorption at 16-BM-D at the Advanced Photon Source
Here we present a portable CO 2 laser heating system for in situ x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) studies at 16-BM-D (High Pressure Collaborative Access Team, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory). Back scattering optical measurements are made possible by the implementation of a Ge beamsplitter. Optical pyrometry is conducted in the near-infrared, and our temperature measurements are free of chromatic aberration due to the implementation of the peak-scaling method and mode scrambling of the input signal. Laser power stabilization is established using electronic feedback, providing a steady power over second timescales - crucial for longer XAS collections. Examples of in situ high pressure–temperature extended x-ray absorption fine structure measurements of ZrO 2 are presented to demonstrate this new capability.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
U.S. Geothermal District Heating Systems and Funding Data
This dataset contains detailed information on geothermal district heating (GDH) systems across the United States, including technical specifications, costs, energy usage, and funding sources. Data includes system details such as state, site, location, operational years, temperature, flow rate, capacity, energy use, load factor, costs (original, updated, and operational), funding sources, employment impact, and project status. Additionally included are contributions to GDH systems, including federal, state, and local grants, as well as loans from agencies such as USDA and USDOE. This dataset serves as a resource for analyzing the economic and technical landscape of geothermal district heating in the United States.
15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
Multiplexed logic controls solar-heating system
Four inexpensive thermocouples monitor temperatures at key points. On command from logic circuitry, dampers open and close to direct airflow, and fan and auxiliary heater shut on or off. Controlling complex arranges heating system in any one of four operating configurations.
Currie, J. R.↗
Design data brochure for CSI series V solar heating system
Generalized information on system configuration, system sizing, and mechanical layout is presented to assist the architect or designer in preparing construction drawings and specifications for the installation of the CSI integrated solar heating systems. Efficiency in space utilization of a full length collector and the importance of proper sizing of the collector array are among the topics discussed. Details of storage and transport subsystems are provided along with drawings and specifications of all components of the CSI system.
Source record↗
Carbon footprints of heating oil and LPG heating systems
For European homes without access to the natural gas grid, the main fuels-of-choice for heating are heating oil and LPG. How do the carbon footprints of these compare? Existing literature does not clearly answer this, so the current study was undertaken to fill this gap. Footprints were estimated in seven countries that are representative of the EU and constitute two-thirds of the EU-27 population: Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Poland and the UK. Novelties of the assessment were: systems were defined using the EcoBoiler model; well-to-tank data were updated according to most-recent research; and combustion emission factors were used that were derived from a survey conducted for this study. The key finding is that new residential heating systems fuelled by LPG are 20% lower carbon and 15% lower overall-environmental-impact than those fuelled by heating oil. An unexpected finding was that an LPG system's environmental impact is about the same as that of a bio heating oil system fuelled by 100% rapeseed methyl ester, Europe's predominant biofuel. Moreover, a 20/80 blend (by energy content) with conventional heating oil, a bio-heating-oil system generates a footprint about 15% higher than an LPG system's. The final finding is that fuel switching can pay off in carbon terms. If a new LPG heating system replaces an ageing oil-fired one for the final five years of its service life, the carbon footprint of the system's final five years is reduced by more than 50%.
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
Retrofitting Combined Space and Water Heating Systems: Laboratory Tests
Better insulated and tighter homes can often use a single heating plant for both space and domestic water heating. These systems, called dual integrated appliances (DIA) or combination systems, can operate at high efficiency and eliminate combustion safety issues associated by using a condensing, sealed combustion heating plant. Funds were received to install 400 DIAs in Minnesota low-incomehomes. The NorthernSTAR DIA laboratory was created to identify proper system components, designs, operating parameters, and installation procedures to assure high efficiency of field installed systems. Tests verified that heating loads up to 57,000 Btu/hr can be achieved with acceptable return water temperatures and supply air temperatures.
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
Retrofitting Combined Space and Water Heating Systems: Laboratory Tests
Better insulated and tighter homes can often use a single heating plant for both space and domestic water heating. These systems, called dual integrated appliances (DIA) or combination systems, can operate at high efficiency and eliminate combustion safety issues associated by using a condensing, sealed combustion heating plant. Funds were received to install 400 DIAs in Minnesota low-income homes. The NorthernSTAR DIA laboratory was created to identify proper system components, designs, operating parameters, and installation procedures to assure high efficiency of field installed systems. Tests verified that heating loads up to 57,000 Btu/hr can be achieved with acceptable return water temperatures and supply air temperatures.
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
Expert Meeting: Optimized Heating Systems Using Condensing Boilers and Baseboard Convectors
On August 11, 2011, in Denver, CO, a Building America Expert Meeting was held in conjunction with the Building America Residential Energy Efficiency Technical Update Meeting, to review and discuss results and future plans for research to improve the performance of hydronic heating systems using condensing boilers and baseboard convectors. A meeting objective was to provide an opportunity for other Building America teams and industry experts to provide feedback and specific suggestions for the planned research.
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
Expert Meeting: Optimized Heating Systems Using Condensing Boilers and Baseboard Convectors
On August 11, 2011, in Denver, CO, a Building America Expert Meeting was held in conjunction with the Building America Residential Energy Efficiency Technical Update Meeting, to review and discuss results and future plans for research to improve the performance of hydronic heating systems using condensing boilers and baseboard convectors. A meeting objective was to provide an opportunity for other Building America teams and industry experts to provide feedback and specific suggestions for the planned research.
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DIII-D Electron Cyclotron Heating System Status and Upgrades
The DIII-D Electron Cyclotron Heating (ECH) system consists of six 110 GHz gyrotrons with corrugated coaxial 31.75 mm waveguide transmission lines and steerable launching mirrors. The system has been gradually updated, leading to increased experimental flexibility and a high system reliability of 91% in the past year. Operationally, the gyrotrons can generate up to a total of 4.8 MW of rf power for pulses up to 5 seconds. The maximum ECH energy injected into the DIII-D is 16.6 MJ. The HE1,1 mode content is over 85% for all the lines, and the transmission coefficient is better than -1.1 dB for all the transmission lines, close to the theoretical value. A new depressed collector gyrotron was recently installed and was injecting up to 640 kW of power into the plasma during 2014-2015 tokamak operations. Four dual waveguide launchers, which can steer the RF beams ±20 degrees poloidally and toroidally, are used for real-time neoclassical tearing mode control and suppression. The launchers now have increased poloidal scanning speed and beam positioning accuracy of ~±2 mm at the plasma center. Two more gyrotrons are expected to be installed and operational in 2015- 2016. The first is a repaired 110 GHz, 1 MW gyrotron that had a gun failure after more than 11 years of operation at DIII-D. The second is a newly designed depressed collector tube in the 1.5 MW class, operating at 117.5 GHz, manufactured by Communications and Power Industries (CPI).
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
PID-Regulated Heating System for PIP-II Reference Line
The Proton Improvement Plan 2 (PIP-II) centers on building a new superconducting linear particle accelerator (Linac) at Fermilab. At the heart of the accelerator is the reference line. It is a critical system that defines the ideal path for the beam as it passes through magnets, RF cavities, and other beamline elements. Temperature stability is crucial for the reliable operation of RF components, such as mixers and filters. Fluctuations affect key performance parameters like conversion loss, isolation, and linearity. To mitigate any drift caused by ambient temperature changes, a heating plate assembly is utilized to maintain key components at a controlled temperature of 40 C. Utilizing an actively regulated heating system, a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) based power control circuit which provides input to a controller; forming a closed-loop system that maintains the desired setpoints with high precision.
Mosher, Alexander [U. Illinois, Chicago]↗
Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS), General Electric Phase 1. Volume 3: Energy Conversion subsystems and components. Part 2: Primary heat input systems and heat exchangers
Primary heat input systems and heat exchangers were evaluated for advanced energy conversion systems. Results are presented and discussed.
Corman, J. C.↗
Solar energy heating system design package for a single-family residence at New Castle, Pennsylvania
The design of a solar heating and hot water system for a single family dwelling is described. Cost trade studies on the energy conservation and architectural features of the solar house are discussed. The present status of verification for the single family heating system, i.e., proof that the components and the system meet applicable physical and functional requirements, is reported. The system integration drawings, the major subsystems drawings, and the architect's specifications and plans are included.
Source record↗