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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 109 records · Page 6
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2017

Metal-metal interaction mediates the iron induction of Drosophila MtnB

Metallothionein (MT) protein families are a class of small and universal proteins rich in cysteine residues. They are synthesized in response to heavy metal stresses to sequester the toxic ions by metal-thiolate bridges. Five MT family members, namely MtnA, MtnB, MtnC, MtnD and MtnE, have been discovered and identified in Drosophila. These five isoforms of MTs are regulated by metal responsive transcription factor dMTF-1 and play differentiated but overlapping roles in detoxification of metal ions. Previous researches have shown that Drosophila MtnB responds to copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn). Interestingly in this study we found that Drosophila MtnB expression also responds to elevated iron levels in the diet. Further investigations revealed that MtnB plays limited roles in iron detoxification, and the direct binding of MtnB to ferrous iron in vitro is also weak. The induction of MtnB by iron turns out to be mediated by iron interference of other metals, because EDTA at even a partial concentration of that of iron can suppress this induction. Indeed, in the presence of iron, zinc homeostasis is altered, as reflected by expression changes of zinc transporters dZIP1 and dZnT1. Thus, iron-mediated MtnB induction appears resulting from interrupted homeostasis of other metals such as zinc, which in turns induced MtnB expression. Metal-metal interaction may more widely exist than we expected. - Highlights: • Metallothionein B expression is regulated by iron in Drosophila melanogaster. • MtnB has limited physiological roles in iron detoxification. • Binding affinity of MtnB to iron is weak in vitro. • Induction of Drosophila MtnB by iron is mediated indirectly through metal-metal interaction.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

A Phase 2 Open Label, Single-Arm Trial to Evaluate the Combination of Cetuximab Plus Taxotere, Cisplatin, and 5-Flurouracil as an Induction Regimen in Patients With Unresectable Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck

Purpose: Despite treatment, prognosis of unresectable squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHC) is dismal. Cetuximab therapy has proven to increase the clinical activity of radiation therapy and chemotherapy in patients with locoregional advanced disease with an acceptable toxicity profile. We designed a phase 2 trial to evaluate the efficacy of docetaxel, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil (TPF) plus cetuximab (C-TPF) as an induction regimen in patients with unresectable SCCHN. Methods and Materials: A single-arm phase 2 trial was conducted. Eligible patients included those with untreated unresectable SCCHC, World Health Organization performance status of 0 to 1, 18 to 70 years of age. Treatment consisted of four 21-day cycles of TPF (docetaxel, 75 mg/m{sup 2} day 1; cisplatin, 75 mg/m{sup 2} day 1; 5-fluorouracil [5-FU], 750 mg/m{sup 2} day 1-5) and cetuximab, 250 mg/m{sup 2} weekly (loading dose of 400 mg/m{sup 2}). Prophylactic granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and antibiotic support were given. After induction, sequential accelerated radiation therapy with concomitant boost (69.9 Gy) and weekly cetuximab therapy were delivered in the absence of disease progression. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR) to C-TPF. Results: Fifty patients were enrolled across 8 centers. Median age was 54 years; disease was stage IV; oropharynx and hypopharynx were the most common primary sites. Eighty-two percent received 4 cycles of C-TPF, and 86% started sequential treatment based on radiation therapy and cetuximab. ORR after C-TPF was 86% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 73%-94%) and 24% had complete response (CR). With a median follow-up of 40.7 months, median overall survival (OS) was 40.7 months. The 2-year actuarial locoregional control (LRC) rate was 57%. The most common drug-related grade 3 or 4 toxicities during induction were neutropenia (24%), neutropenic fever (24%), and diarrhea (20%). There were 3 treatment-related deaths (6%). Conclusions: C-TPF yields high ORR and CR as induction treatment in unresectable SCCHN. However, hematologic toxicity is too high to recommend this regimen at the current dose.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Coupled Induction Machine and HVAC Models for Simulating HVAC Performance Considering Grid Dynamics in Buildings

This paper presents the development of novel models that integrate induction machines with HVAC equipment, such as pumps, heat pumps, and chillers, to analyze the impact of electrical parameters on the operational performance of thermo-fluid systems. The proposed model employs a coupling technique that captures the dynamic interactions between induction machines and HVAC systems. By integrating electrical, thermal, and mechanical dynamics, the models provide a comprehensive framework for simulating real-world scenarios, including interactions with the electrical grid. This achievement was made possible through the development of a Computationally Efficient and Accurate Induction Machine (CEAIM) model. Implemented using the equation-based Modelica language, the CEAIM model has been validated against experimental results, manufacturer data sheets, and various operating conditions. Its performance has been compared with existing induction machine models in the Modelica Standard Library (MSL), demonstrating superior accuracy and computational efficiency. The CEAIM model predicts torque, speed, and power consumption with a coefficient of determination (R 2 ) ranging from 0.98 to 1 and a coefficient of variation of root mean square error (CVRMSE) between 0.27% and 6.67%. Additionally, CEAIM scales more efficiently than conventional MSL models, with a slower computational growth rate in large-scale simulations. After thorough validation of the CEAIM model, it was coupled with HVAC equipment as this approach provides a detailed multi-dimensional view of capturing electrical transients and mechanical performance. To support this, a case study was conducted to showcase its capabilities.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2018

Analysis and Experimental Evaluation of Middle-Point Inductance's Effect on Switching Transients for Multiple-Chip Power Module Package

Middle-point inductance L middle can be introduced in multiple-chip power module package designs. In this paper, the effect of middle-point inductance on switching transients is analyzed first using a frequency-domain analysis. Then a dedicated multiple-chip power module is fabricated with the capability of varying L middle , and extensive switching tests are conducted to evaluate the middle-point inductance's impact. Experiment result shows that the active MOSFET's turn-on loss decreases at higher values of L middle , while its turn-off loss increases. Detailed analysis of this loss variation is presented. In addition to the switching loss variation, it is also observed that different peak voltage stresses are imposed on the active switch and antiparallel diode during the switching transients. Specifically, in the case of lower MOSFET's turn-off, the maximum voltage of the lower MOSFET increases as L middle goes up; however, the peak voltage of the antiparallel diode decreases significantly. Furthermore, the induced voltage spikes during upper MOSFET turn-on process is also evaluated, and an opposite trend is observed experimentally. Analysis of the voltage overshoot variation is discussed. Based on the experimental evaluation and analysis, a multiple-chip power module package design guideline is summarized considering the middle-point inductance's effect.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2025

On the Inductance of a Single-Channel Spark-Gap Switch for Pulsed Power Applications

In this paper, we derive an alternative expression for calculating the inductance of a single-channel spark-gap switch. We believe this new inductance expression provides greater clarity compared to other approaches. Interestingly, both the Rosa formula and the coaxial inductance formula, which are commonly used in such calculations, emerge as special cases of our new expression. To validate the proposed formula, we conducted COMSOL simulations that show excellent agreement with our theoretical predictions.

COMSOL↗
DOE OSTI2017

Induction of α6 and β1 integrins by acupuncture stimulation in rats

Acupuncture therapy is performed by applying the needle insertion at discrete cutaneous locations and used for the treatments of diverse symptoms and disorders. In order to elucidate mechanistic basis on how acupuncture stimulation (AS) produces therapeutic effects, it is primarily important to understand tissue responses locally at the acupuncture site (acupoint). Here, we investigated integrin protein as molecular target responding to and integrating AS. Signals of α6 and β1 integrins were clearly induced at zusanli acupoint 24 h after AS in areas of nuclear clusters around the needle track. Induction levels of integrin were largely reduced by needle insertion at non-acupuncture point or without needle rotation. Phospho-Erk1/2 was initially decreased below the basal level after AS but increased 24 h later. Induction pattern of phospho-Erk1/2 was as similar as that of α6 integrin in its selectivity to needling procedure and tissue distribution. We further found that mRNA expression of P2X3 purinergic receptor was upregulated in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) after AS, but decreased by the inhibition of Erk1/2 activity at the acupuncture area. Moreover, AS-mediated integrin activation was required for Erk1/2 activation at the acupuncture site and regulation of pain sensitivity in the hind paw. The present results provide a new evidence on acupuncture-specific tissue response in terms of integrin induction, and further suggest that integrin activation may be involved in transmitting mechanosensory signals from the acupoint to afferent nerve fiber. - Highlights: • We investigated local tissue responses after acupuncture stimulation (AS) in rats. • AS strongly induced α6 and β1 integrins and activated Erk1/2. • Integrin Induction was primarily specific to acupuncture site and needle rotation.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

Long-Term Outcomes Among Patients Who Achieve Complete or Near-Complete Responses After the Induction Phase of Bladder-Preserving Combined-Modality Therapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of NRG Oncology/RTOG 9906 and 0233

Purpose: To investigate the differences in outcomes among patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer on NRG Oncology Radiation Therapy Oncology Group protocols 9906 and 0233 who achieved complete response and near-complete response after induction chemoradiation and then completed bladder-preserving therapy with chemoradiation therapy (chemo-RT) to full dose (60-64 Gy). Patients and Methods: A pooled analysis was performed on 119 eligible patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer enrolled on NRG Oncology Radiation Therapy Oncology Group trials 9906 and 0233, who were classified as having a complete (T0) or near-complete (Ta or Tis) response after induction chemo-RT and completed consolidation with a total RT dose of at least 60 Gy. Bladder recurrence, salvage cystectomy rates, and disease-specific survival were estimated by the cumulative incidence method and bladder-intact and overall survivals by the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: Among the 119 eligible patients, 101 (85%) achieved T0, and 18 (15%) achieved Ta or Tis after induction chemo-RT and proceeded to consolidation. After a median follow-up of 5.9 years, 36 of 101 T0 patients (36%) versus 5 of 18 Ta or Tis patients (28%) experienced bladder recurrence (P=.52). Thirteen patients among complete responders eventually required late salvage cystectomy for tumor recurrence, compared with 1 patient among near-complete responders (P=.63). Disease-specific, bladder-intact, and overall survivals were not significantly different between T0 and Ta/Tis cases. Conclusions: The bladder recurrence and salvage cystectomy rates of the complete and the near-complete responders were similar. Therefore it is reasonable to recommend that patients with Ta or Tis after induction chemo-RT continue with bladder-sparing therapy with consolidation chemo-RT to full dose (60-64 Gy).

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Measured Indoor Nitrogen Oxides in Homes with a Child with Asthma and Gas or Induction Electric Cooking

The Cooking Energy and Ventilation Impacts on Children's Asthma (CEVICA) study is a randomized control trial investigating the effects of replacing gas with induction electric ranges in the homes of children with asthma in California's San Joaquin Valley. Indoor air quality parameters and respiratory health indicators were measured over 2-week intensive at Baseline and after consecutive 3-month study phases, with half getting electric cooking at the start of Phase 1 and others in Phase 2. Indoor air measurements included time-integrated NO 2 and NO X by passive sampler and time-resolved NO 2 by electrochemical sensors. In the first 40 homes, data were collected during 61 intensives for gas cooking and 55 for induction. Cooking was identified using temperature sensors above the cooktop. Pollutant events were identified from sharp rises in concentrations Time integrated NOX species were lower with electric cooking, with mean differences of 14.2 ppb for NO 2 (95% CI: 9.6, 18.7; p < 0.001), 55.6 ppb for NO X (95% CI: 30.4, 80.9; p < 0.001), and 41.5 ppb for derived NO (95% CI: 19.7, 63.2; p < 0.001). A paired, within home analysis showed larger reductions in Group 2 (gas to induction) than Group 1 that remained electric across Phase 1 and Phase 2 for NO 2 (mean difference in As of 10.5 ppb; 95% CI: 5.6, 15.4; p < 0.001), NO X (32.3 ppb; 95% CI: 10.0, 54.5; p=0.007), and derived NO (21.8 ppb; 95% CI: 3.6, 40.0; p=0.022). Compared to electric cooking, gas had much higher rates of associated NO 2 events, and larger above-baseline NO 2 peaks. These preliminary results are consistent with prior findings that shifting to induction cooking can substantially lower indoor NO 2 compared with gas cooking.

Fang, Yi↗
DOE OSTI2016

Optical characteristics for capacitively and inductively radio frequency discharge and post-discharge of helium

The optical properties for radiofrequency (RF) post-discharge of pure helium (He) with two different methods as capacitively and inductively have been presented using the modified Boltzmann method in comparison. Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) is often used in the diagnosis of laboratory plasma, such as gas discharge plasma. OES is a very useful method for calculating of the electron temperature in the plasma and the determination of different atoms and molecules. In this study, OES is applied for characterizations of capacitively and inductively RF He plasma at pressures between 0.62 and 2.2 mbar for newly reactor type. Plasmas are generated with an RF power generator at a frequency of 13.56 MHz and output powers of 100, 160, and 200 W. Spectra have been evaluated in the range 200–1200 nm by an optical spectrometer. At low pressure, the main spectral features reported are the wavelengths of the atomic He transitions at 388.87 and 728.13 nm. The atomic emission intensities showed a maximum in inductive system when the pressure is about 0.62 mbar. OES of capacitive discharge and inductive discharge is compared in detail. The transition for 587.56 nm is shown to be increased in time.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

Optimization of an in Vitro CYP450 Induction Assay Using Cryopreserved Cell Lines

Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are responsible for the majority for Phase I metabolism. Induction occurs when a drug increases the rate of CYP450 enzyme production. As a result, the rates of metabolism of subsequent drugs increase, posing concerns for dosing and safety. To further expand the USAMRICD Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity Center of Excellence (ADMET CoE) profiling capabilities, a CYP450 induction assay is being developed using alternative cell lines to primary human hepatocytes to measure changes in gene expression of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 isoenzymes. Primary human hepatocytes are the gold standard for evaluating P450 induction in vitro ; however, they have inherent limitations such as high costs, fastidious nature, and significant lot‐to‐lot variability. Induction assessments using cryopreserved hepatocytes and two immortalized cell lines, HepaRG and HepatoCells, are being conducted to determine a more robust, cost‐effective alternative model. Each cell line was exposed to the standard inducers rifampicin and omeprazole to assess CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 activity, respectively. Following a 72‐hour incubation period, RNA from the cell cultures was extracted and purified. Fold changes of gene expression were measured using real‐time quantitative PCR (RT‐qPCR). Hepatocytes displayed an average fold change of 92.7 for CYP3A4 and 49.6 for CYP1A2, whereas HepaRG displayed changes of 28.6 and 179.5, respectively. Average values for CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 for HepatoCells were 58.7 and 43.9. Based on the data, HepatoCells most closely mimicked cryopreserved hepatocytes in comparison to HepaRG cells. Additional data on assay parameters and technique optimization will be presented. Support or Funding Information Opinion disclaimer: The views expressed in this abstract are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy of the Department of the Army, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This project was generously supported in part by an appointment to the Postgraduate Research Participation Program at the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education through an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command. Support is also provided by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency – Joint Science and Technology Office, Medical S&T Division. This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal .

Lim, Tae Young↗
DOE OSTI2025

Emergent Inductance from Chiral Orbital Currents in a Bulk Ferrimagnet

Here, we report the discovery of a new form of inductance in the bulk ferrimagnet Mn 3 ⁢Si 2 ⁢Te 6 , which features strong spin-orbit coupling, large magnetic anisotropy, and pronounced magnetoelastic interactions. Below its Curie temperature (𝑇 𝐶 ≈ 78 K), Mn 3 ⁢Si 2 ⁢Te 6 hosts chiral orbital currents (COC) that circulate within the crystal lattice and give rise to collective electronic behavior [Control of chiral orbital currents in a colossal magnetoresistance material, Nature (London) 611, 467 (2022).]. By applying a magnetic field along the hard 𝑐 axis and driving the system with low-frequency currents, we uncover a giant inductive response up to millhenry scale, originating from first-order reconfigurations of COC domains. These domains act as coherent mesoscopic inductive elements that resist reversal upon current reduction, producing a large electromotive force and sharply increasing voltage. This emergent inductance defies classical models, occurs without superconductivity or engineered nanostructures, and opens a new frontier in orbital-based quantum functionality and device concepts.

complex materials↗
DOE OSTI2017

Design of a low parasitic inductance SiC power module with double-sided cooling

In this paper, a low-parasitic inductance SiC power module with double-sided cooling is designed and compared with a baseline double-sided cooled module. With the unique 3D layout utilizing vertical interconnection, the power loop inductance is effectively reduced without sacrificing the thermal performance. Both simulations and experiments are carried out to validate the design. Q3D simulation results show a power loop inductance of 1.63 nH, verified by the experiment, indicating more than 60% reduction of power loop inductance compared with the baseline module. With 0Ω external gate resistance turn-off at 600V, the voltage overshoot is less than 9% of the bus voltage at a load of 44.6A.

Yang, Fei↗
DOE OSTI2021

Impact of the Transformer Magnetizing Inductance on the Performance of the Dual-Active Bridge Converter

The magnetizing inductance of the high-frequency transformer in the dual-active bridge (DAB) converter is usually assumed to be much larger than its leakage inductance, thereby the magnetizing current can be negligible. However, ignoring the magnetizing current will lead to an error in the DAB converter design process. This paper analyzes the operation and performance of the DAB converter for a general case in which the transformer magnetizing inductance is taken into consideration. The analysis shows that the magnetizing inductance impacts the soft-switching region, the power transfer capability, and the leakage inductor current. A simulation case study is provided to verify the analysis. A DAB converter prototype is built to experimentally validate the analysis as well.

Yin, Shiyuan↗
DOE OSTI2024

Stacked-Die SiC Half-Bridge Module with Minimum Loop Inductance

Minimizing parasitic inductance of power modules is needed to advance their electrical performance. Innovation in the past decade has driven down the inductance of SiC half-bridge power modules to around 1–2 nH by using multilayer, embedded, and hybrid structures. Further reduction becomes difficult, mainly limited by the excessive interconnects required for the planar placement of vertical conducting chips. To address this, a vertically stacked-die approach is proposed in this paper, taking advantage of the vertical conducting nature of the SiC chips. With ceramic decoupling capacitors integrated, 0.48 nH overall loop inductance is achieved and validated by experimental measurement. This paper also discusses potential approaches to further reduce the inductance.

Ribeiro, Pedro↗
DOE OSTI2018

Design of Low-Inductance Switching Power Cell for GaN HEMT Based Inverter

Here in this paper, an ultra-low inductance power cell is designed for a three-Level Active Neutral Point Clamped (3LANPC) based on 650 V gallium nitride (GaN) HEMT devices. The 3L-ANPC topology with GaN HEMT devices and the selected modulation scheme suitable for wide-bandgap (WBG) devices are presented. The commutation loops, which mainly contribute to voltage overshoots and increase of switching losses, are discussed. The ultra-low inductance power cell design based on a fourlayer Printed Circuit Board (PCB) with the aim to maximize the switching performance of GaN HEMTs is explained. The design of gate drivers for the GaN HEMT devices is presented. Parasitic inductance and resistance of the proposed design are extracted with finite element analysis and discussed. Common mode behaviours based on the SPICE model of the converter are analyzed. Experimental results on the designed 3L-ANPC with the output power of up to 1 kW are presented, which verifies the performance of the proposed design in terms of ultra-low inductance.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Monolithic mtesla-level magnetic induction by self-rolled-up membrane technology

Monolithic strong magnetic induction at the mtesla to tesla level provides essential functionalities to physical, chemical, and medical systems. Current design options are constrained by existing capabilities in three-dimensional (3D) structure construction, current handling, and magnetic material integration. We report here geometric transformation of large-area and relatively thick (~100 to 250 nm) 2D nanomembranes into multiturn 3D air-core microtubes by a vapor-phase self-rolled-up membrane (S-RuM) nanotechnology, combined with postrolling integration of ferrofluid magnetic materials by capillary force. Hundreds of S-RuM power inductors on sapphire are designed and tested, with maximum operating frequency exceeding 500 MHz. An inductance of 1.24 μH at 10 kHz has been achieved for a single microtube inductor, with corresponding areal and volumetric inductance densities of 3 μH/mm 2 and 23 μH/mm 3 , respectively. The simulated intensity of the magnetic induction reaches tens of mtesla in fabricated devices at 10 MHz.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Developing inductively driven diagnostic X-ray sources to enable transformative radiography and diffraction capabilities on Z

Penetrating X-rays are one of the most effective tools for diagnosing high energy density experiments, whether through radiographic imaging or X-ray diffraction. To expand the X-ray diagnostic capabilities at the 26-MA Z Pulsed Power Facility, we have developed a new diagnostic X-ray source called the inductively driven X-pinch (IDXP). This X-ray source is powered by a miniature transmission line that is inductively coupled to fringe magnetic fields in the final power feed. The transmission line redirects a small amount of Zs magnetic energy into a secondary cavity where 150+ kA of current is delivered to a hybrid X-pinch. In this report, we describe the multi-stage development of the IDXP concept through experiments both on Z and in a surrogate setup on the 1 MA Mykonos facility. Initial short-circuit experiments to verify power ow on Z are followed by short-circuit and X-ray source development experiments on Mykonos. The creation of a radiography-quality X-pinch hot spot is verified through a combination of X-ray diode traces, laser shadowgraphy, and source radiography. The success of the IDXP experiments on Mykonos has resulted in the design and fabrication of an IDXP for an upcoming Z experiment that will be the first-ever X-pinch fielded on Z. We have also pursued the development of two additional technologies. First, the extended convolute post (XCP) has been developed as an alternate method for powering diagnostic X-pinches on Z. This concept, which directly couples the current owing in one of the twelve Z convolute posts to an X-pinch, greatly increases the amount of available current relative to an IDXP (900 kA versus 150 kA). Initial short-circuit XCP experiments have demonstrated the efficacy of power ow in this geometry. The second technology pursued here is the inductively driven transmission line (IDTL) current monitor. These low-current IDTLs seek to measure the current in the final power feed with high fidelity. After three generations of development, IDTL current monitors frequently return cleaner current measurements than the standard B-dot sensors that are fielded on Z. This is especially true on high-inductance experiments where the harshest conditions are created in the nal power feed.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
NASA NTRS1970

Kinetic inductance measured in a superconducting wire

Ultrasensitive technique to measure kinetic inductance has test specimen included as part of the inductance of a tank circuit of a tunnel diode oscillator. Frequency counter measures shift in frequency of oscillator, caused by changes in inductance. Frequency shift in tank circuit is proportional to change in kinetic inductance

Meservey, R. H.↗