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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 109 records · Page 6
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Iso-VIG14.1.0

Soil samples were collected in triplicate in the Fall of 2017 across the three grassland locations having differences in historical annual precipitation (WA-TmG.1.0, KS-TmG.1.0, and IA-TmG.1.0). For each location, one deeply sequenced composite metagenome (> 1 terabase) were screened for viruses,In addition, each of the three field soil samples were individually sequenced to provide three replicate metagenomes (WA-TmG.2.0, KS-TmG.2.0, and IA-TmG.2.0) for statistical comparison in addition to screening for viral soil contigs for assessing the impact of historical annual precipitation.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

CAPE-K_ISO: Water vapor isotopic measurements from Western Tasmania

This dataset provides processed 1-minute water vapor isotope observations from the Water Vapor Isotopic Measurements During CAPE-K project at the Kennaook/Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollution Station in northwestern Tasmania. Measurements were made with a Picarro L-2130 cavity ring-down spectroscopy analyzer during the CAPE-K deployment. The dataset includes water vapor mixing ratio, d18O, dD, deuterium excess, and propagated 1-sigma uncertainties. Isotope ratios are calibrated to the VSMOW/SLAP scale. Calibration intervals, transition periods, and obvious isotope outliers have been removed. The processed record spans 11 June 2024 to 15 October 2025 and is intended for studies of Southern Ocean marine boundary-layer moisture, isotope variability, air-sea exchange, and cloud and precipitation processes.

Water Vapor Isotopic Composition↗
DOE OSTI2021

Flexibility Options: A Proposed ISO Product for Managing Energy Imbalance Risk

As the electricity generated by variable resources grows, system operators and variable resources have to manage challenging imbalances between forward and real-time markets. The Flexibility Auction is a novel approach for managing imbalances as it will allow resources with imbalance risk to hedge their production by buying flexibility options. The flexibility options are offered by grid-connected resources that can provide physical flexibility. This presentation provides an overview of the participants in the auction, the definition of flexibility options, and settlements.

27 ARPA - Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy↗
DOE OSTI2024

NREL's Facilities are ISO 17025 Accredited!

This fact sheet covers what accredited testing is. It highlights the value add of accredited testing. It also describes the types of testing NREL is accredited for in marine energy.

accredited testing↗
DOE OSTI2025

Direct observation of key aluminum hydroxide prenucleation oligomers for gibbsite nucleation and crystallization in sodium aluminate solution by liquid ToF-SIMS

The mechanism of gibbsite (aluminum hydroxide) crystallization from highly alkaline solutions such as Bayer liquors remains poorly understood, where aluminum (Al) transforms from largely tetrahedrally coordinated aluminate monomers in sodium aluminate solutions into a network of octahedra in gibbsite crystals. A variety of traditional analytical approaches applied to this system do not readily reveal the presence of higher-order oligomeric intermediates. To overcome this limitation, we employed in-situ liquid Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) to examine the Al species present in concentrated sodium aluminate solutions favoring crystallization of gibbsite or sodium aluminate. A complex mixture of Al oligomers was found. By comparing the change in the relative concentration of Al oligomers with +1 and -1 charge, we were able to identify three major Al oligomer candidates, iso-tetramers, iso-pentamers, and cyclic-hexamers, for the nucleation and crystallization of gibbsite. The concentrations of iso-tetramers and iso-pentamers significantly surpass those of cyclic-hexamers. Time-dependent in-situ Raman spectroscopy analysis indicated that the appearance of gibbsite coincided with the peak concentration of these oligomers. The Density-functional theory (DFT) calculation suggests that the formation of iso-oligomers is more favorable than that of cyclic-hexamers. The combined results suggest that iso-tetramers and iso-pentamers play the most substantial role in the nucleation and growth of gibbsite in the sodium aluminate solutions. Our findings also suggest that the oligomers that promote gibbsite crystallization are more stable in dilute sodium aluminate solutions, making these solutions particularly suitable for efficient gibbsite crystallization. In conclusion, our study fills a major knowledge gap in understanding Al speciation that leads to the nucleation and crystallization of gibbsite in concentrated sodium aluminate solutions.

Bayer liquor↗
DOE OSTI2020

An Experimental and Theoretical Study of the High Temperature Reactions of the Four Butyl Radical Isomers

The high temperature gas phase chemistry of the four butyl radical isomers (n-butyl,sec-butyl, iso-butyl, andtert-butyl) was investigated in a combined experimental and theoretical study. Organic nitrites were used as convenient and clean sources of each of the butyl radical isomers. Rate coefficients for dissociation of each nitrite were obtained experimentally and are at, or close to, the high pressure limit. Low pressure experiments were performed in a diaphragmless shock tube with laser schlieren densitometry at post-shock pressures of 65, 130, and 260 Torr and post-shock temperatures of 700-1000 K. Additional experiments were conducted with iso-butyl radicals at 805 K and 8.7 bar to elucidate changes in mechanism at higher pressures. These experiments were performed in a miniature shock tube with synchrotron-based photoionization mass spectrometry. The mass spectra confirmed that scission of the O-NO bond is the primary channel by which the precursors dissociate, but they also provided evidence of a minor channel (<7.7%) through HNO loss and formation of an aldehyde. These high pressure experiments were also used to determine the disproportionation/recombination ratio for iso-butyl radicals as 0.3. Reanalysis of the lower-temperature literature and the present data yielded rate constants for the disproportionation reaction, iso-butyl + iso-butyl = iso-butene + iso-butane. A chemical kinetics model was developed for the reactions of the butyl isomers that included new paths for highly energized adducts. These adducts are formed by the addition of H, CH 3 or C 2 H 5 to the butyl radicals. Accompanying theoretical investigations show that chemically activated pathways are competitive with stabilization of the adduct by collision under the conditions of the laser schlieren experiments. These calculations also show that at 10 bar and T< 1000 K stabilization is the only important reaction, but at higher temperatures, even at 10 bar, chemically activated product channels should also be considered. Branching fractions and rate coefficients are presented for these reactions. Furthermore, this study also highlights the importance of the radical structure for determining branching ratios for disproportionation and recombination of alkyl radicals, and these were facilitated by theoretical calculations of recombination rate coefficients for the four butyl radical isomers. Overall, the results reveal previously unknown features of butyl radical chemistry under conditions that are relevant to a wide range of applications and reaction mechanisms are presented that incorporate pressure dependent rate coefficients for the key steps.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Variability in Wind Energy Generation across the Contiguous United States

ERA5 provides high-resolution, high-quality hourly wind speeds at 100 m and is a unique resource for quantifying temporal variability in likely wind-derived power production across the United States. Gross capacity factors (CF) in seven independent system operators (ISOs) are estimated using the location and rated power of each wind turbine, a simplified power curve, and ERA5 output from 1979 to 2018. Excluding the California ISO, the marginal probability of a calm (zero power production) is less than 0.1 in any ERA5 grid cell. When a calm occurs, the mean co-occurrence across wind-turbine-containing grid cells ranges from 0.38 to 0.39 for ISOs in the Midwest and central plains [Midcontinent (or Midwest) ISO (MISO), Southwest Power Pool (SPP), and the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) region], increasing to 0.54–0.58 for ISOs in the eastern United States [Pennsylvania–New Jersey–Maryland interconnection (PJM), New York ISO (NYISO), and New England ISO (NEISO)]. Periods with low gross CF have a median duration of ≤6 h, except in California, and are most likely during summer. Additionally, gross CF exhibit highest variance at periods of 1 day in ERCOT and SPP; on synoptic scales in MISO, NEISO, and NYISO; and on interannual time scales in PJM. This implies differences in optimal strategies for ensuring resilience of supply. Theoretical scenarios show adding wind energy capacity near existing wind farms is advantageous even in areas with high existing installed capacity (IC), while expanding into areas with lower IC is more beneficial to reducing ramps and the probability of gross CF falling below 20%. These results emphasize the benefits of large balancing areas and aggregation in reducing wind power variability and the likelihood of wind droughts.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Experiments and Simulations of Droplet Burning of Isobutanol Mixed with a Tier II Gasoline Certification Fuel and its Surrogate, Paper Number: SHTC2023-115267

This study presents an experimental and numerical results of combustion dynamics of a Tier II certification fuel/iso-butanol mixtures and its surrogate(S5)/iso-butanol mixtures. The experiments were carried out where gas transport was determined entirely by fuel evaporation to promote spherical symmetry during the burning process. The droplet initial diameters were in the range 0.55 mm to 0.62 mm. The combustion characteristics such as droplet diameters, flame standoff ratios and soot shell standoff ratios of indolene/iso-butanol mixtures are compared with S5/iso-butanol mixtures and the implications of iso-butanol addition to indolene and S5 on combustion are discussed. The presence of iso-butanol is experimentally found to reduce the formation of soot as the iso-butanol concentration was increased and the iso-butanol addition insignificantly influence the burning rate. Simulations were carried out with the detailed kinetic chemistry (324 species and 17608 reactions) from POLIMI. The detailed numerical model included unsteady gas and liquid transport, soot chemistry and radiative transport. The impact of iso-butanol on the burning rate, flame structure and soot formation are presented. Droplet burn rates were well predicted while flame diameters showed more variability depending on how the flame was defined in the numerical simulation (peak gas temperature and OH concentration). Simulations also show the influence of iso-butanol concentration on flame temperature, greenhouse gas emissions and soot formations.

Guo, Songtao↗
DOE OSTI2020

Asset Management: Beyond 2020

This Asset Management Beyond 2020 document provides: (1) an introduction to asset management (AM) and an asset management system (AMS), along with insights to next steps, (2) an overview of the International Standards Organization (ISO) 55000 series documents, (3) an overview of the ISO 55001 gap analysis of Center 4700/4800 ("Facilities") organizations at Sandia National Laboratories, hereafter referred to as Sandia, with observations, gaps, and gap closure recommendations, and (4) an asset management architecture (AMA) recommendation aligned with the ISO 55001. The AMS and the AM are different but related. ISO 55000 cites AMS as "a management system for AM" to "direct, coordinate, and control AM activities." ISO 55000 cites AM as translating "the organizational objectives into technical and financial decisions, plans and activities."1 Essentially, the AMS begins with all levels of leadership to enable a structured and consistent approach to AM culminating in lifecycle asset management excellence.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Queued Up: Characteristics of Power Plants Seeking Transmission Interconnection As of the End of 2020

Proposed large-scale electric generation and storage projects must apply for interconnection to the bulk power system via interconnection queues. While many projects that apply for interconnection are not subsequently built, data from these queues nonetheless provide a general indicator for mid-term trends in developer interest. Berkeley Lab compiled and analyzed data from all seven ISOs/RTOs in concert with 35 non-ISO utilities, representing an estimated 85% of all U.S. electricity load. We include all "active" projects in these generation interconnection queues through the end of 2020, as well as data on "completed" and "withdrawn" projects for five of the ISOs (CAISO, ISO-NE, MISO, NYISO, PJM). We find that the total capacity active in the queues is growing year-over-year, with over 750 GW of generation and an estimated 200 GW of storage capacity as of the end of 2020. Solar (462 GW) accounts for a large – and growing – share of generator capacity in the queues. Substantial wind (209 GW) capacity is also in development, 29% of which is for offshore projects (61 GW). In total, about 680 GW of zero-carbon capacity is currently seeking transmission access, as is 74 GW of natural gas capacity. Hybrids now comprise a large – and increasing – share of proposed projects, particularly in CAISO and the non-ISO West. 159 GW of solar hybrids (primarily solar+battery) and 13 GW of wind hybrids are currently active in the queues. However, much of this proposed capacity will not ultimately be built. Among a subset of queues for which data are available, only 24% of the projects seeking connection from 2000 to 2015 have subsequently been built. Completion percentages appear to be declining, and are even lower for wind and solar than other resources. Additionally, wait times are on the rise: in four ISOs, the typical duration from connection request to commercial operation increased from ~1.9 years for projects built in 2000-2009 to ~3.5 years for those built in 2010-2020. There are growing calls for queue reform to reduce cost, lead times, and speculation.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2022

A 100+ RON Gasoline Blendstock for High Efficiency, Low Emission Vehicles Engines - CRADA 493 (Final Report)

This study aimed at demonstrating production of a 100+RON gasoline fraction from a linear olefins feedstock to help improve further the viability and flexibility of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory/ LanzaTech alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) patented process that converts ethanol from LanzaTech’s syngas fermentation process to low aromatic jet-range iso-paraffins. To achieve a high RON gasoline and ultimately a 100+RON, the technical approach consisted of converting the linear olefins into an iso-olefins rich mixture and then oligomerizing the iso-olefins rich mixture into high RON compounds in a single bed loaded with an acid catalyst that allows conversion at low reaction temperature. Three families of acid catalysts labeled as type A, B and C were investigated for the single-bed conversion of linear olefins into high RON gasoline range compounds. The effects of the nature of the catalyst, acid sites concentration and operating conditions were investigated. Fuel properties measurements and engine testing were conducted for the most promising catalyst. For type A catalysts, we demonstrated that the conversion increases with the increase of the Brönsted acid site concentration and that lower reaction temperature favors the formation of desired highly branched compounds. The highest dRON obtained with type A catalyst was equal to 94 (from NMR and IQT). Type B catalysts appear very effective for producing dimethyl-olefins compounds when operating at low reaction temperature (i.e., < 100°C). The highest dRON obtained with type B catalyst was equal to 92. The results suggest that type B catalysts are less favorable to internal conversion of linear olefins into iso-olefins compared to type A catalysts which leads to the formation of a gasoline blendstock with a lower dRON. A Type C catalyst that is less commonly used for production of gasoline range compounds from linear olefins was investigated due to its ability to favor conversion of linear olefins into iso-olefins. Compared to type A and type B catalyst, type C favors the formation of highly branched compounds (i.e., with 3+ methyl groups) in the gasoline range. Indeed, a gasoline blendstock containing about 33 wt.% of highly branched compounds was produced with type C catalyst while maintaining a high linear olefins conversion (i.e., 70%). A large quantity of this gasoline blendstock was produced and fuel properties measurements including engine testing for Research Octane Number (RON), Motor Octane Number (MON) and octane sensitivity (S) were conducted. A high RON = 97, MON = 82.7, S =14.3, AKI = 90 and HoV = 334.1kJ/kg were measured. While a RON of 100 was not achieved, the fuel properties of the gasoline blendstock are very acceptable as compared to current premium gasoline. Overall, these results highlight the potential for producing a high RON/ premium gasoline blendstock starting from a linear olefins feedstock.

02 PETROLEUM↗