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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 109 records · Page 6
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

Resonance Raman mapping as a tool to monitor and manipulate Si nanocrystals in Si-SiO{sub 2} nanocomposite

Specially designed laser heating experiment along with Raman mapping on Si-SiO{sub 2} nanocomposites elucidates the contribution of core and surface/interface in the intermediate frequency range (511–514 cm{sup −1}) Si phonons. The contribution of core to surface/interface increases with the size of Si nanocrystal, which itself increases on laser irradiation. Further, it is found that resonance Raman is crucial to the observance of surface/interface phonons and wavelength dependent Raman mapping can be corroborated with band edges observed in absorption spectra. This understanding can be gainfully used to manipulate and characterize Si-SiO{sub 2} nanocomposite, simultaneously for photovoltaic device applications.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Time differentiated nuclear resonance spectroscopy coupled with pulsed laser heating in diamond anvil cells

Developments in pulsed laser heating applied to nuclear resonance techniques are presented together with their applications to studies of geophysically relevant materials. Continuous laser heating in diamond anvil cells is a widely used method to generate extreme temperatures at static high pressure conditions in order to study the structure and properties of materials found in deep planetary interiors. The pulsed laser heating technique has advantages over continuous heating, including prevention of the spreading of heated sample and/or the pressure medium and, thus, a better stability of the heating process. Time differentiated data acquisition coupled with pulsed laser heating in diamond anvil cells was successfully tested at the Nuclear Resonance beamline (ID18) of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. We show examples applying the method to investigation of an assemblage containing ε-Fe, FeO, and Fe{sub 3}C using synchrotron Mössbauer source spectroscopy, FeCO{sub 3} using nuclear inelastic scattering, and Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} using nuclear forward scattering. These examples demonstrate the applicability of pulsed laser heating in diamond anvil cells to spectroscopic techniques with long data acquisition times, because it enables stable pulsed heating with data collection at specific time intervals that are synchronized with laser pulses.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2015

The dynamics of Al/Pt reactive multilayer ignition via pulsed-laser irradiation

Reactive multilayers consisting of alternating layers of Al and Pt were irradiated by single laser pulses ranging from 100 μs to 100 ms in duration, resulting in the initiation of rapid, self-propagating reactions. The threshold intensities for ignition vary with the focused laser beam diameter, bilayer thickness, and pulse length and are affected by solid state reactions and conduction of heat away from the irradiated regions. High-speed photography was used to observe ignition dynamics during irradiation and elucidate the effects of heat transfer into a multilayer foil. For an increasing laser pulse length, the ignition process transitioned from a more uniform to a less uniform temperature profile within the laser-heated zone. A more uniform temperature profile is attributed to rapid heating rates and heat localization for shorter laser pulses, and a less uniform temperature profile is due to slower heating of reactants and conduction during irradiation by longer laser pulses. Finite element simulations of laser heating using measured threshold intensities indicate that micron-scale ignition of Al/Pt occurs at low temperatures, below the melting point of both reactants.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Laser imprint reduction for the critical-density foam buffered target driven by a relatively strong foot pulse at early stage of laser implosions

In order to reduce the effect of laser imprint in direct-drive ignition scheme a low-density foam buffered target has been proposed. This target is driven by a laser pulse with a low-intensity foot at the early stage of implosion, which heats the foam and elongates the thermal conduction zone between the laser absorption region and ablation front, increasing the thermal smoothing effect. In this paper, a relatively strong foot pulse is adopted to irradiate the critical-density foam buffered target. The stronger foot, near 1 × 10{sup 14 }W/cm{sup 2}, is able to drive a radiative shock in the low-density foam, which helps smooth the shock and further reduce the effect of laser imprint. The radiative shock also forms a double ablation front structure between the two ablation fronts to further stabilize the hydrodynamics, achieving the similar results to a target with a high-Z dopant in the ablator. 2D analysis shows that for the critical-density foam buffered target irradiated by the strong foot pulse, the laser imprint can be reduced due to the radiative shock in the foam and an increased thermal smoothing effect. It seems viable for the critical-density foam buffered target to be driven by a relatively strong foot pulse with the goal of reducing the laser imprint and achieving better implosion symmetry in the direct-drive laser fusion.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2012

Evolution of the distribution function of Au nanoparticles in a liquid under the action of laser radiation

Fragmentation of nanoparticles in a liquid under the action of pulsed laser heating is studied theoretically and experimentally. Fragmentation is simulated by solving the kinetic equation for the nanoparticles size distribution function, taking into account the temperature dependence of the thermophysical parameters of the medium. It is shown that fragmentation occurs after separation of smaller fragments from a molten nanoparticle. The simulation results are in good agreement with experimental data obtained in the fragmentation of gold nanoparticles irradiated in water by a copper vapour laser with a peak radiation intensity of about 10{sup 6} W cm{sup -2}.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2012

Photothermal effects induced by laser heating of gold nanorods in suspensions and inoculated tumours during in vivo experiments

Photothermal effects are studied under laser irradiation of aqueous suspensions of gold nanorods (in vitro experiments) and mice-inoculated Erlich carcinoma after intravenous injection of gold nanorods with the size 40 Multiplication-Sign 10 nm and plasmon resonance at the wavelength 810 nm (in vivo experiment). In 24 hours after the injection the polyethylene-glycol-coated nanoparticles accumulated in the tumour with the concentration three - four times greater than in healthy muscle tissue. At concentrations, attained as a result of passive accumulation of nanoparticles in the tumour (4 {mu}g per 1 g of tumour), the efficiency of the tumour heating was higher than that in aqueous solutions having the same concentration of nanoparticles. Various mechanisms of this effect are discussed including the difference in thermal physical parameters of water and biotissue, the aggregation of nanoparticles in tissues, the influence of multiple scattering in biotissue, and the nonuniform accumulation of particles in the tumour. Using the Monte Carlo method for simulating multiple scattering of light, it is shown that there are such proportions between the biotissue scattering coefficient and the absorption coefficient of nanoparticles, at which the fraction of absorbed photons in the tissue is higher than that in a transparent medium containing the same nanoparticles. The conclusion is made that the regime of hyperthermia is less efficient for antineoplastic therapy than the thermal damage due to fast short-time heating of the tissues up to the destruction temperature.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2013

Determination of local concentration of H{sub 2}O molecules and gas temperature in the process of hydrogen - oxygen gas mixture heating by means of linear and nonlinear laser spectroscopy

Employing the methods of linear absorption spectroscopy and nonlinear four-wave mixing spectroscopy using laserinduced gratings we have simultaneously measured the local concentrations of H{sub 2}O molecules and the gas temperature in the process of the H{sub 2} - O{sub 2} mixture heating. During the measurements of the deactivation rates of pulsed-laser excited singlet oxygen O{sub 2} (b {sup 1}{Sigma}{sup +}{sub g}) in collisions with H{sub 2} in the range 294 - 850 K, the joint use of the two methods made it possible to determine the degree of hydrogen oxidation at a given temperature. As the mixture is heated, H{sub 2}O molecules are formed by 'dark' reactions of H{sub 2} with O{sub 2} in the ground state. The experiments have shown that the measurements of tunable diode laser radiation absorption along an optical path through the inhomogeneously heated gas mixture in a cell allows high-accuracy determination of the local H{sub 2}O concentration in the O{sub 2} laser excitation volume, if the gas temperature in this volume is known. When studying the collisional deactivation of O{sub 2} (b {sup 1}{Sigma}{sup +}{sub g}) molecules, the necessary measurements of the local temperature can be implemented using laser-induced gratings, arising due to spatially periodic excitation of O{sub 2} (X{sup 3}{Sigma}{sup -}{sub g}) molecules to the b {sup 1}{Sigma}{sup +}{sub g} state by radiation of the pump laser of the four-wave mixing spectrometer. (laser spectroscopy)

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2013

Selective emission and luminescence of Er{sub 2}O{sub 3} under intense laser excitation

The microstructure of Er{sub 2}O{sub 3} polycrystals synthesised by laser heating is studied. The synthesis of erbium silicate (Er{sub 2}SiO{sub 5}) layers was observed upon interaction of Er{sub 2}O{sub 3} and SiO{sub 2} melts. The dependences of the selective emission (SE) and luminescence spectra of Er{sub 2}O{sub 3} polycrystals in the range 200 – 1700 nm on the intensity of laser-thermal (at the wavelength λ = 10.6 μm) and resonant laser (λ ≈ 975 nm) excitation are investigated. The emission of heated Er{sub 2}O{sub 3} polycrystals arises as a result of multiphonon relaxation of absorbed energy and is a superposition of the SE at the electronic-vibrational transitions of Er{sup 3+} ions and the thermal radiation of the crystal lattice. The shape of the SE spectra of Er{sub 2}O{sub 3} polycrystals in the range 400 – 1700 nm almost does not change upon laser-thermal heating from 300 to 1500 K and subsequent cooling and corresponds to the absorption spectra of Er{sup 3+} ions. With increasing temperature, the thermal radiation intensity increases faster than the SE intensity, and the shape of the Er{sub 2}O{sub 3} spectrum becomes closer to the calculated spectrum of a blackbody. The anti-Stokes luminescence spectra of Er{sup 3+} ions formed under intense laser excitation of the {sup 4}I{sub 11/2} level are explained by additional SE caused by heating of the crystal matrix due to the Stokes losses. A difference between the SE and luminescence spectra is observed at low intensities of resonant laser excitation and low temperatures, when only the Stokes luminescence occurs. The temperature dependences of the SE and luminescence spectra of Er{sub 2}O{sub 3} upon laser excitation testify to the fundamental role played by the interaction of the electronic f-shell of Er{sup 3+} ions with crystal lattice vibrations in the processes of multiphonon radiative and nonradiative relaxation. The laser-thermal synthesis is promising for inprocess variation of the chemical composition of rare-earth samples. (interaction of laser radiation with matter)

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Laser ablation of carbon targets placed in a liquid

We report experimental results on laser formation of carbon nanostructures produced during irradiation of a target placed in water. We have performed comparative experiments on laser heating of carbon targets by millisecond and femtosecond laser pulses. It is shown that under different conditions of laser irradiation of targets made of schungite, glassy carbon and pyrolytic graphite, different morphological types of micro- and nanostructured carbon are formed. (interaction of laser radiation with matter)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Surface-selective laser sintering of thermolabile polymer particles using water as heating sensitizer

We report the implementation of a novel scheme for surface-selective laser sintering (SSLS) of polymer particles, based on using water as a sensitizer of laser heating and sintering of particles as well as laser radiation at a wavelength of 1.94 μm, corresponding to the strong absorption band of water. A method of sintering powders of poly(lactide-co-glycolide), a hydrophobic bioresorbable polymer, after modifying its surface with an aqueous solution of hyaluronic acid is developed. The sintering thresholds for wetted polymer are by 3 – 4 times lower than those for sintering in air. The presence of water restricts the temperature of the heated polymer, preventing its thermal destruction. Polymer matrices with a developed porous structure are obtained. The proposed SSLS method can be applied to produce bioresorbable polymer matrices for tissue engineering. (interaction of laser radiation with matter. laser plasma)

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2016

Experimental and theoretical study of the heating dynamics of carbon-containing optothermal fibre converters for laser surgery

We have studied carbon-containing optothermal fibre converters (COTFCs) that are located on the distal end of a quartz – quartz optical fibre for delivering laser radiation in medical laser surgery systems and differ in the thickness and structure of the layer of a material converting laser radiation into heat. The heating dynamics of 'thin-film' and '3D' converters have been investigated at average incident 980-nm semiconductor laser beam powers of 0.3, 1.0 and 4.0 W, with the converters placed freely in air. The results demonstrate that, before the instant of disintegration, the efficiency of laser heating of the converter surface can reach 3000 °C W{sup -1} for thin-film converters, 1000 °C W{sup -1} for spherical 3D converters and 55 °C W{sup -1} for planar 3D converters. The thin-film converter breaks down at an average laser beam power as low as 0.30 ± 0.05 W, which is accompanied by a considerable reduction in heating efficiency and is caused by the disintegration of the carbon film on its surface. The spherical 3D converter breaks down at an average power of 4.0 ± 0.1 W, as a result of the disintegration of the carbon film on its surface and partial melting of a modified layer containing microbubbles. The carbon film on the surface of the planar 3D converter also disintegrates at an average power of 4.0 ± 0.1 W, but the structure of the modified layer remains unchanged. We have constructed structural and optophysical models of the converters by simulating light absorption in carbon films on the surface of the COTFC and inside the microbubbles present in the modified layer of the converters. The proposed models of the COTFCs have been shown to adequately describe real converters. (laser biophotonics)

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2017

Laser-induced boiling of biological liquids in medical technologies

Using optical and acoustic methods we study thermal and transport processes related to the boiling of biological liquids under the action of continuous-wave laser radiation having moderate power (1 – 10 W) in the near-IR range (0.97 – 1.94 μm). These processes are investigated in the course of a few particular clinical procedures aimed at the modification and removal of pathological tissues (veins, mammary gland cyst, Baker’s cyst) and tissue regeneration (intervertebral discs). In the proposed approach, the modification and destruction of biotissues are due to the fast delivery of heat by two-phase jet flows, formed in the course of liquid boiling, rather than the direct laser heating. This provides the high rate of heat delivery to the pathological biotissue, avoiding its overheating (the temperature higher than 100 °C) and undesired heating of adjacent tissues. Two main regimes of laser-induced boiling near the optical fibre tip were revealed, namely, the heterogeneous jet boiling (arising when the fibre with a blackened tip is used) and the homogeneous boiling (with the radiation absorbed in the liquid volume). Both studied regimes allow one to obtain high specific heat flows, and the domination of one of the boiling regimes is determined by the presence of absorbing coating on the fibre tip, the tissue type, as well as by its shape (e.g., the presence of channels or cavities in the tissue). It is established that the heterogeneous jet boiling at the fibre tip corresponds to the regime of superintensive bubble boiling. (paper)

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2017

Laser heating dynamics and glow spectra of carbon-, titanium- and erbium-containing optothermal fibre converters for laser medicine

Titanium- and erbium-containing optothermal fibre converters of laser radiation mounted at the distal end of quartz – quartz optical fibre are discussed for the first time. Technology of fabricating such converters is described. Carbon-containing converters are also considered. The laser heating dynamics of the converters and the glow spectra are studied by irradiating converters of each type by a 980 ± 10 nm semiconductor laser with an average power up to 4 W. It is shown that alongside with broadband thermal radiation accompanying the laser heating of all three types of converters in the temperature range 600 – 1100 °C, only in the spectrum of the erbium-containing converter the intense bands with the maxima at wavelengths 493, 523, 544, 660, and 798 nm, corresponding to the erbium radiative transitions {sup 4}F{sub 7/2} → {sup 4}I{sub 15/2}, {sup 2}H{sub 11/2} → {sup 4}I{sub 15/2}, {sup 4}S{sub 3/2} → {sup 4}I{sub 15/2}, {sup 4}F{sub 9/2} → {sup 4}I{sub 15/2} and {sup 4}I{sub 9/2} → {sup 4}I{sub 15/2}, respectively, are present. Such converters can be used in laser medicine for tissue surgery as well as in procedures combining laser, thermal, biostimulation or photodynamic action.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2012

Time-Resolved Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction on Pulse Laser Heated Iron in Diamond Anvil Cell

We present time-resolved synchrotron x-ray diffraction to probe the {epsilon}-{delta} phase transition of iron during pulse-laser heating in a diamond anvil cell. The system utilizes a monochromatic synchrotron x-ray beam, a two-dimensional pixel array x-ray detector and a dual beam, double side laser-heating system. Multiple frames of the diffraction images are obtained in real-time every 22 ms over 500 ms of the entire pulse heating period. The results show the structural evolution of iron phases at 17 GPa, resulting in thermal expansion coefficient 1/V({Delta}V/{Delta}T){sub p} = 7.1 x 10{sup -6}/K for {epsilon}-Fe and 2.4 x 10{sup -5}/K for {gamma}-Fe, as well as the evidence for metastability of {gamma}-Fe at low temperatures below the {epsilon}-{gamma} phase boundary.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

In situ laser processing in a scanning electron microscope

Laser delivery probes using multimode fiber optic delivery and bulk focusing optics have been constructed and used for performing materials processing experiments within scanning electron microscope/focused ion beam instruments. Controlling the current driving a 915-nm semiconductor diode laser module enables continuous or pulsed operation down to sub-microsecond durations, and with spot sizes on the order of 50 {mu}m diameter, achieving irradiances at a sample surface exceeding 1 MW/cm{sup 2}. Localized laser heating has been used to demonstrate laser chemical vapor deposition of Pt, surface melting of silicon, enhanced purity, and resistivity via laser annealing of Au deposits formed by electron beam induced deposition, and in situ secondary electron imaging of laser induced dewetting of Au metal films on SiO{sub x}.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2011

Interferometric measurement of laser heating in praseodymium-doped YAG crystal

Temperature measurement is required for many applications but can be difficult in some cases. Laser heating or cooling studies demand accurate measurements of temperature changes. A Michelson interferometer configuration has been used to investigate laser heating in solids. An analytical formula was derived to estimate the temperature change from the fringe count by taking into account the temperature dependence of the sample length and refractive index. When 115 mW of a focused Ar{sup +} laser beam (488 nm) passes through a Pr{sup 3+}-doped YAG sample, its temperature increased by 11.7{+-}1.0 K along the beam path due to nonradiative relaxation. The power dependence of the fringe count/movement was recorded. The temperature change was estimated by the interferometric method and is in agreement with that measured by a thermocouple.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Some Thoughts on the Role of non-LTE Physics in ICF

An effort to develop sub-critical-density high-Z metal-doped and pure metal foams as laser-driven x-ray sources is described. The main idea is that the laser beams preferentially heat the electrons, and if the plasma is sufficiently low density so that the heating rate is greater than the equilibration rate via electron-ion collisions, then the electron temperature in the plasma is much greater than the ion temperature as long as the laser is on. In such a situation the plasma is not in local thermal equilibrium (LTE), it heats supersonically and volumetrically, and the conversion efficiency of laser beam energy to multi-keV L-shell and K-shell radiation is much higher than what it would be in LTE plasma.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗