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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 109 records · Page 6
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Characterization of Levan Fructan Produced by a Gluconobacter japonicus Strain Isolated from a Sugarcane Processing Facility

During raw sugarcane processing, a significant portion of lost sucrose is attributable to microbial degradation. Sucrose consumption by many bacteria is also linked to the production of exopolysaccharides (EPS) such as dextrans and fructans. These resulting EPS cause operational challenges during raw sugar manufacturing. Here, we report the characterization of EPS from a fructan-forming Gluconobacter japonicus bacterium that we previously isolated from a Louisiana sugarcane factory. The genome sequencing revealed the presence of two encoded levansucrase genes, lsrA and lsrB. One levansucrase, LsrB, was detected in the secreted protein fraction of G. japonicus LASM12 by QTOF LC-MS. The spotting assays indicated that G. japonicus produces EPS using sucrose and raffinose as substrates. The G. japonicus EPS correlated with levan fructan commercial standards by 1H-NMR, and with the characteristic carbohydrate fingerprint region for FTIR spectra, confirming that the G. japonicus EPS is levan fructan. The glycosyl composition and glycosyl linkage analysis revealed a linear β-2,6-fructofuranosyl polysaccharide with occasional (5.7%) β-2,1-fructofuranosyl branches. The gel permeation chromatography of the levan fructan EPS showed two main peaks at 4.5 kDa and 8 kDa and a very minor peak at 500 kDa. G. japonicus was identified as a producer of levan fructan. These findings will be useful for future studies aimed at evaluating the impact of levan fructans on sugar crop processing, which have been historically underestimated in industry.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Isolation of Histone from Sorghum Leaf Tissue for Top Down Mass Spectrometry Profiling of Potential Epigenetic Markers

Histones belong to a family of highly conserved proteins in eukaryotes. They pack DNA into nucleosomes as functional units of chromatin. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histones, which are highly dynamic and can be added or removed by enzymes, play critical roles in regulating gene expression. In plants, epigenetic factors including histone PTMs are related to their adaptive responses to the environment. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of epigenetic control can bring unprecedented opportunities for engineering solutions to increase the resilience of crops to climate change. Herein, we describe a protocol to isolate the nuclei and purify histones from sorghum leaf tissue. The extracted histones can be analyzed as their intact forms by top-down mass spectrometry (MS) coupled to online reversed-phase (RP) liquid chromatography (LC). Combinations and stoichiometry of multiple PTMs on the same histone proteoform can be readily identified. In addition, histone tail clipping can be detected using the top-down LC-MS workflow thus yielding the global PTM profile of core histones (H4, H2A, H2B, H3). By comparing the PTM profile among samples corresponding to different conditions (e.g. drought vs. control), potential epigenetic marks can be discovered as targets for further characterization using approaches such as chromatin immunoprecipitation – sequencing (ChIP-seq).

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Meta-analysis of peptides to detect protein significance

Shotgun assays are widely used in biotechnologies to char- acterize large molecules, which are hard to be measured as a whole directly. For instance, in Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) shotgun experiments, proteins in biological samples are digested into peptides, and then peptides are separated and measured. However, in proteomics study, investigators are usually interested in the performance of the whole proteins instead of those peptide fragments. In light of meta-analysis, we propose an adaptive thresholding method to select informative peptides, and combine peptide-level models to protein-level analysis. Overall, the meta-analysis procedure and modeling rationale can be adapted to data analysis of other types of shotgun assays.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

1000 Soils Pilot Dataset, version 8, May 2025

This record hosts data generated by the 1000 Soils Pilot. Data will be updated as more become available. Please see the most recent data upload for current data. A beta visualization tool is available for some data types at https://shinyproxy.emsl.pnnl.gov/app/1000soils. Please submit any suggestions or comments through the 'contact' tab. We are actively working to improve visualizations and value all feedback. Data completed include: Geochemistry, texture, respiration, and enzyme activities FTICR-MS organic matter chemistry Microbial biomass C and N TOC/TDN of water-extractable OM X-ray computed tomography (derived metrics available here, raw data available upon request) Metagenomes; a variety of data formats are available upon request Soil hydraulic properties Data in progress: LC-MS/MS in development, timeline TBD, inquire for status 1000S_processed_BGC_summary.csv contains all available biogeochemical data; microbial biomass C and N; and TOC/TDN of water-extractable OM; and 1000S_Tomography.xslx contains a summary of data generated via X-ray computed tomography. icr_v2_corems2.csv contains FTICR-MS data processed by CoreMS version 2. These data are merged by formula across instrument runs to enable cross-sample comparisons. Technical replicates are merged by retaining peaks present in 2 out of 3 replicates. 1000Soils_Metadata_Site_Mastersheet_v1.csv contains site information. Soil Hydraulics_corrected_02042025.xlsx contains soil hydraulics information. Readme File_v4.xlsx is the readme file. Please contact the MONet project (monet.emsl@pnnl.gov) or Emily Graham (emily.graham@pnnl.gov) with questions. The following file and all raw data are available upon request: icr_by_mass_for_single_sample_analysis_only.csv contains FTICR-MS data processed by CoreMS and is intended for usage in the calculation of biochemical transformations within samples only. These data are not acceptable for cross-sample comparison of masses because they are from multiple instrument runs. For more information, please see: https://www.emsl.pnnl.gov/monet and https://sc-data.emsl.pnnl.gov/monet Acknowledgment: Soil data were provided by the Molecular Observation Network (MONet) at the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (https://ror.org/04rc0xn13), a DOE Office of Science user facility sponsored by the Biological and Environmental Research program under Contract No. DE-AC05-76RL01830. The work (proposal: 10.46936/10.25585/60008970) conducted by the U.S. Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute (https://ror.org/04xm1d337), a DOE Office of Science user facility, is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. The Molecular Observation Network (MONet) database is an open, FAIR, and publicly available compilation of the molecular and microstructural properties of soil. Data in the MONet open science database can be found at https://sc-data.emsl.pnnl.gov/.

biogeochemistry↗
DOE OSTI2021

LiChenPU/NetID: NetID(v1.1)

A global network optimization approach for untargeted LC-MS metabolomics data annotation and metabolite discovery

Chen, Li↗
DOE OSTI2022

Comparison and validation of the QuEChERSER mega-method for determination of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in foods by liquid chromatography with high-resolution and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry

Instances of food contamination with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) continue to occur globally, but sample preparation and analytical methods are quite limited and often monitor for a small percentage of known PFAS. This study aimed to evaluate, validate, and compare performance of two instruments with the recently developed “quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe, efficient, and robust” (QuEChERSER) sample preparation mega-method – a method developed to monitor chemicals over a broad range of physicochemical properties. Initial evaluation of the QuEChERSER mega-method for determination of PFAS in food demonstrated recoveries, matrix interferences, and co-extractive removal comparable to (or better than) US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) methods. Subsequent validation of QuEChERSER in beef, catfish, chicken, pork, liquid eggs, and powdered eggs on a high-resolution mass spectrometer achieved acceptable recoveries (70–120%) and precision (RSDs ≤20%) for all 33 target analytes at the 1 and 5 ng g –1 levels and 67–88% of analytes at the 0.1 ng g –1 level, depending on the matrix. Additional validation was performed by tandem mass spectrometry on a triple quadrupole instrument. This approach provided no non-detects and better recoveries at the 0.1 ng g –1 level than the HRMS method but exhibited more variability at 1 and 5 ng g –1 spiking levels. Analysis of NIST SRMs 1946 and 1947 gave accuracies of 70–117%. Furthermore, these results demonstrate the capability of combining PFAS analysis with a mega-method previously validated for 350 analytes, while collecting non-target data for future retrospective analysis of emerging alternatives with a high-resolution mass spectrometry method.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Assessing Single-Source Reproducibility of Human Head Hair Peptide Profiling from Different Regions of the Scalp

Neither microscopical hair comparisons nor mitochondrial DNA sequencing alone, or together, constitutes a basis for personal identification. Due to these limitations, a complementary technique to compare questioned and known hair shafts was investigated. Recently, scientists from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's Forensic Science Center and other collaborators developed a peptide profiling technique, which can infer non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) preserved in hair shaft proteins as single amino acid polymorphisms (SAPs). In this study, peptide profiling was evaluated to determine if it can meet forensic expectations when samples are in limited quantities with the possibility that hair samples collected from different areas of a single donor’s scalp (i.e., single source) might not exhibit the same SAP profile. The average dissimilarity, percent differences in SAP profiles within each source, ranged from 0% difference to 29%. This pilot study suggests that more work is needed before peptide profiling of hair can be considered for forensic comparisons.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

The congenital APOA1 K107del mutation disrupts the lipid-free conformation of monomeric APOA1 and impairs oligomerization

Apolipoprotein A-I (APOA1) oligomerization is thought to be essential for high-density lipoprotein (HDL) formation and metabolism. Naturally occurring mutations can disrupt normal APOA1 folding and self-association, leading to dysfunctional HDL formation and cardiovascular disease. The congenital APOA1 variant p.K131del (APOA1 K107del ) has been associated with cardiovascular pathologies such as low HDL-cholesterol levels and aortic amyloidosis, and multiple studies indicate structural changes in APOA1 conformation underlie associated dysfunction. In the current study, we confirmed that APOA1 K107del exhibits no notable defect in lipid-binding. However, using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), we found that loss of lysine 107 resulted in a remarkable shift in the distribution of APOA1 oligomers with a much higher proportion of monomers present in APOA1 K107del compared to wild-type APOA1. Further investigation using quantitative cross-linking revealed a major disruption of interactions in helical regions reported to participate in domain swaps necessary for proper self-association. This structural disruption appears to impair N- and C-termini interactions and dynamics that lead to non-specific aggregation. In conclusion, these findings support the hypothesis that lysine 107 is critical for proper folding and self-association of lipid-free APOA1 which could impact HDL biogenesis.

APOA1 (p.K131del)↗
DOE OSTI2020

Antecedent conditions determine the biogeochemical response of coastal soils to seawater exposure

Coastal landscapes are increasingly exposed to seawater due to sea level rise and extreme weather events. The biogeochemical responses of these vulnerable ecosystems are poorly understood, limiting our ability to predict how their role in local and global biogeochemical cycles will shift under future conditions. Here we evaluate how antecedent conditions influence the biogeochemical response of soil to seawater inundation events based on a 42-day laboratory incubation experiment with soils collected from a natural salinity gradient across a coastal floodplain. We quantified influences of seawater inundation on intact soil cores through high-frequency carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and methane (CH 4 ) gas fluxes measurements as well as ultrahigh resolution characterization of organic matter chemistry and metabolites. Mean CO 2 and CH 4 fluxes were higher after inundation compared to control cores for soils that had low in situ salinity. Soils with low in situ salinity also exhibited significant shifts in organic matter profiles after inundation, with surficial soils (0-7.5 cm) becoming more enriched in phenolic compounds, compared to deeper soils (7.5-15 cm). The number of biochemical transformations inferred from mass spectrometry increased significantly after inundation for soils with low in situ salinity, and a trend of decreasing thermodynamic favorability with increasing salinity was observed, suggesting an increase in microbial activity following inundation. Our results suggest that seawater inundation of low-salinity terrestrial environments can lead to increased microbial activity, preferential depletion of more thermodynamically favorable compounds, and increased soil carbon release. Finally, we conclude that the biogeochemical impacts of future seawater exposure will be modulated by antecedent conditions associated with landscape position within coastal watersheds.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Revealing Hidden Quinones Through Diagnostic MS² Fragmentation of Peptide–Quinone Adducts

Quinones are redox-active components of natural organic matter that mediate electron transfer and influence biogeochemical processes, but many quinones in pyrogenic organic matter (PyOM) remain unresolved because they ionize poorly by mass spectrometry. Here, we present a peptide-tagging approach to improve detection of cysteine-reactive electrophiles in PyOM, with quinones expected to be a dominant subset based on reaction chemistry and selectivity experiments. A cysteine-containing peptide was used to form Michael-addition adducts, enhancing electrospray ionization and enabling untargeted screening by high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. The method was benchmarked with five quinone standards and applied to extracts from charred plant material as a discovery-level screen for cysteine-reactive targets. We identified 98 quinone-candidate adducts (mean neutral mass ~603 Da), of which more than 70% were not detectable in native MS1 data. Among formula-assigned features, hidden quinone candidates had median (O+N)/C of 0.391 and normalized oxidation state of carbon of -0.281, consistent with relatively low polarity and low oxidation state. These results reveal a previously inaccessible pool of hidden redox-active compounds in PyOM and provide a framework for prioritizing quinone-like electrophiles for confirmation and incorporation into models of fire-driven biogeochemical cycling.

LC-MS/MS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Identification and Mitigation of Inhibitory Substances Contained in High-Salinity Crude Glycerol Generated from Biodiesel Production for Polyhydroxyalkanoate Synthesis by Haloferax mediterranei

High-salinity crude glycerol generated from biodiesel production poses significant challenges to microbial valorization due to inhibitory ingredients that severely limit microbial growth. This study identified and mitigated inhibitory substances contained in high-salinity glycerol sludge to enable its conversion to polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) by the extreme halophilic archaeon Haloferax mediterranei. The long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) were consistently identified as the primary inhibitors by liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and ultraviolet−visible spectroscopy. Acid precipitation at pH 2 efficiently removed these LCFAs, substantially reducing the required feedstock dilution from 23 to 3 times, improving PHA titer by 40%. Furthermore, this dilution reduction also increased the feedstock salinity utilization, achieving a 46% reduction in external salt supplementation for H. mediterranei growth. In contrast, overliming and arrested anaerobic digestion were confirmed to be ineffective in inhibitor removal. This study provides deep insights into inhibitor chemistry and presents acid precipitation as an effective pretreatment strategy for waste valorization of highsalinity crude glycerol.

LC-MS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Online collection of LC effluent as droplets for automatic injection into ICP-MS

A sample introduction technique was developed to allow for online, dropwise injection of effluent into a mass spectrometer (MS). This allowed for the coupling of chromatography systems that were not driven by pumps without altering the set-up or separation performance. This capability combined the benefits of coupling separation and measurement while also enabling accurate chromatographic evaluation that would generally be performed offline. The incorporation of a flowing rinse into the system made dropwise resolution possible for any liquid capable of forming drops under ambient conditions. The technique was demonstrated utilizing gas pressurized extraction chromatography (GPEC) and inductively coupled plasma-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ICP-TOFMS) to illustrate the qualitative applications for rapid separation development and procedure evaluation. This method's quantitative applications were evaluated using single and double isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) with an external mass bias correction to measure analytes across entire elutions including volumes as small as single drops. In conclusion, the total neodymium values afforded by both single and double IDMS were within the uncertainty of the calculated value for evaluation of full elution peaks and for most of the single drops analyzed that reached above 10k cps Nd-144.

GPEC↗
DOE OSTI2025

Unraveling Bacterial Adaptation Strategies in the Microbiome Shaped by the Chemical Environment of the Plant Rhizosphere

The rhizosphere is a dynamic environment where rhizodeposits that include primary and secondary metabolites and mucilage serve as nutrient sources for soil microorganisms, attracting them toward plant roots. However, understanding how these microbes specifically respond to plant root chemical signals has been hindered by the challenges of disentangling physical and chemical interactions between the microbes and plant roots. To address this, we implemented an innovative filter-based experimental setup on plant roots that creates a physical barrier while facilitating the exchange of chemical signals. The proteomic analysis of 10 Populus root-associated bacterial strains grown in the presence or absence of a plant in either individual or mixed community conditions provided detailed insights into the functional responses of these strains to the root chemical environment. Additionally, this approach allowed us to discern the impact of root exudates on overall community dynamics. In particular, metaproteomic analyses revealed that each of these 10 microbial members responds uniquely to the presence of the plant, with Bacillus and Pantoea exhibiting the most dramatic favorable impact. Proteomic examination revealed the details of metabolism fine-tuning, including processes such as chemotaxis and ATP-binding cassette transporter proteins. This study demonstrates the application of a filter-based experimental setup to study microbial responses to plant chemicals and sheds light on adaptation strategies employed by various bacterial strains for survival in the rhizosphere.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

WA-Omic_LA.1.0 - Quantitative Lipidomics, Metabolomics, and Sequencing (16S/ITS) Publication Data DOI Package

Corresponding Data Publication: "Rapid remodeling of the soil lipidome in response to a drying-rewetting event." This study reveals specific changes in lipids and metabolites that are indicative of stress adaptation, substrate use, and cellular recovery during soil drying and subsequent rewetting. Drought induced nutrient limitation was reflected in the lipidome and polar metabalome, both of which rapidly shifted (within hours) upon rewet. Reduced nutrient access in dry soil caused the replacement of glycerophospholipids with phosphorus-free lipids and impeded resource-expensive osmolyte accumulation. Elevated levels of ceramides and lipids with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, in dry soil suggests that lipids play an important role in fungal drought tolerance. Increasing abundance of bacterial glycerophospholipids and triacylglycerols with fatty acids typical of bacteria and polar metabolites suggest metabolic recovery in representative bacteria once the environmental conditions are conducive for growth. These results underscore the importance of the soil lipidome as a robust indicator of microbial community responses, especially at the short time scales of cell-environment reactions. Data package contents reported here are the first version and contain pre- and post-processed data acquisition and subsequent downstream analysis files using various data source instrument method techniques and Mass Spectroscopy (MS) EMSL capabilities. This publication data package DOI is a comprehensive high-throughput multi-omics data lifecycle collection containing processed data method metadata. Support files include additional data download “Read Me” file containing data descriptor information and data source application ontologies (see data dictionary). Reported data download contents are structured for compliance with project data sharing guidelines, community standards initiatives, and sponsor stakeholder policies supporting FAIR data principles. For increased data availability and interoperability, GC-MS/LC-MS mass spectrometry datasets (Thermo .raw ) were deposited at the MassIVE database repository under the related data accession MSV000086931 and can be accessed by using the API. Statistical data processing software, analysis tools, and data workflows are listed below corresponding to the host repository long-term location.

Amplicon sequencing 16S ITS LC-MS/MS lipidomics mu↗
DOE OSTI2021

WA-Omic_LA.1.0 - Quantitative Lipidomics, Metabolomics, and Sequencing (16S/ITS) Publication Data DOI Package

Corresponding Data Publication: "Rapid remodeling of the soil lipidome in response to a drying-rewetting event." This study reveals specific changes in lipids and metabolites that are indicative of stress adaptation, substrate use, and cellular recovery during soil drying and subsequent rewetting. Drought induced nutrient limitation was reflected in the lipidome and polar metabalome, both of which rapidly shifted (within hours) upon rewet. Reduced nutrient access in dry soil caused the replacement of glycerophospholipids with phosphorus-free lipids and impeded resource-expensive osmolyte accumulation. Elevated levels of ceramides and lipids with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, in dry soil suggests that lipids play an important role in fungal drought tolerance. Increasing abundance of bacterial glycerophospholipids and triacylglycerols with fatty acids typical of bacteria and polar metabolites suggest metabolic recovery in representative bacteria once the environmental conditions are conducive for growth. These results underscore the importance of the soil lipidome as a robust indicator of microbial community responses, especially at the short time scales of cell-environment reactions. Data package contents reported here are the first version and contain pre- and post-processed data acquisition and subsequent downstream analysis files using various data source instrument method techniques and Mass Spectroscopy (MS) EMSL capabilities. This publication data package DOI is a comprehensive high-throughput multi-omics data lifecycle collection containing processed data method metadata. Support files include additional data download “Read Me” file containing data descriptor information and data source application ontologies (see data dictionary). Reported data download contents are structured for compliance with project data sharing guidelines, community standards initiatives, and sponsor stakeholder policies supporting FAIR data principles. For increased data availability and interoperability, GC-MS/LC-MS mass spectrometry datasets (Thermo .raw ) were deposited at the MassIVE database repository under the related data accession MSV000086931 and can be accessed by using the API. Statistical data processing software, analysis tools, and data workflows are listed below corresponding to the host repository long-term location.

Amplicon sequencing 16S ITS LC-MS/MS lipidomics mu↗
DOE OSTI2021

WA-Omic_LA.1.0 - Quantitative Lipidomics, Metabolomics, and Sequencing (16S/ITS) Publication Data DOI Package

Corresponding Data Publication: "Rapid remodeling of the soil lipidome in response to a drying-rewetting event." This study reveals specific changes in lipids and metabolites that are indicative of stress adaptation, substrate use, and cellular recovery during soil drying and subsequent rewetting. Drought induced nutrient limitation was reflected in the lipidome and polar metabalome, both of which rapidly shifted (within hours) upon rewet. Reduced nutrient access in dry soil caused the replacement of glycerophospholipids with phosphorus-free lipids and impeded resource-expensive osmolyte accumulation. Elevated levels of ceramides and lipids with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, in dry soil suggests that lipids play an important role in fungal drought tolerance. Increasing abundance of bacterial glycerophospholipids and triacylglycerols with fatty acids typical of bacteria and polar metabolites suggest metabolic recovery in representative bacteria once the environmental conditions are conducive for growth. These results underscore the importance of the soil lipidome as a robust indicator of microbial community responses, especially at the short time scales of cell-environment reactions. Data package contents reported here are the first version and contain pre- and post-processed data acquisition and subsequent downstream analysis files using various data source instrument method techniques and Mass Spectroscopy (MS) EMSL capabilities. This publication data package DOI is a comprehensive high-throughput multi-omics data lifecycle collection containing processed data method metadata. Support files include additional data download “Read Me” file containing data descriptor information and data source application ontologies (see data dictionary). Reported data download contents are structured for compliance with project data sharing guidelines, community standards initiatives, and sponsor stakeholder policies supporting FAIR data principles. For increased data availability and interoperability, GC-MS/LC-MS mass spectrometry datasets (Thermo .raw ) were deposited at the MassIVE database repository under the related data accession MSV000086931 and can be accessed by using the API. Statistical data processing software, analysis tools, and data workflows are listed below corresponding to the host repository long-term location.

Amplicon sequencing 16S ITS LC-MS/MS lipidomics mu↗
DOE OSTI2021

Integrated Metabolomics and Proteomics Analyses in the Local Milieu of Islet Allografts in Rejection versus Tolerance

An understanding of the immune mechanisms that lead to rejection versus tolerance of allogeneic pancreatic islet grafts is of paramount importance, as it facilitates the development of innovative methods to improve the transplant outcome. Here, we used our established intraocular islet transplant model to gain novel insight into changes in the local metabolome and proteome within the islet allograft’s immediate microenvironment in association with immune-mediated rejection or tolerance. We performed integrated metabolomics and proteomics analyses in aqueous humor samples representative of the graft’s microenvironment under each transplant outcome. The results showed that several free amino acids, small primary amines, and soluble proteins related to the Warburg effect were upregulated or downregulated in association with either outcome. In general, the observed shifts in the local metabolite and protein profiles in association with rejection were consistent with established pro-inflammatory metabolic pathways and those observed in association with tolerance were immune regulatory. Taken together, the current findings further support the potential of metabolic reprogramming of immune cells towards immune regulation through targeted pharmacological and dietary interventions against specific metabolic pathways that promote the Warburg effect to prevent the rejection of transplanted islets and promote their immune tolerance.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗