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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 109 records · Page 6
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2019

Electrogenerative Reactors for Process Intensified Cogeneration of Power and Liquid Fuel from Shale Gas

With the abundance of natural gas and its primary components of methane, ethane and propane, there is the opportunity to convert these light alkanes to higher-value products. The growth in natural gas supply in the U.S. has increased substantially since the mid-2000s due to advances in horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing. As petroleum prices are volatile, natural gas resources are progressively attractive as alternative fuel sources. However, many of these shale gas wells are in regions of the U.S. that are remote and costly to transport to petrochemical and refining centers. In addition, much of this shale gas is “wet gas” that contains condensable amounts of ethane. While dedicated ethane gas pipelines have been built to get a small fraction of this gas to market, they are very capital intensive and compete for existing land use. As a result of this Phase I project, we developed a process to convert ethane to a transportable liquid fuel. This was achieved by implementing process intensification for this gas-to-liquids approach; we use novel eletrogenerative reactors in a two-step process rather than multi-step well-known technologies such as Fisher-Tropsch synthesis. These reactors borrow on well proven solid oxide fuel cell technology. Therefore, when produced in mass will be a very low-cost modular chemical reactor. This project demonstrated that EcoCatlaytic’s catalysts are highly selective towards ethylene and are compatible with anode materials. These integrated catalysts with the anode were able to maintain stable activity under ethane. Process simulations demonstrate an energy savings while producing gasoline and electricity for a modular system that produces 1,000 bbl/day gasoline. The system, not only produces gasoline, but also generates electricity which is a very valuable commodity in the remote shale gas facilities. This process could potentially allow remote natural gas producers to upgrade their feedstock to valuable gasoline on-site rather than flaring.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Light-regulated synthesis of cyclic-di-GMP by a bidomain construct of the cyanobacteriochrome Tlr0924 (SesA) without stable dimerization

Here, phytochromes and cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs) use double bond photoisomerization of their linear tetrapyrrole (bilin) chromophores within cGMP-specific phosphodiesterases/Adenylyl cyclases/FhlA (GAF) domain-containing photosensory modules to regulate activity of C-terminal output domains. CBCRs exhibit much more diverse photocycles than phytochromes, and are often found in large modular proteins such as Tlr0924 (SesA), one of three blue light regulators of cell aggregation in the cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus . Tlr0924 contains a single bilin-binding GAF domain adjacent to a C-terminal diguanylate cyclase (GGDEF) domain whose catalytic activity requires formation of a dimeric transition state presumably supported by a multi-domain extension at its N-terminus. To probe the structural basis of light-mediated signal propagation from the photosensory input domain to a signaling output domain for a representative CBCR, these studies explore the properties of a bidomain GAF-GGDEF construct of Tlr0924 (Tlr0924Δ) that retains light-regulated diguanylate cyclase activity. Surprisingly, CD spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography data do not support formation of stable dimers in the either the blue-absorbing 15Z P b dark state or the green-absorbing 15E P g photoproduct state of Tlr0924Δ. Analysis of variants containing site-specific mutations reveals that proper signal transmission requires both chromophorylation of the GAF domain and individual residues within the amphipathic linker region between GAF and GGDEF domains. Based on these data, we propose a model in which bilin binding and light signals are propagated from the GAF domain via the linker region to alter the equilibrium and interconversion dynamics between active and inactive conformations of the GGDEF domain to favor or disfavor formation of catalytic competent dimers.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Modular Architecture of the STING C-Terminal Tail Allows Interferon and NF-κB Signaling Adaptation

Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a key regulator of type I interferon and pro-inflammatory responses during infection, cellular stress, and cancer. Here, we reveal a mechanism for how STING balances activation of IRF3- and NF-κB-dependent transcription and discover that acquisition of discrete signaling modules in the vertebrate STING C-terminal tail (CTT) shapes downstream immunity. As a defining example, we identify a motif appended to the CTT of zebrafish STING that inverts the typical vertebrate signaling response and results in dramatic NF-κB activation and weak IRF3-interferon signaling. We determine a co-crystal structure that explains how this CTT sequence recruits TRAF6 as a new binding partner and demonstrate that the minimal motif is sufficient to reprogram human STING and immune activation in macrophage cells. Together, our results define the STING CTT as a linear signaling hub that can acquire modular motifs to readily adapt downstream immunity.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Titanium Carbide MXene Hole Contacts for CdTe Photovoltaics

CdTe is a high‐efficiency thin‐film photovoltaic technology that has seen tremendous commercial success over the past decade. Yet despite the improvement of other device characteristics, the fabrication of an ohmic hole back contact layer has remained a challenge due to the high ionization potential of CdTe, which limits the external potential that can be feasibly reached even as other characteristics of the device improve. MXenes, a family of 2D materials with rapidly growing scientific and commercial interest, offer a promising route to forming low‐cost, low‐barrier contacts due to their demonstrated high work function, metallic conductivity, and facile solution processing from benign solvents. Here, it is shown that Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene films processed from an aqueous colloidal dispersion can perform as a highly efficient hole contact material for CdTe solar cells, resulting in high power‐conversion efficiencies. The role of the Schottky barrier formation in Ti 3 C 2 T x ‐contacted CdTe devices is probed, and potential pathways for the future development of this potent combination of materials are elucidated. The modularity of the expansive MXene family of materials presents a promising strategy for developing next‐generation hole contacts for CdTe solar cells.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

Self-Assembly and Application of Cellulosomal Components

Cellulosomes are modular, super-molecular enzyme systems secreted by anaerobic bacteria to degrade recalcitrant plant cell wall polysaccharides to simple sugars. The components of this molecular machine include a manifold of enzymatic units and carbohydrate-binding modules, as well as the cohesin, and dockerin modules responsible for the system's unique self-assembly and connectivity.Known to be one of the highest affinity protein-protein interactions discovered to date, the cohesin-dockerin interaction is also the key to engineering the cellulosome. By mixing and matching the spare parts of the cellulosome and connecting them via cohesins and dockerins, biotechnologists have begun pursuing the concept of designer cellulosomes which one day may be an important contributorto production of sustainable biomass-derived fuels. By incorporating molecules from other systems into the cellulosome paradigm, nanotechnologists have begun to harness the potential of this molecular construction kit to create diverse, self-assembling nanostructures for a broad variety of biotechnological applications.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Photosynthetic conversion of CO2 to farnesyl diphosphate-derived phytochemicals (amorpha-4,11-diene and squalene) by engineered cyanobacteria

Background: Metabolic engineering of cyanobacteria has enabled photosynthetic conversion of CO2 to value added chemicals as bio-solar cell factories. However, the production levels of isoprenoids in engineered cyanobacteria were quite low, compared to other microbial hosts. Therefore, modular optimization of multiple gene expressions for metabolic engineering of cyanobacteria is required for the production of farnesyl diphosphate-derived isoprenoids from CO2. Results: Here, we engineered Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 with modular metabolic pathways consisting of the methylerythritol phosphate pathway enzymes and the amorphadiene synthase for production of amorpha-4,11-diene, resulting in significantly increased levels (23-fold) of amorpha-4,11-diene (19.8 mg/L) in the best strain relative to a parental strain. Replacing amorphadiene synthase with squalene synthase led to the synthesis of a high amount of squalene (4.98 mg/L/OD730). Overexpression of farnesyl diphosphate synthase is the most critical factor for the significant production, whereas overexpression of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductase is detrimental to the cell growth and the production. Additionally, the cyanobacterial growth inhibition was alleviated by expressing a terpene synthase in S. elongatus PCC 7942 strain with the optimized MEP pathway only (SeHL33). Conclusions: This is the first demonstration of photosynthetic production of amorpha-4,11-diene from CO2 in cyanobacteria and production of squalene in S. elongatus PCC 7942. Our optimized modular Over MEP strain (SeHL33) with either co-expression of ADS or SQS demonstrated the highest production levels of amorpha-4,11-diene and squalene, which could expand the list of farnesyl diphosphate-derived isoprenoids from CO2 as bio-solar cell factories.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Sneaking in SpyCatcher using cell penetrating peptides for in vivo imaging

Abstract In vivo imaging of protein complexes is a powerful method for understanding the underlying biological function of these key biomolecules. Though the engineering of small, high affinity nanobodies have become more prevalent, the off-rates of these tags may result in incomplete or partial labeling of proteins in live cells. The SpyCatcher003 and SpyTag split protein system allow for irreversible, covalent binding to a short target peptide unlike nanobody-affinity based probes. However, delivering these tags into a cell without disrupting its normal function is a key challenge. Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short peptide sequences that facilitate the transduction of otherwise membrane-impermeable ‘cargo’ , such as proteins, into cells. Here we report on our efforts to engineer and characterize CPP-SpyCatcher003 fusions as modular imaging probes. We selected three CPPs, CUPID, Pentratin, and pVEC, to engineer fusion protein probes for superresolution microscopy, with the aim to eliminate prior permeabilization treatments that could introduce imaging artifacts. We find that fusing the CPP sequences to SpyCatcher003 resulted in dimer and multimer formation as determined by size exclusion chromatography, dynamic light scattering, and SDS resistant dimers on SDS-PAGE gels. By isolating and labeling the monomeric forms of the engineered protein, we show these constructs retained their ability to bind SpyTag and all three CPP sequences remain membrane active, as assessed by CD spectroscopy in the presence of SDS detergent. Using fluorescence and super resolution Lattice structured illumination microscopy (Lattice SIM) imaging we show that the CPPs did not enhance uptake of SpyCatcher by E. coli, however with Caulobacter crescentus cells, we show that Penetratin, and to a lesser degree CUPID, does enhance uptake. Our results demonstrate the ability of the CPP-SpyCatcher003 to label targets within living cells, providing the groundwork for using split protein systems for targeted in vivo imaging.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2013

The E4 protein; structure, function and patterns of expression

The papillomavirus E4 open reading frame (ORF) is contained within the E2 ORF, with the primary E4 gene-product (E1{sup ∧}E4) being translated from a spliced mRNA that includes the E1 initiation codon and adjacent sequences. E4 is located centrally within the E2 gene, in a region that encodes the E2 protein′s flexible hinge domain. Although a number of minor E4 transcripts have been reported, it is the product of the abundant E1{sup ∧}E4 mRNA that has been most extensively analysed. During the papillomavirus life cycle, the E1{sup ∧}E4 gene products generally become detectable at the onset of vegetative viral genome amplification as the late stages of infection begin. E4 contributes to genome amplification success and virus synthesis, with its high level of expression suggesting additional roles in virus release and/or transmission. In general, E4 is easily visualised in biopsy material by immunostaining, and can be detected in lesions caused by diverse papillomavirus types, including those of dogs, rabbits and cattle as well as humans. The E4 protein can serve as a biomarker of active virus infection, and in the case of high-risk human types also disease severity. In some cutaneous lesions, E4 can be expressed at higher levels than the virion coat proteins, and can account for as much as 30% of total lesional protein content. The E4 proteins of the Beta, Gamma and Mu HPV types assemble into distinctive cytoplasmic, and sometimes nuclear, inclusion granules. In general, the E4 proteins are expressed before L2 and L1, with their structure and function being modified, first by kinases as the infected cell progresses through the S and G2 cell cycle phases, but also by proteases as the cell exits the cell cycle and undergoes true terminal differentiation. The kinases that regulate E4 also affect other viral proteins simultaneously, and include protein kinase A, Cyclin-dependent kinase, members of the MAP Kinase family and protein kinase C. For HPV16 E1{sup ∧}E4, these kinases regulate one of the E1{sup ∧}E4 proteins main functions, the association with the cellular keratin network, and eventually also its cleavage by the protease calpain which allows assembly into amyloid-like fibres and reorganisation of the keratin network. Although the E4 proteins of different HPV types appear divergent at the level of their primary amino acid sequence, they share a recognisable modular organisation and pattern of expression, which may underlie conserved functions and regulation. Assembly into higher-order multimers and suppression of cell proliferation are common to all E4 proteins examined. Although not yet formally demonstrated, a role in virus release and transmission remains a likely function for E4. - Highlights: • E4 gene products have a modular structure, and are expressed from the E1{sup ∧}E4 spliced mRNA. • E4 proteins are modified during epithelial differentiation by phosphorylation and proteolysis. • The E4 proteins contribute to genome amplification-efficiency and virus synthesis. • E4 proteins are abundantly expressed and may facilitate efficient virus release and transmission. • High-risk E4 proteins are deposited as amyloid fibres and can be used as infection biomarkers.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

iSeq 2.0: A Modular and Interchangeable Toolkit for Interaction Screening in Yeast

Here, we developed a flexible toolkit for combinatorial screening in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , which generates large libraries of cells, each uniquely barcoded to mark a combination of DNA elements. This interaction sequencing platform (iSeq 2.0) includes genomic landing pads that assemble combinations through sequential integration of plasmids or yeast mating, 15 barcoded plasmid libraries containing split selectable markers (URA3 AI , KanMX AI , HphMX AI , and NatMX AI ), and an array of ~24,000 “double-barcoder” strains that can make existing yeast libraries iSeq compatible. Various DNA elements are compatible with iSeq: DNA introduced on integrating plasmids, engineered genomic modifications, or entire genetic backgrounds. DNA element libraries are modular and interchangeable, and any two libraries can be combined, making iSeq capable of performing many new combinatorial screens by short-read sequencing.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Investigating and Optimizing the Lysate-Based Expression of Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetases Using a Reporter System

Lysate-based cell-free expression (CFE) systems are accessible platforms for expressing proteins that are difficult to synthesize in vivo, such as nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs). NRPSs are large (>100 kDa), modular enzyme complexes that synthesize bioactive peptide natural products. This synthetic process is analogous to transcription/translation (TX/TL) in lysates, resulting in potential resource competition between NRPS expression and NRPS activity in cell-free environments. Moreover, CFE conditions depend on the size and structure of the protein. Here, a reporter system for rapidly investigating and optimizing reaction environments for NRPS CFE is described. This strategy is demonstrated in E. coli lysate reactions using blue pigment synthetase A (BpsA), a model NRPS, carrying a C-terminal tetracysteine (TC) tag which forms a fluorescent complex with the biarsenical dye, FlAsH. A colorimetric assay was adapted for lysate reactions to detect the blue pigment product, indigoidine, of cell-free expressed BpsA-TC, confirming that the tagged enzyme is catalytically active. An optimized protocol for end point TC/FlAsH complex measurements in reactions enables quick comparisons of full-length BpsA-TC expressed under different reaction conditions, defining unique requirements for NRPS expression that are related to the protein’s catalytic activity and size. Importantly, these protein-dependent CFE conditions enable higher indigoidine titer and improve the expression of other monomodular NRPSs. Notably, these conditions differ from those used for the expression of superfolder GFP (sfGFP), a common reporter for optimizing lysate-based CFE systems, indicating the necessity for tailored reporters to optimize expression for specific enzyme classes. In conclusion, the reporter system is anticipated to advance lysate-based CFE systems for complex enzyme synthesis, enabling natural product discovery.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

A modular-invariant modified Weierstrass sigma-function as a building block for lowest-Landau-level wavefunctions on the torus

A “modified” variant of the Weierstrass sigma, zeta, and elliptic functions is proposed whereby the zeta function is redefined by $ζ(z) \mapsto \tilde{ζ}(z) ≡ ζ(z) - γ_2z$, where γ 2 is a lattice invariant related to the almost-holomorphic modular invariant of the quasi-modular-invariant weight-2 Eisenstein series. If ω i is a primitive half-period, $\tilde{ζ}(ω_i) = πω^{*}_{i}/A$, where A is the area of the primitive cell of the lattice. The quasiperi-odicity of the modified sigma function is much simpler than that of the original, and it becomes the building-block for the modular-invariant formulation of lowest-Landau-level wavefunctions on the torus. It is suggested that the “modified” sigma function is more natural than the original Weierstrass form, which was formulated before quasi-modular forms were understood. Finally, for the high-symmetry (square and hexagonal) lattices, the modified and original sigma functions coincide.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2023

Novel Modular Electrocatalytic Processing for Simultaneous Conversion of Carbon Dioxide and Wet Shale Gas into Valuable Products

This report examines solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC) technology as an alternative process for the manufacture of carbon monoxide (CO) and the separation of ethane (C 2 H 6 ) from wet natural gas (WNG). SOEC cathodes for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) to CO and SOEC anodes for the selective electrochemical oxidation of C 2 H 6 to ethylene (C 2 H 4 ) are described and presented. Lifecycle and techno-economic analyses (LCA and TEA) utilizing SOEC technology for the production of CO are also reported.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Hydrogel-Immobilized Multienzyme Systems for Cell-Free Chemical Bioproduction

Cell-free gene expression systems derived from bacterial lysates enable the expression of biosynthetic pathways from inexpensive and easily prepared DNA templates. These systems hold great promise for modular and on-demand bioproduction of valuable small molecules in resource-limited settings but are constrained in their long-term stability, reusability, and deployability. In this work, we demonstrate that multiple cell-free expressed enzymes can be co-immobilized in biocompatible hydrogels made from poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) with added glycerol for enhanced gel integrity. Using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), we show that the mesh size of PEGDA-glycerol hydrogels is comparable to the globular sizes of many proteins and enzymes, which could be used for protein entrapment. We found that the combination between entrapment and chemical ligation of the enzymes was effective to retain proteins. By employing a method for direct fluorescence measurement from hydrogels, we found that proteins can be retained in PEGDA-glycerol for at least a week. By separating the cell-free enzyme expression from the immobilization step, we successfully fabricated enzyme-laden hydrogels with three heterologous cell-free enzymes for the bioconversion of pyruvic acid to malic acid, an industrially valuable and versatile precursor chemical. Both heterologous and endogenous enzymes from the lysate remain functional in photo-cross-linked hydrogels and can be reused for multiple biocatalytic cycles. Moreover, we also found that the immobilized enzymes exhibit up to 1.6-fold higher activity and 2-fold longer lifetimes than free enzymes in liquid reactions. Furthermore, these results could advance the deployment of cell-free synthetic biology because they show that reusable, stable, and durable multienzyme systems can be created using readily available materials and fabrication techniques.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

The Plasma Simulation Code: A modern particle-in-cell code with patch-based load-balancing

This work describes the Plasma Simulation Code (psc), an explicit, electromagnetic particle-in-cell code with support for different order particle shape functions. We review the basic components of the particle-in-cell method as well as the computational architecture of the psc code that allows support for modular algorithms and data structure in the code. We then describe and analyze in detail a distinguishing feature of psc: patch-based load balancing using space-filling curves which is shown to lead to major efficiency gains over unbalanced methods and a previously used simpler balancing method.

Computer Science↗
DOE OSTI2018

A CO 2 laser heating system for in situ high pressure-temperature experiments at HPCAT

We present a CO 2 laser heating setup for synchrotron x-ray diffraction inside a diamond anvil cell, situated at HPCAT (Sector 16, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Lab, Illinois, USA), which is modular and portable between the HPCAT experiment hutches. Specifically, the system allows direct laser heating of wide bandgap insulating materials to thousands of degrees at static high pressures up to the Mbar regime. Alignment of the focused CO 2 laser spot is performed using a mid-infrared microscope, which addressed past difficulties with aligning the invisible radiation. The implementation of the mid-infrared microscope alongside a mirror pinhole spatial filter system allows precise alignment of the heating laser spot and optical pyrometry measurement location to the x-ray probe. A comparatively large heating spot (~50 μ m) relative to the x-ray beam (<10 μ m) reduces the risk of temperature gradients across the probed area. Each component of the heating system and its diagnostics have been designed with portability in mind and compatibility with the various experimental hutches at the HPCAT beamlines. We present measurements on ZrO 2 at 5.5 GPa which demonstrate the improved room-temperature diffraction data quality afforded by annealing with the CO 2 laser. We also present in situ measurements at 5.5 GPa up to 2800 K in which we do not observe the postulated fluorite ZrO 2 structure, in agreement with recent findings.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2021

An Adaptive Tracking Algorithm for Convection in Simulated and Remote Sensing Data

A robust and computationally efficient object tracking algorithm is developed by incorporating various tracking techniques. Physical properties of the objects, such as brightness temperature or reflectivity, are not considered. Therefore, the algorithm is adaptable for tracking convection-like features in simulated data and remotely sensed two-dimensional images. In this algorithm, a first guess of the motion, estimated using the Fourier phase shift, is used to predict the candidates for matching. A disparity score is computed for each target–candidate pair. The disparity also incorporates overlapping criteria in the case of large objects. Then the Hungarian method is applied to identify the best pairs by minimizing the global disparity. The high-disparity pairs are unmatched, and their target and candidate are declared expired and newly initiated objects, respectively. They are tested for merger and split on the basis of their size and overlap with the other objects. The sensitivity of track duration is shown for different disparity and size thresholds. The report highlights the algorithm’s ability to study convective life cycles using radar and simulated data over Darwin, Australia. The algorithm skillfully tracks individual convective cells (a few pixels in size) and large convective systems. The duration of tracks and cell size are found to be lognormally distributed over Darwin. The evolution of size and precipitation types of isolated convective cells is presented in the Lagrangian perspective. This algorithm is part of a vision for a modular platform [viz., TINT is not TITAN (TINT) and Tracking and Object-Based Analysis of Clouds (tobac)] that will evolve into a sustainable choice to analyze atmospheric features.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2017

Engineering the Bacterial Microcompartment Domain for Molecular Scaffolding Applications

As synthetic biology advances the intricacy of engineered biological systems, the importance of spatial organization within the cellular environment must not be marginalized. Increasingly, biological engineers are investigating means to control spatial organization within the cell, mimicking strategies used by natural pathways to increase flux and reduce cross-talk. A modular platform for constructing a diverse set of defined, programmable architectures would greatly assist in improving yields from introduced metabolic pathways and increasing insulation of other heterologous systems. Here, we review recent research on the shell proteins of bacterial microcompartments and discuss their potential application as “building blocks” for a range of customized intracellular scaffolds. As a result, we summarize the state of knowledge on the self-assembly of BMC shell proteins and discuss future avenues of research that will be important to realize the potential of BMC shell proteins as predictively assembling and programmable biological materials for bioengineering.

metabolic engineering↗
DOE OSTI2025

Cost analysis of alternative large-scale high-temperature solid oxide electrolysis hydrogen production facilities

We extend our past cost analysis of gigawatt-scale solid oxide electrolysis (SOE) facilities that produce high purity hydrogen gas from water by estimating construction and operating costs for three new alternative design cases: (1) offsite feed steam generation; (2) near-atmospheric pressure (NAP) stack; and (3) onsite electric boiler feed steam generation. Pressure effects on hydrogen electrode-(cathode-)supported SOE cell (SOEC) stack performance are estimated for the same assumed cell and stack construction and used to determine facility-wide stack capital costs for achieving a fixed H2 production at different pressures. Modular balance of plant (BOP) process equipment capital costs are estimated for each new alternative design case using our past equipment sizing, design, and cost data and scaling relationships. Furthermore, we update BOP equipment sizing and design for the NAP case using Aspen®. Vendor quotes for electric boilers are used to estimate costs for the electric boiler design case. Factory and onsite assembly and installation costs for SOEC stacks and BOP equipment are calculated using our past simplified first-principles approach. First-of-a-kind (FOAK) and N th -of-a-kind (NOAK) production maturity cost estimates are included for all results. The case with NAP stacks offers the lowest facility total capital cost (TCC, ~23% lower than base) while use of small electric boilers requires the highest TCC (~3% higher than base). H 2 production prices decrease from the base of ~$\$2.17$ /kgH 2 to ~$\$1.92$/kgH 2 for 1 GW e DC SIP facilities utilizing NAP stacks supplied by offsites steam situated in large modules and blocks for $\$0.030$/kWh e and $0.009/kWh t prices for electricity and thermal energy, respectively. We report all costs in 2021 US dollars.

Balance of plant (BOP) process equipment↗