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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2011

Commissioning and performance of the ATLAS transition radiation tracker with first high energy pp and Pb-Pb collisions at LHC

The ATLAS Transition Radiation Tracker (TRT) is the outermost of the three sub-systems of the ATLAS Inner Detector at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. It consists of close to 300000 thin-wall drift tubes (straws) providing on average 30 two-dimensional space points with 0.12-0.15 mm resolution for charged particle tracks with |{eta}| < 2 and pt > 0.5 GeV. Along with continuous tracking, it provides particle identification capability through the detection of transition radiation X-ray photons generated by high velocity particles in the many polymer fibers or films that fill the spaces between the straws. Custom-built analog and digital electronics is optimized to operate as luminosity increases to the LHC design. In this article, a review of the commissioning and first operational experience of the TRT detector will be presented. Emphasis will be given to performance studies based on the reconstruction and analysis of LHC collisions. The first studies of the TRT detector response to the extremely high track density conditions during the November 2010 heavy ion LHC running period will be presented. These studies give interesting insight to the expected performance of the TRT in future high luminosity LHC proton-proton runs. (authors)

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2026

Employing Machine Learning for New Particle Formation Identification and Mechanistic Analysis: Insights From a Six‐Year Observational Study in the Southern Great Plains

We present a supervised machine learning (ML) framework to automatically identify new particle formation (NPF) events and analyze key atmospheric factors associated with their occurrence and growth. We applied ML to detect NPF events using start time and particle concentrations across size ranges, while identifying atmospheric variables including ambient temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation intensity (SRI), wind speed, wind direction, boundary layer height, total organics, sulfate, nitrate, total surface area concentration, sulfur dioxide, and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). We analyzed a 6-year data set from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) site in Oklahoma, USA. Using long-term ground-based measurements, we identified NPF events and applied Random Forest Classifiers, which achieved 90%–95% prediction accuracy. Feature importance analysis highlighted SRI, relative humidity, and ambient temperature as the most influential variables, contributing normalized importances of 28%, 17%, and 10%. Partial Dependence Plots (PDPs) indicated that higher SRI and lower relative humidity were critical in promoting NPF formation at SGP. Seasonally, NPF events were more frequent in winter (42.1%) and spring (35.5%), and least in summer (4.0%). Particle growth rates also exhibited a seasonal variation, with the lowest in winter (below 2 nm hr −1 ) and highest in late spring and early summer (exceeding 5 nm hr −1 ). Temperature, turbulent kinetic energy, and aerosol properties were the primary factors of growth rate variability. This study advances predictive modeling of NPF, offers insights for future campaign deployments, and demonstrates the effectiveness of ML in understanding the formation and growth of atmospheric aerosols.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2010

Potentials for J/{psi} from b decays measurement in the ALICE experiment at LHC

The ALICE potentials in proton-proton collisions for the measurement of the fraction of J/{psi} produced at central rapidity (|y|<0.9) in beauty hadrons semi-inclusive decays, namely B{yields}J/{psi}X, is discussed.This measurement relies on the combined use of the Time Projection Chamber (TPC), for tracking and particle identification via dE/dx measurement; the Inner Tracking System (ITS) for tracking and detection of displaced vertices; the Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) for particle identification.The description of the analysis method developed and the discussion of the estimate for a total J/{psi} statistics corresponding to one year of ALICE data taking in p-p collisions at {radical}(s) = 7 TeV is provided in the article.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Search for Electron Neutrinos in Multiple Topologies with the MicroBooNE Experiment

This note presents the status of the measurement of electron neutrinos from the Fermilab Booster Neutrino Beamline (BNB) with the MicroBooNE experiment. The analysis is aimed at investigating the nature of the low energy excess of electromagnetic activity observed by the MiniBooNE experiment. The $ν_e$ event selection relies on topological and calorimetric information to characterise particles produced in these interactions, leveraging the Pandora multi-algorithm reconstruction framework as well as custom particle identification and pattern recognition tools. Results presented in this note use 5.88 × 10 20 protons on target of data collected between 2015 and 2018. These include the performance of particle identification tools for $\mu/p$ and $e/\gamma$ separation, along with electromagnetic shower calibration with the largest sample of $\pi^0$ events measured on argon. Progress towards the completion of this analysis is shown through the measurement of high-energy charged-current $ν_e$ interactions and their kinematic distributions using both inclusive (1eX) and exclusive (1$e$0$p$0$\pi$ and 1$e$N$p$0$\pi$) channels. Measurements of charged-current $ν_µ$ interactions aimed at constraining flux and cross-section systematic uncertainties are also shown. We present the analysis’ preliminary sensitivity of an electron-like signal hypothesis to the MiniBooNE excess which includes flux, cross-section, and detector systematic uncertainties.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Measurement of charged pion cross section in proton carbon interaction at 30 GeV with the NA61/SHINE apparatus

Among other goals, the NA61/SHINE (SHINE {identical_to} SPS Heavy Ion and Neutrino Experiment) detector at CERN SPS aims at precision hadro-production measurements to characterise the neutrino beam of the T2K experiment at J-PARC. These measurements are performed using a 30 GeV proton beam produced at the SPS with a thin carbon target and a full T2K replica target. Preliminary spectra of {pi}{sup -} and {pi}{sup +} inclusive inelastic cross section were obtained from pilot data collected in 2007 with a 2 cm thick target (4% of the interaction length). After a description of the SHINE detector and its particle identification capabilities, results from three different analysis are presented.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2011

The MICE Muon Beam Line

In the Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE) at RAL, muons are produced and transported in a dedicated beam line connecting the production point (target) to the cooling channel. We discuss the main features of the beamline, meant to provide muons with momenta between 140 MeV/c and 240 MeV/c and emittances up to 10 mm rad, which is accomplished by means of a diffuser. Matching procedures to the MICE cooling channel are also described. In summer 2010 we performed an intense data taking campaign to finalize the calibration of the MICE Particle Identification (PID) detectors and the understanding of the beam line, which completes the STEPI phase of MICE. We highlight the main results from these data.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

The MicroBooNE Technical Design Report

MicroBooNE will build, operate, and extract physics from the first large liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) that will be exposed to a high-intensity neutrino beam. With its unparalleled capabilities in tracking, vertexing, calorimetry, and particle identification, all with full electronic readout, MicroBooNE represents a major advance in detector technology for neutrino physics in the energy regime of most importance for elucidating oscillation phenomena.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2010

The P-bar ANDA Experiment at FAIR

The P-bar ANDA experiment (Pbar ANnihilations at DArmstadt) is a next generation hadron physics detector under design for the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) at Darmstadt, Germany. It will be using cooled antiproton beams with an energy between 1.5 GeV and 15 GeV interacting with various internal targets.The experiment is focusing on hadron spectroscopy, in particular the search for exotic states in the charmonium region, on the interaction of charm hadrons with the nuclear medium and on double-hypernuclei.With physics requiring precise partial wave analysis the experiment has almost 4{pi} acceptance, a solenoid magnet for high p{sub T} tracks and a dipole magnet for the forward part of reaction products. A silicon vertex detector surrounds the interaction point. In both spectrometer parts tracking, charged particle identification, electromagnetic calorimetry and muon identification are available.The experiment is being designed to fully exploit the extraordinary physics potential arising from the availability of high-intensity, cooled antiproton beams.Significant progress beyond the present understanding of the field is expected thanks to improvements in statistics and precision of the data.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2015

Joint measurement of the atmospheric muon flux through the Puy de Dome volcano with plastic scintillators and Resistive Plate Chambers detectors

The muographic imaging of volcanoes relies on the measured transmittance of the atmospheric muon flux through the target. An important bias affecting the result comes from background contamination mimicking a higher transmittance. The MU-RAY and TOMUVOL collaborations measured independently in 2013 the atmospheric muon flux transmitted through the Puy de Dôme volcano using their early prototype detectors, based on plastic scintillators and on Glass Resistive Plate Chambers, respectively. These detectors had three (MU-RAY) or four (TOMUVOL) detection layers of 1 m 2 each, tens (MU-RAY) or hundreds (TOMUVOL) of nanosecond time resolution, a few millimeter position resolution, an energy threshold of few hundreds MeV, and no particle identification capabilities. The prototypes were deployed about 1.3 km away from the summit, where they measured, behind rock depths larger than 1000 m, remnant fluxes of 1.83±0.50(syst)±0.07(stat) m –2 d –1 deg –2 (MU-RAY) and 1.95±0.16(syst)±0.05(stat) m –2 d –1 deg –2 (TOMUVOL), that roughly correspond to the expected flux of high-energy atmospheric muons crossing 600 meters water equivalent (mwe) at 18° elevation. This implies that imaging depths larger than 500 mwe from 1 km away using such prototype detectors suffer from an overwhelming background. These measurements confirm that a new generation of detectors with higher momentum threshold, time-of-flight measurement, and/or particle identification is needed. As a result, the MU-RAY and TOMUVOL collaborations expect shortly to operate improved detectors, suitable for a robust muographic imaging of kilometer-scale volcanoes.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Observation of cosmic ray hadrons at the top of the Sierra Negra volcano in Mexico with the SciCRT prototype

In this work we report the flux of protons and neutral emission measured at the top of the Sierra Negra volcano at 4600 m.a.s.l. (575 g/cm2), in Eastern Mexico. As an example of the capability of the mini-SciCR as a cosmic ray detector we present the Forbush decrease recorded on March 7, 2012. These data were obtained with a cosmic ray detector prototype called mini-SciCR that was operating from October 2010 to July 2012. Our main aims were to measure the hadronic component flux of the secondary cosmic ray and to show the appropriate performance of all system of the detector. To separate the signals of protons from other charged particles we obtained the energy deposition pattern when they cross the detector using a Monte Carlo simulation, and to separate the signals of neutral emission we used an anticoincidence system between the edge bars and the internal bars of the detector. The mini-SciCR is a prototype of a new cosmic ray detector called SciBar Cosmic Ray Telescope (SciCRT) installed in the same place, which is in the process of calibration. The SciCRT will work mainly as a Solar Neutron and Muon Telescope, it is designed to achieve: (1) larger effective area than the current Solar Neutron Telescope, (2) higher energy resolution to determine the energy spectrum of solar neutrons, (3) lower energy threshold, and (4) higher particle identification ability.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Artificial Intelligence for imaging Cherenkov detectors at the EIC

Abstract Imaging Cherenkov detectors form the backbone of particle identification (PID) at the future Electron Ion Collider (EIC). Currently all the designs for the first EIC detector proposal use a dual Ring Imaging CHerenkov (dRICH) detector in the hadron endcap, a Detector for Internally Reflected Cherenkov (DIRC) light in the barrel, and a modular RICH (mRICH) in the electron endcap. These detectors involve optical processes with many photons that need to be tracked through complex surfaces at the simulation level, while for reconstruction they rely on pattern recognition of ring images. This proceeding summarizes ongoing efforts and possible applications of AI for imaging Cherenkov detectors at EIC. In particular we will provide the example of the dRICH for the AI-assisted design and of the DIRC for simulation and particle identification from complex patterns and discuss possible advantages of using AI.

Instruments & Instrumentation↗
DOE OSTI2023

Studying the hadron structure with PANDA and CLAS using machine learning techniques

The hadron spectroscopy and structure are currently very active fields of research to study the non-perturbative regime of quantum chronodynamics. The first one studies the complex structure of excited hadrons by looking at their decay products, while the latter uses lepton scattering on nucleons. Both methods require reconstruction algorithms with great efficiency and good particle identification and background rejection rates. This work aims to provide these by either improving the existing methods or developing new ones. The first part of this document presents a feasibility study of a predicted hybrid charmonium state for the PANDA experiment. Lattice QCD calculations predict the ground state hybrid charmonium to be a spin exotic with quantum numbers of JP C = 1?+ at a mass of around 4.3 GeV with a width to be around 20 MeV. A machine learning based data analysis scheme is proposed to further improve the signal efficiency and the background reduction, alongside with improvements of the analysis software (PandaRoot), that are vital for this study. These improvements include a reworked clustering algorithm for the electromagnetic calorimeter (EMC) and an optimized monte carlo matching for neutral particles. The second part of this document is about studying the proton structure. A multidimensional study of the structure function ratio Fsin(?)LU /FUU has been performed for K±, based on the measurement of beam-spin asymmetries. It uses the high statistics data recorded with the CLAS12 spectrometer at Jefferson Laboratory. Fsin(?)LU is a twist-3 quantity that provides information about the quark gluon correlations in the proton. This document will present for the first time a simultaneous analysis of two kaon channels over a large kinematic range of z, xB , PT and Q2 with virtualities Q2 ranging from 1 GeV2 up to 8 GeV2 using machine learning techniques for improved particle identification.

Kripko, Aron↗
DOE OSTI2013

The TREK/E36 experiment at J-PARC

Experiment E36 is planned to run at the J-PARC K1.1BR kaon beamline in 2014-15 using a stopped kaon beam along with the TREK target and detector setup. The decay products of stopped positive kaons will be observed with a large-acceptance toroidal spectrometer capable of tracking charged particles with high resolution, combined with a photon calorimeter with large solid angle and redundant particle identification systems. With the aim to test lepton universality in the K{sub e2}/K{sub μ2} ratio with high precision, the experiment is highly sensitive to new physics beyond the Standard Model. A further goal of E36 is to search for a heavy sterile neutrino in two-body kaon decay, along with additional searches for exotic decay modes including the possibility to produce a dark photon and to observe its decay into an e{sup +}e{sup −} pair. An overview of the planned measurements with E36 will be presented.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Results From the First Use of Low Radioactivity Argon in a Dark Matter Search

Liquid argon is a bright scintillator with potent particle identification properties, making it an attractive target for direct-detection dark matter searches. The DarkSide-50 dark matter search here reports the first WIMP search results obtained using a target of low-radioactivity argon. DarkSide-50 is a dark matter detector, using a two-phase liquid argon time projection chamber, located at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso. The underground argon is shown to contain Ar39 at a level reduced by a factor (1.4±0.2)×103 relative to atmospheric argon. We report a background-free null result from (2616±43) kg d of data, accumulated over 70.9 live days. When combined with our previous search using an atmospheric argon, the 90% C.L. upper limit on the WIMP-nucleon spin-independent cross section, based on zero events found in the WIMP search regions, is 2.0×10-44 cm2 (8.6×10-44 cm2, 8.0×10-43 cm2) for a WIMP mass of 100 GeV/c2 (1 TeV/c2, 10 TeV/c2).

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Study of performance of the ATLAS transition radiation tracker in run 1 of the LHC: Tracking characteristics

The ATLAS Transition Radiation Tracker (TRT) contains more than 350000 large straw tubes and it is the outermost of the three subsystems of the ATLAS Inner Detector (ID). The TRT contributes substantially to the ATLAS ID resolution for the tracks of high-energy particles, providing excellent particle identification capabilities and electron-pion separation. Basic performance parameters of the TRT related to its tracking function are described in this paper. The data used in this study were collected during the first period of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) operation in 2012 with a proton collision energy of 8 TeV. The tracking performance of the TRT has been studied in the case of operating with a Xe-based gas mixture and as a function of the straw occupancy. Special attention was paid to investigation of tracking parameters inside hadronic jets. The experimental data and simulation are in reasonable agreement, even within the dense cores of the most energetic jets.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2016

The Mu2e crystal calorimeter and improvements in the $\mu^-\mbox{N} \to e^-\mbox{N}$ search sensitivity

The Mu2e experiment will search for Charged Lepton Flavor Violation (CLFV) looking at the conversion of a muon into an electron in the field of an aluminum nucleus. About $7\cdot 10^{17}$ muons, provided by a dedicated muon beam line in construction at the Fermi National Accelarator Laboratory (Fermilab), will be stopped in 3 years in the Aluminum target. The corresponding single event sensitivity will be $2.5\cdot 10^{-17}$. The Standard Model of particle physics, even extendend to include the finite neutrino masses, predicts the ratio R μe between muon conversions and muon nuclear captures to be $\sim 10^{- 52}$. Several extensions of the Standard Model predict R μe to be in the range of $10^{-14} - 10^{-18}$. % The current best experimental limit, set by the SINDRUM II experiment is $7 \cdot 10^{-13}$ @ $90\%$ CL. The Mu2e experiment plans to improve this experimental limit by four order of magnitude to test many of the possible extensions of the Standard Model. To reach this ambitious goal, the Mu2e experiment is expected to use an intense pulsed muon beam, and rely on a detector system composed of a straw tube tracker and a calorimeter made of pure CsI crystals. The calorimeter plays a central role in the Mu2e measurement, providing particle identification capabilities that are necessary for rejecting two of the most dangerous background sources that can mimic the μ⁻N → e⁻N conversion electron: cosmic muons and $\bar{p}$ induced background. The calorimeter information allows also to improve the tracking performance. Thanks to a calorimeter-seeded track finder algorithm, it is possible to increase the track reconstruction efficiency, and make it more robust with respect to the occupancy level. Expected performances of the calorimeter have been studied in a beam test at the Beam Test Facility in Frascati (Rome, Italy). A reduced scale calorimeter prototype has been exposed to an electron beam, with energy varying from 80 to 140 MeV, for measuring the timing resolution and validate the Monte Carlo prediction. A timing resolution $\sigma_{\rm t}<200$ ps @ 100 MeV has been obtained. Combination of the background rejection performance, and the improvements in the track reconstruction, have then been used in the calculation of the expected Mu2e sensitivity.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2011

Centrality dependence of proton and antiproton spectra in Pb+Pb collisions at 40A GeV and 158A GeV measured at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron

The yields of (anti)protons were measured by the NA49 Collaboration in centrality-selected Pb + Pb collisions at 40A and 158A GeV. Particle identification was obtained in the laboratory momentum range from 5 to 63 GeV/c by measuring the energy loss dE/dx in the time projection chamber detector gas. The corresponding rapidity coverage extends 1.6 units from midrapidity into the forward hemisphere. Transverse-mass spectra, the rapidity dependences of the average transverse mass, and rapidity density distributions were studied as a function of collision centrality. The values of the average transverse mass as well as the midrapidity yields of protons normalized to the number of wounded nucleons show only modest centrality dependences. In contrast, the shape of the rapidity distribution changes significantly with collision centrality, especially at 40A GeV. The experimental results are compared to calculations of the hadron-string dynamics and the ultrarelativistic quantum-molecular-dynamics transport models.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Compound pulse characteristics of a heterogeneous composite scintillator in a gamma-ray field

An important aspect of radiation detection in scintillators is the time dependence of emitted fluorescence, which results in characteristic measured pulse shape. In some materials, a relatively strong dependence of the scintillation pulse shape on stopping power exists, which can provide reliable identification of the incident particle. An alternative method to realize particle identification is by combining materials with different fluorescence lifetimes into heterogeneous structures. Such composite scintillators derive their properties from both the constituent material characteristics and the geometry of the composite structure. In composite scintillators with a high degree of heterogeneous loading, a superposition of fluorescence contributions originating in multiple materials, which is observed as single waveform with an intermediate pulse shape, may affect its ability to reject rays. We measure the time dependence of light output from a scintillator composed of 6 Li-containing glass shards and scintillating polyvinyl toluene and identify events that exhibit such compound behavior when exposed to rays and fast neutrons. We develop a modeling and simulation framework that reproduces the pulse shapes in heterogeneous scintillators and use it study the effect that the weight percentage of 6 Li glass has on rejection. The modeling framework is applied to the experimentally studied scintillator, finding a good agreement. Here, the developed modeling and simulation approach will help optimize the design of heterogeneous scintillators to meet the desired trade-o between neutron capture efficiency and -ray rejection.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗