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At least 109 records · Page 6

Non-Gaussian Generalized Two-Mode Squeezing: Applications to Two-Ensemble Spin Squeezing and Beyond

Bosonic two-mode squeezed states are paradigmatic entangled Gaussian states that have wide utility in quantum information and metrology. Here, in this study, we show that the basic structure of these states can be generalized to arbitrary bipartite quantum systems in a manner that allows simultaneous, Heisenberg-limited estimation of two independent parameters for finite-dimensional systems. Further, we show that these general states can always be stabilized by a relatively simple Markovian dissipative process. In the specific case where the two subsystems are ensembles of two-level atoms or spins, our generalized states define a notion of two-mode spin squeezing that is valid beyond the Gaussian limit and that enables true multiparameter estimation. We discuss how generalized Ramsey measurements allow one to reach the two-parameter quantum Cramér-Rao bound, and how the dissipative preparation scheme is compatible with current experiments.

Mamaev, Mikhail [Univ. of Chicago, IL (United Stat↗

Searching for Dark Matter with Superconducting Qubits

Dark matter is an enduring mystery in our quest to understand the fundamental constituents of our universe. Low mass bosons, such the axion or hidden photon, are compelling dark matter candidates. We leverage their potential interactions with electromagnetic fields, whereby the dark matter (of unknown mass) on rare occasion converts into a single photon, to devise a method of detecting these candidates. Current dark matter searches operating at microwave frequencies use a resonant cavity to coherently accumulate the field sourced by the dark matter and a near standard quantum limited (SQL) linear amplifier to read out the cavity signal. To further increase sensitivity to the dark matter signal and enable future searches, sub-SQL detection techniques are required.In this thesis, I report the development of a novel microwave photon counting technique and a new exclusion limit on hidden photon dark matter. We operate a superconducting qubit to make repeated quantum non-demolition measurements of cavity photons and apply a hidden Markov model analysis to reduce the noise to 15.7 dB below the quantum limit, with overall detector performance limited by a residual background of real photons. With the present device, we perform a hidden photon search and constrain the kinetic mixing angle to less than 1.68 x 10-15 in a band around 6.011 GHz (24.86 micro-eV) with an integration time of 8.33 s. This demonstrated noise reduction technique enables future dark matter searches to be sped up by a factor of 1300. By coupling a qubit to an arbitrary quantum sensor, more general sub-SQL metrology is possible with the techniques presented in this work.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Vector Electrometry in a Wide-Gap-Semiconductor Device Using a Spin-Ensemble Quantum Sensor

Nitrogen-vacancy (N-V) centers in diamond work as a quantum electrometer. Using an ensemble state of N-V centers, we propose vector electrometry and demonstrate measurements in a diamond electronic device. A transverse electric field applied to the N-V axis under a high voltage is measured, while applying a transverse magnetic field. The response of the energy-level shift against the electric field is significantly enhanced compared with that against an axial magnetic field. Repeating the measurement of the transverse electric field for multiple N-V axes, our team obtains the components of the electric field generated in the device.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Quantum Logic Enhanced Sensing in Solid-State Spin Ensembles

We demonstrate quantum logic enhanced sensitivity for a macroscopic ensemble of solid-state, hybrid two-qubit sensors. We achieve over a factor of 30 improvement in the single-shot signal-to-noise ratio, translating to an ac magnetic field sensitivity enhancement exceeding an order of magnitude for time-averaged measurements. Using the electronic spins of nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond as sensors, we leverage the on-site nitrogen nuclear spins of the NV centers as memory qubits, in combination with homogeneous and stable bias and control fields, ensuring that all of the ~10 9 two-qubit sensors are sufficiently identical to permit global control of the NV ensemble spin states. We find quantum logic sensitivity enhancement for multiple measurement protocols with varying optimal sensing intervals, including XY8 and DROID-60 dynamical decoupling, as well as correlation spectroscopy, using an applied ac magnetic field signal. The results are independent of the nature of the target signal and broadly applicable to measurements using NV centers and other solid-state spin ensembles. Furthermore, this work provides a benchmark for macroscopic ensembles of quantum sensors that employ quantum logic or quantum error correction algorithms for enhanced sensitivity.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Inference-Based Quantum Sensing

In a standard quantum sensing (QS) task one aims at estimating an unknown parameter θ, encoded into an n-qubit probe state, via measurements of the system. The success of this task hinges on the ability to correlate changes in the parameter to changes in the system response $\mathscr{R}$⁡(θ) (i.e., changes in the measurement outcomes). For simple cases the form of $\mathscr{R}$⁡(θ) is known, but the same cannot be said for realistic scenarios, as no general closed-form expression exists. Here, in this Letter, we present an inference-based scheme for QS. We show that, for a general class of unitary families of encoding, $\mathscr{R}$⁡(θ) can be fully characterized by only measuring the system response at 2⁢n+1 parameters. This allows us to infer the value of an unknown parameter given the measured response, as well as to determine the sensitivity of the scheme, which characterizes its overall performance. We show that inference error is, with high probability, smaller than δ, if one measures the system response with a number of shots that scales only as Ω⁢(log 3 ⁡(n)/δ 2 ). Furthermore, the framework presented can be broadly applied as it remains valid for arbitrary probe states and measurement schemes, and, even holds in the presence of quantum noise. We also discuss how to extend our results beyond unitary families. Finally, to showcase our method we implement it for a QS task on real quantum hardware, and in numerical simulations.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Semicomputational calculation of Bragg shift in stratified materials

The fiber Bragg grating (FBG) may be viewed as a one dimensional photonic band-gap crystal by virtue of the periodic spatial perturbation imposed on the fiber core dielectric material. Similar to media supporting Bloch waves, the engraved weak index modulation, presenting a periodic “potential” to an incoming guided mode photon of the fiber, yields useful spectral properties that have been the basis for sensing applications and emerging quantum squeezing and solitons. The response of an FBG sensor to arbitrary external stimuli represents a multiphysics problem without a known analytical solution despite the growing use of FBGs in classical and quantum sensing and metrology. Here, we study this problem by first presenting a solid mechanics model for the thermal and elastic states of a stratified material. Additionally, the model considers an embedded optical material domain that represents the Bragg grating, here in the form of an FBG. Using the output of this model, we then compute the optical modes and their temperature- and stress-induced behavior. The developed model is applicable to media of arbitrary shape and composition, including soft matter and materials with nonlinear elasticity and geometric nonlinearity. Finally, we employ the computed surface stress and temperature distributions along the grating to analytically calculate the Bragg shift, which is found to be in reasonable agreement with our experimental measurements.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Intrinsic and induced quantum quenches for enhancing qubit-based quantum noise spectroscopy

Quantum sensing protocols that exploit the dephasing of a probe qubit are powerful and ubiquitous methods for interrogating an unknown environment. They have a variety of applications, ranging from noise mitigation in quantum processors, to the study of correlated electron states. Here, we discuss a simple strategy for enhancing these methods, based on the fact that they often give rise to an inadvertent quench of the probed system: there is an effective sudden change in the environmental Hamiltonian at the start of the sensing protocol. These quenches are extremely sensitive to the initial environmental state, and lead to observable changes in the sensor qubit evolution. We show how these new features give access to environmental response properties. This enables methods for direct measurement of bath temperature, and for detecting non-thermal equilibrium states. We also discuss how to deliberately control and modulate this quench physics, which enables reconstruction of the bath spectral function. Extensions to non-Gaussian quantum baths are also discussed, as is the application of our ideas to a range of sensing platforms (e.g., nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, semiconductor quantum dots, and superconducting circuits).

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

High-Sensitivity rf Detection Using an Optically Pumped Comagnetometer Based on Natural-Abundance Rubidium with Active Ambient-Field Cancellation

To detect a specific radio-frequency (rf) magnetic field, rf optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) require a static magnetic field to set the Larmor frequency of the atoms equal to the frequency of interest. However, unshielded and variable magnetic field environments (e.g., an rf OPM on a moving platform) pose a problem for rf OPM operation. Here, we demonstrate the use of a natural-abundance rubidium vapor to make a comagnetometer to address this challenge. Our implementation builds upon the simultaneous application of several OPM techniques within the same vapor cell. First, we use a modified implementation of an OPM variometer based on 87 Rb to detect and actively cancel unwanted external fields at frequencies ≲60 Hz using active feedback to a set of field control coils. In this experiment, we exploit this stabilized field environment to implement a high-sensitivity rf magnetometer using 85 Rb. Using this approach, we demonstrate the ability to measure rf fields with a sensitivity of approximately 9 fT Hz -1/2 inside a magnetic shield in the presence of an applied field of approximately 20 μT along three mutually orthogonal directions. This demonstration opens up a path toward completely unshielded operation of a high-sensitivity rf OPM.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Learning Many-Body Hamiltonians with Heisenberg-Limited Scaling

Learning a many-body Hamiltonian from its dynamics is a fundamental problem in physics. Here, in this Letter, we propose the first algorithm to achieve the Heisenberg limit for learning an interacting N-qubit local Hamiltonian. After a total evolution time of $\mathscr{O}$⁡(ε –1 ), the proposed algorithm can efficiently estimate any parameter in the N-qubit Hamiltonian to ε error with high probability. Our algorithm uses ideas from quantum simulation to decouple the unknown N-qubit Hamiltonian H into noninteracting patches and learns H using a quantum-enhanced divide-and-conquer approach. The proposed algorithm is robust against state preparation and measurement error, does not require eigenstates or thermal states, and only uses polylog⁡(ε –1 ) experiments. In contrast, the best existing algorithms require $\mathscr{O}$⁡⁡(ε –2 ) experiments and total evolution time. We prove a matching lower bound to establish the asymptotic optimality of our algorithm.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Detection of photon statistics and multimode field correlations by Raman processes

Glauber’s g (2) -function provides a common measure of quantum field statistics through two-photon coincidence counting in Hanbury Brown–Twiss measurements. Here, we propose to use nonlinear optical signals as a tool for the characterization of quantum light. In particular, we show that Raman measurements provide an alternative direct probe for a different component of the four-point correlation function underlying the g (2) -function. We illustrate this capacity for a specific quantum state obtained from a frequency conversion process. Our work points out how the analysis of controlled optical nonlinear processes can provide an alternative window toward the analysis of quantum light sources.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Detecting Multipartite Entanglement Patterns Using Single-Particle Green’s Functions

Here, we present a protocol for detecting multipartite entanglement in itinerant many-body electronic systems using single-particle Green’s functions. To achieve this, we first establish a connection between the quantum Fisher information and single-particle Green’s functions by constructing a set of witness operators built out of single electron creation and destruction operators in a doubled system. This set of witness operators is indexed by a momentum k. We compute the quantum Fisher information for these witness operators and show that for thermal ensembles it can be expressed as an autoconvolution of the single-particle spectral function. We then apply our framework to a one-dimensional fermionic system to showcase its effectiveness in detecting entanglement in itinerant electron models. We observe that the detected entanglement level is sensitive to the wave vector associated with witness operator. Our protocol will permit detecting entanglement in many-body systems using scanning tunneling microscopy and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, two spectroscopies that measure the single-particle Green’s function. It offers the prospect of the experimental detection of entanglement through spectroscopies beyond the established route of measuring the dynamical spin response.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Ultralow 0.034 dB/m loss wafer-scale integrated photonics realizing 720 million Q and 380 μW threshold Brillouin lasing

We demonstrate 0.034 dB/m loss waveguides in a 200-mm wafer-scale, silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ) CMOS-foundry-compatible integration platform. We fabricate resonators that measure up to a 720 million intrinsic Q resonator at 1615 nm wavelength with a 258 kHz intrinsic linewidth. This resonator is used to realize a Brillouin laser with an energy-efficient 380 µW threshold power. The performance is achieved by reducing scattering losses through a combination of single-mode TM waveguide design and an etched blanket-layer low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) 80 nm Si 3 N 4 waveguide core combined with thermal oxide lower and tetraethoxysilane plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (TEOS–PECVD) upper oxide cladding. This level of performance will enable photon preservation and energy-efficient generation of the spectrally pure light needed for photonic integration of a wide range of future precision scientific applications, including quantum, precision metrology, and optical atomic clocks.

Liu, Kaikai (ORCID:0000000213609646)↗

Scalar Atomic Defect-Based Solid-State Self-calibrating Magnetometer (3SM) for Space Plasma Analysis

The Earth’s magnetosphere is a system of multiple, co-located particle populations interacting via plasma waves. Things to understand are driving processes, radiation belt and ring current issues, auroral physics, internal plasma processes, and magnetosphere-ionosphere mapping issues. These plasma-physics processes enable the Earth’s magnetosphere to evolve in response to temporal changes in the solar wind and they underlie the phenomena of space weather, which impacts spacecraft systems, astronauts, radio communications, and ground based electric-power grids. The objective of 3SM is to measure magnetic field strength and to calibrate the Vector Magnetometer (VM) device to maintain absolute accuracy during a mission. The 3SM features make the instrument preferably suited not only for the traditional role of scalar magnetometers as absolute references for the calibration of the on-board vector instruments, but also for extended operational capacities, such as higher frequency scalar measurements (of potential interest for magnetosphere studies for the low frequency part of the spectrum) or autonomous scalar / vector operations. Diamond has been the solid-state platform of choice for quantum device technologies for some time, however, it suffers from difficulties such as scalability, integration, and cost. While the diamond platform is very useful for quantum technologies, further development is needed to make it viable. The material platform of choice for NASA Glenn’s Quantum Sensing And Spin Physics (Q-SASP) is silicon carbide (SiC). This is due to the much higher industry development of the SiC material platform for high-power and high-temperature electronics. It leverages both the decades-long SiC development expertise and infrastructure at NASA Glenn and its growing capabilities in quantum metrology. To make SiC devices usable for quantum technologies such as quantum sources, a much deeper understanding of defects is needed. Q-SASP is developing quantum metrology capabilities to evaluate the energy structure, defect formation energy, band structure augmentation, generation/recombination rates, and limits of dipole-dipole coupling in non-metal implanted SiC devices. This can be achieved by analysis of zero-field splitting, low-field resonance, and singlet-triplet mixing through various forms of Electrically Detectable Magnetic Resonance (EDMR) and Near-Zero Field Magnetic Resonance (NZFMR) spectroscopy. This work will discuss recent system developments, device developments, computational modeling, and spectroscopy results and analysis of defects created by non-metal implantations in SiC devices. The defect formation energies of V Si ,V C , V C V Si , N C V Si , N Si , N C in 4H-SiC are previously reported values in other research [2]-[3]. The defect formation energies of PSi and PC were calculated in GPAW [fig 1A]. The basic underlying mechanism of the zero-field phenomenon is the mixing of singlet and triplet states [4]-[5]. In most spin-dependent transport, two electron spins are involved, and thus one must consider each of their interactions with the field. We investigated the electronic and magnetic properties of 4H-SiC and 6H-SiC. The defect formation energy helps us determine what types of defects we are observing in the SiC EDMR experiment. They have very low formation energy (it is negative). The phosphorus substitution in 4H-SiC is a very stable defect. The band diagrams provide us with vital information about how the electronic properties of SiC (such as band gap) change as we add non-metal defects. The zero-field splitting parameters allow us to study the inflection point in the NZFMR [fig 1B]. We clearly observed zero-field splitting. We also noted that the zero-field splitting remained constant with changing bias. We aspect it zero-field splitting to remain constant while the hyperfine and exchange interaction perturbations shift under the influence of an external magnetic field. This is the essence of quantum magnetometry and self-calibration.

space plasma↗

Reporter-Spin-Assisted T 1 Relaxometry

A single-spin quantum sensor can quantitatively detect and image fluctuating electromagnetic fields via their effect on the sensor spin’s relaxation time, thus revealing important information about the target solid-state or molecular structures. However, the sensitivity and spatial resolution of spin relaxometry are often limited by the distance between the sensor and target. Here, we propose an alternative approach that leverages an auxiliary reporter spin in conjunction with a single-spin sensor, a diamond nitrogen-vacancy (N-V) center. We show that this approach can realize a 100-fold measurement sensitivity improvement for realistic working conditions and we experimentally verify the proposed method using a single shallow N-V center. Our work opens up a broad path of inquiry into a range of possible spin systems that can serve as relaxation sensors without the need for optical initialization and readout capabilities.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Photon number resolving detection with a single-photon detector and adaptive storage loop

Abstract Photon number resolving (PNR) measurements are beneficial or even necessary for many applications in quantum optics. Unfortunately, PNR detectors are usually large, slow, expensive, and difficult to operate. However, if the input signal is multiplexed, photon ‘click’ detectors, that lack an intrinsic PNR capability, can still be used to realize photon number resolution. Here, we investigate the operation of a single click detector, together with a storage line with tunable outcoupling. Using adaptive feedback to adjust the storage outcoupling rate, the dynamic range of the detector can in certain situations be extended by up to an order of magnitude relative to a purely passive setup. An adaptive approach can thus allow for photon number variance below the quantum shot noise limit under a wider range of conditions than using a passive multiplexing approach. This can enable applications in quantum enhanced metrology and quantum computing.

Sullivan, Nicholas M. (ORCID:0000000248447296)↗

Raster Thomson scattering in large-scale laser plasmas produced at high repetition rate

We present optical Thomson scattering measurements of electron density and temperature in a large-scale (~2 cm) exploding laser plasma produced by irradiating a solid target with a high energy (5-10 J) laser pulse at high repetition rate (1 Hz). The Thomson scattering diagnostic matches this high repetition rate. Unlike previous work performed in single shots at much higher energies, the instrument allows point measurements anywhere inside the plasma by automatically translating the scattering volume using motorized stages as the experiment is repeated at 1 Hz. Measured densities around 4×10 16 cm -3 and temperatures around 7 eV result in a scattering parameter near unity, depending on the distance from the target. The measured spectra show the transition from collective scattering close to the target to non-collective scattering at larger distances. Densities obtained by fitting the weakly collective spectra agree to within 10% with an irradiance calibration performed via Raman scattering in nitrogen.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Determination of nonradiative carrier lifetimes in quantum well laser diodes from subthreshold characteristics

A method for determination of non-radiative carrier lifetimes in the waveguide and active regions of quantum well laser diodes is presented. This method is suitable for characterization of fully packaged devices and requires no special measurement equipment if the device structure is known. Furthermore, the proposed approach is experimentally demonstrated for several 800 nm laser diodes.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

High-fidelity entanglement and coherent multi-qubit mapping in an atom array

Neutral atoms in optical tweezer arrays possess broad applicability for quantum technologies, such as computing, analogue simulation and metrology. The atomic species ytterbium-171 is able to host multiple types of qubits, making it a strong candidate for bridging various applications of tweezer arrays. Realizing this potential requires high-fidelity generation and transfer of many-body entanglement between these distinct qubit degrees of freedom. Here, in this study, we demonstrate the creation and coherent mapping of entangled quantum states across multiple qubits in ytterbium-171 tweezer arrays. We map entangled states onto the optical clock qubit from the nuclear spin qubit or the Rydberg qubit. We coherently transfer Z 2 -ordered Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger states of up to 20 atoms from the interacting Rydberg manifold to the metastable nuclear spin manifold. Furthermore, we find that clock-qubit-based spin detection, when applied to Rydberg and nuclear spin qubits, facilitates atom-loss-detectable qubit measurements and Rydberg decay detection. This enables delayed-erasure detection, yielding an error-detected two-qubit gate fidelity of 99.78(4)% in metastable qubits. These results establish a versatile architecture that advances multiple fields of quantum information science while also establishing bridges between them.

Senoo, Aruku [University of Colorado, Boulder, CO ↗