Literature Review and TCAD Simulations of Metal-GaN Contact Technology.
Abstract not provided.
Balkew, Mikias↗
SEARCH · Search NASA
Results for “Review Literature”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Negative Perceptions About the Applicability of Source-to-Source Compilers in HPC: A Literature Review.
Abstract not provided.
Milewicz, Reed↗
Gasification of Waste Plastic to Enable a Circular Economy: Literature Review Focusing on H2/Syngas Production
This report briefly reviews 1) the physicochemical properties of feedstocks; 2) hydrogen/syngas production from plastic gasification and co-gasification of plastic with coal and/or biomass, including the discussions on effects of operating conditions on H2 production; and 3) the mechanism of plastic gasification, including the formation and decomposition of char/tar during gasification process.
Shi, Fan↗
A Literature Review of NOx Emissions in Current and Future State-of-the Art Gas Turbines
Review covering motivation and objectives, hydrogen combustion basics, known issues, NOx emissions, potential solutions, historical research, and recent advances from industry.
Dennis, Richard↗
Quantitative Literature Review (QLR): Did the Agent Read the Paper or Memorize It?
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
A review of select human-building interfaces and their relationship to human behavior, energy use and occupant comfort
In recent years, research has emerged to quantitatively and qualitatively understand occupants' interactions with buildings. However, there has been surprisingly little research on building interfaces and how their design, context (e.g., location), and underlying logic impact their usability and occupants’ perceived control, as well as the resulting comfort and energy performance. This means that research is needed to better understand how occupants interact with building interfaces in both commercial and residential applications; both applications are important to address as there are many differences in interface types, level of control and understanding, and even expectations of engagement. Herein, this paper provides a cursory review and discussion of select common building interfaces: windows, window shades/blinds, thermostats, and lighting controls. The goal of this paper is to review literature related to these human-building interfaces to explore interface characteristics, current design and use challenges, and relationships between building interfaces and occupants. Human-building interface interactions are complex, more research is needed to understand design, use, and characteristics. Common themes emerged throughout the literature review to explain occupant interactions (or lack of interactions) with building interfaces, which included thermal and visual comfort, ease and access of control, interface/control placement, poor interface/control design, lack of understanding, and social-behavioral dynamics.
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
A call to standardize metrics for monitoring baleen whales near marine construction activities
Effective monitoring is necessary to protect marine mammal species during the construction of offshore infrastructure. The tools for detecting or monitoring marine mammals span traditional (e.g., visual observers, optical cameras), to newer (e.g., passive acoustic monitoring, infrared cameras, tags), and emerging (e.g., satellite imagery, environmental DNA, dimethyl sulfide concentration) technologies. Some are better suited for use during offshore development; however, peer-reviewed literature does not typically evaluate and report on the performance of these various technologies. We define a minimum set of metrics related to efficacy (i.e., confusion matrix, precision and recall, probability of missed mitigation), detection range (i.e., maximum and reliable detection range, spatial resolution), and data delivery (i.e., detection latency, system reliability, temporal resolution) that we recommend are needed to assess the utility of monitoring technologies for this purpose. Following a literature review of relevant studies, we highlight which publications reported these metrics and used multiple technologies to compare relative performance. We also emphasize the benefits of multi-modal approaches and recommend performance assessments through modeling or large-scale collaborative field testing. These metrics will standardize data collection, reporting, and analysis; promote consistent and comparable results; and foster collaboration among developers, regulatory agencies, and scientists. This may lead to the co-development of technology that achieves multiple goals, has greater application, and can answer research questions while collecting data to fulfill permitting requirements. These metrics may also inform decisions on what systems regulatory agencies might consider using and reduce monitoring costs, which is critical to support the marine sector's rapid growth alongside marine mammal conservation.
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
Intervening alcohol marketing to reduce harmful alcohol use and lessons learned from the theory of changes: Case studies in Thailand
Objectives Globally, the burden of disease caused by alcohol use has been steadily increasing, including in Thailand. In this study, we aim to test the effectiveness of Anderson et al.‘s suggested three approaches to change the collective social norms, which comprise of: (1) providing information and an understanding about alcohol use behaviour, its causes and distribution; (2) focusing strategies on groups rather than individuals; and (3) strengthening supportive laws, regulations and approaches. Study design We employed a mixed-methods approach. Evidence was gathered from literature review and in-depth interviews with key individuals who are responsible for community-based interventions to alcohol marketing strategies in Thailand. Methods We chose to focus on two case studies in Nan and Surin provinces, where hospital-based longitudinal data (8 years) were available. Changes in casualties related to the harmful use of alcohol, resulting from interactions between community-based interventions and alcohol marketing during the time of annual festivals were investigated. We employed the theory of change (ToC) defined by Vogel to guide the data collection and analysis. We reviewed literature from online databases and grey literature to generate causal-loop diagrams. Results We created a causal-loop diagram to describe the complexity of harmful alcohol use, its related factors, context, interventions and outcomes. Over the decade between 2006 and 2015, community-based strategies led to a substantial reduction of casualties (initially a 50% reduction, rising to an 80–90% reduction by the end of the study period) during the time of the festivals. Conclusions The reduction in injuries and fatalities could be a result of the concerted actions, including legal sanctions of alcohol beverage sales and advertisement, and public education to raise awareness and impart knowledge of the harmful use of alcohol. The actions were organised by a coalition of civil society, health professionals, public authorities and community leaders using hospital-based data on the adverse effects of harmful alcohol use to mobilise political support at the provincial level. The availability of long-term financial support as a catalytic source of funds and the presence of a comprehensive alcohol control act enabled framing and mobilisation of local resources and political support.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
Energy Transitions: Local Water Concerns and Climate Impacts
This report summarizes important nuances in local water concerns and potential climate impacts that could influence the roll-out of technologies associated with energy transitions. Current investments in clean energy technologies are very high, which is driving a lot of investments in related manufacturing (i.e., hydrogen, solar, wind, and batteries) and mining (e.g., lithium, copper, and graphite) around the world. To understand how water and climate dynamics could be influencing these activities, we conducted a phased literature review for three countries: China, Germany, and France. China was selected due to its global dominance in manufacturing of solar panels, batteries, and electrolyzers as well as production of rare earth elements while Germany and France were selected due to their emerging leadership in energy transitions-related manufacturing within the European Union. For each of these three nations, we identified areas where manufacturing is occurring within the country and then evaluated relevant water resources and climate impacts. Multiple sources were consulted for this review, including BloombergNEF, international reports, industry sources, peer-reviewed literature, climate data, and media coverage.
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
Emerging Pathways to Upgrade the US Housing Stock: A Review of the Home Energy Upgrade Literature
The residential buildings sector is responsible for about 20% of total US energy use. In order to achieve climate goals, we need ways to reduce carbon emissions and energy use in this sector. In addition, resiliency, electric grid stability, emergency survivability and other energy and building-related issues are becoming increasingly important challenges. New homes in most of the US meet various energy codes and are reasonably energy efficient. However, the vast majority of energy use is from existing homes that were not required to conform to energy performance requirements. It is becoming imperative to reach as many of these existing homes as possible and find ways to improve their energy-related performance. This must be done in such a way that it meets the needs and desires of homeowners and building occupants, as well as those of the contractors and design professionals engaged in doing the upgrades themselves. Energy retrofits of homes started in the 1970’s in response to the energy crisis, however, these retrofits were very limited in scope and relatively few homes were upgraded. Those homes that have been upgraded generally still have much scope for improvement. A huge effort is needed to get to scale to address the energy use in housing. The target population is effectively every home in the country, whether a large suburban single-family home, or a small downtown apartment. In order to provide a framework for analysis and the basis for plans to get to large-scale retrofits of homes, this literature review summarizes the state-of-the art in the US buildings industry. It identifies where more research, engineering, or technology is needed, as well as relevant industry trends, such as electrification, one-stop shop program design and others. It also examines other key topics, such as availability of financing, minimizing household disruption, and engaging home owners and occupants. This literature review builds on a similar review from several years ago (Less and Walker, 2014). The current review focuses on efforts in the intervening years. This literature review is part of a larger DOE study of deep energy upgrades that includes industry surveys and development of cost-stack analyses. For this review, we gathered data not just from the published literature, but also from practitioners in conjunction with other aspects of the larger DOE study. In some cases, we refer to comments from specific individuals or companies, or refer to specific products by name. This is not intended as an endorsement, but rather to provide clarity on sources of information and examples of relevant technologies.
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
Photoluminescence in Tagging: A Glowing Review
This literature review explores the options of using photoluminescence for tagging uranium fuel and zirconium cladding in order to easily and quickly associate interdicted material to its facility of origin or pathway after loss of institutional control. Photoluminescence is the spontaneous emission of radiation by a substance when excited by interaction with light. The source of photoluminescence can be from organic, inorganic, and organometallic compounds. Each luminophore, or compound responsible for luminescent properties, has individual strengths and weaknesses, depending on the intended use. Many factors can affect the brightness, lifetime, color, and detectability of luminophores, such as humidity, temperature, oxygen availability, noise from radiation–induced luminescence, and the presence of quenching substances like iron. Application of luminescent compound to the surface of an item can be done using paint, dye, thin film, thick film, or electrochemical coating. Several of the application techniques may have secondary functions such as corrosion resistance and detection, heat resistance, protective properties, and more. When considering cladding, there are various successful studies on the application of luminescent coatings on zirconium. However, significant research will be necessary to explore which luminophore and which application technique would best fit the intended use. In order to proceed with this research, a baseline of the natural luminescence of the intended base material (nuclear fuel or cladding) is necessary. While there may be issues with background noise, quenching from the environment, quenching from the substrate, signal to noise weakness, etc. the multitude of options may make photoluminescent tagging an option. In summary, this review has demonstrated that photoluminescence is a potential option to tag nuclear fuel and cladding, but additional paper–studies, testing, and research is required to understand the compatibility of luminescent tags in nuclear reactor environments, manufacturability, and detectability.
11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
Review of Energy Equity Metrics
A literature review of energy equity and energy justice metrics was performed to support efforts to develop an energy equity metrics framework. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) reviewed the available literature, surveyed work in progress on the topic, and solicited expert feedback to lay the groundwork for metrics development and provide reference material for equity research and development applications. The literature review identified three distinct equity metric types: target population identification, investment decision making, and program impact assessment.
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
Developing new pathways for energy and environmental decision-making in India: a review
Abstract India faces a dual challenge of economic development and responding to climate change. Although India’s per capita emissions are well below global average, the country is one of the world’s largest greenhouse gas emitters. Indian policymakers and stakeholders require high-quality data and research to assess low-emissions, sustainable development strategies. Peer-reviewed literature is a key source of this information and also a key venue for conversation amongst research leaders. This paper examines the recent peer-reviewed literature on India’s 2030 and 2050 pathways. We conducted a systematic literature review to identify key quantitative national modeling studies. From the 34 studies identified, we synthesized scenario data to draw common conclusions and identify critical research gaps. The main focus was on examining the coverage and the state of information available on low-carbon pathways. Overall, we find a few scenarios that are potentially consistent with a 2070 net-zero goal, but more limited assessment of pathways to reach net-zero emissions before this date. Mitigation pathways with greater ambition are required across all energy sectors to ensure a smooth transition to net-zero emissions by or before 2070. The scenarios confirm that reducing emissions to below 2 GtCO 2 yr −1 by mid-century would necessitate significant transformations of the Indian energy sector, such as, a decrease in unabated coal power capacity, transportation modal shift, and industrial process switching. The assessment also finds substantial differences in final energy estimates reported across studies, particularly in transportation. The lack of consistency in, and transparency about underlying drivers, assumptions, and even outputs across studies points to the critical need for the sorts of coordinated, multi-model studies that have proven exceptionally valuable for decision makers in other major emitting countries.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Aging of Concrete for the Evaluation of Repair Materials to Protect the Walls of the HCAEX Tunnel at Savannah River - 20301
H-Canyon, located in the Savannah River site, is a unique facility for chemical reprocessing of plutonium, highly-enriched uranium, and other radioactive materials. The exhaust gases of the H-Canyon are sent through the H-Canyon Exhaust (HCAEX) tunnel for contamination removal. Robotic inspections of the tunnel revealed significant degradation of the reinforced concrete structure that was associated with acid attack, and could compromise the structural stability of the tunnel. Thus, the identification and evaluation of potential repair materials that could be applied on the degraded walls to mitigate and prevent further degradation is of significant interest to the Department of Energy and the Savannah River representatives. This research effort has been divided into two phases: 1) Development and evaluation of aged concrete under accelerated aging conditions (which is the focus of this paper) and 2) Evaluation of potential repair materials applied on aged and non-aged concrete under simulated aggressive conditions. In order to develop and evaluate concrete samples exposed to accelerated aging conditions in simulated aggressive environments, a literature review of the HCAEX tunnel was conducted that included 1) characterization and extent of the concrete damage, 2) environmental conditions inside the tunnel and 3) primary deterioration mechanisms. In addition, potential coatings and/or repair materials for degraded concrete surfaces exposed to aggressive environments (primarily acidic) were selected from the literature review and the most common testing and measurements for evaluating acid attack phenomena, erosion, etc. were reviewed. From the literature review findings, a preliminary bench-scale test plan for the concrete aging was developed, including accelerated aging tests with aggressive conditions (acid fumes, humidity, etc.). Concrete samples were exposed to the aging accelerated conditions (e.g. immersion in acid solutions) and visual inspection, mass loss and pH change (acid solution) were recorded over time. Correlations between the visual inspection, mass loss and pH changes results and the aging time or the aging conditions were developed. Specimens submitted to the highest acid concentration showed the fastest and most intense degradation. The type of coarse aggregate (limestone) used for the concrete seemed to be the cause of the fastest aging observed, compared to the cement paste. The research findings created the foundation for the ongoing investigation, in which new concrete samples with a mix design similar to the HCAEX tunnel will be tested and will serve as the substrate for testing the selected coatings and /or repair materials. In this paper, the literature review and preliminary results from the aging tests are provided. (authors)
12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
A taxonomy of systems that combine utility-scale renewable energy and energy storage technologies
Interest in renewable energy-based hybrid systems—which combine multiple renewable energy and/or energy storage technologies—is apparent and growing. Such systems could play an important role in the grid of the future, but our ability to quantify their potential impacts is hindered by (a) the inconsistent treatment of hybrid systems and (b) an incomplete understanding of which aspects of hybridization will have the greatest influence. In this article, we review the literature and propose an organization scheme for utility-scale hybrid systems in which electricity is generated from commercially available, renewable energy technologies, and electricity is the only output. Based on this literature review, we propose three categories for delineating systems that link multiple renewable energy and/or energy storage technologies: co-located resources (locational linkage only), virtual power plants (operational linkage only), and full hybrids (location and operational linkages). Proposing a categorization based on whether the systems involve locational and/or operational linkages reflects the fact that technology combinations do not represent a meaningful delineation. In addition, the categories are ideal for informing model development efforts, by identifying the unique characteristics that must be captured in adequate representations of systems that fall under each category. Our categories can also help inform policy considerations, as they delineate system characteristics that would introduce distinct permitting, siting, interconnection, and policy challenges. Therefore, we believe that our proposed taxonomy will help organize thinking and research efforts in a way that will enable consistent evaluation of the costs, values, and potential of renewable energy-based hybrids.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
The role of pre-existing heterogeneities in materials under shock and spall
There has been a challenge for many decades to understand how heterogeneities influence the behavior of materials under shock loading, eventually leading to spall formation and failure. Experimental, analytical, and computational techniques have matured to the point where systematic studies of materials with complex microstructures under shock loading and the associated failure mechanisms are feasible. This is enabled by more accurate diagnostics as well as characterization methods. As interest in complex materials grows, understanding and predicting the role of heterogeneities in determining the dynamic behavior becomes crucial. Early computational studies, hydrocodes, in particular, historically preclude any irregularities in the form of defects and impurities in the material microstructure for the sake of simplification and to retain the hydrodynamic conservation equations. Contemporary computational methods, notably molecular dynamics simulations, can overcome this limitation by incorporating inhomogeneities albeit at a much lower length and time scale. This review discusses literature that has focused on investigating the role of various imperfections in the shock and spall behavior, emphasizing mainly heterogeneities such as second-phase particles, inclusions, and voids under both shock compression and release. Pre-existing defects are found in most engineering materials, ranging from thermodynamically necessary vacancies, to interstitial and dislocation, to microstructural features such as inclusions, second phase particles, voids, grain boundaries, and triple junctions. This literature review explores the interaction of these heterogeneities under shock loading during compression and release. Systematic characterization of material heterogeneities before and after shock loading, along with direct measurements of Hugoniot elastic limit and spall strength, allows for more generalized theories to be formulated. Further, continuous improvement toward time-resolved, in situ experimental data strengthens the ability to elucidate upon results gathered from simulations and analytical models, thus improving the overall ability to understand and predict how materials behave under dynamic loading.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Sensor Impacts Evaluation and Verification: Expert Interview Responses
The sensor configuration/deployment method has critical impacts on energy efficient building control and thermal comfort. However, traditional sensor techniques for building operation and fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) are not necessarily optimal in terms of energy efficiency and thermal comfort, and their global effects are not thoroughly investigated. In an effort to address and overcome this limitation, a multilaboratory and multiyear project, “Sensor Impact Evaluation and Verification,” was proposed. Its purpose is to develop a framework to investigate the impacts of sensor deployment and configuration on building energy optimization, FDD, occupant thermal comfort, and potentially grid efficiency. The first project task was a literature review to establish a solid knowledge of and a background related to sensor technologies and placement. To accomplish this task, an extensive review of previous research literature was performed. A series of expert interviews were conducted to augment the findings of the literature review. This report summarizes the interview design and interview results and findings. The interview was designed and performed to (1) investigate the current status and limitations of sensor configuration, (2) identify the research gaps and expectations for potential improvements in sensor configuration and deployment, and (3) integrate expert (e.g., researcher, building operation practitioner) knowledge and experience to develop use-case scenarios.
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
Field Reliability of Glass/Glass Modules
A review of literature indicates that there will be a 20% increase in utilization of glass/glass PV modules by 2023. Common degradation modes reported in literature of glass/glass modules are: Encapsulant delamination, Encapsulant browning, corrosion and glass cracks. There is a strong need to investigate the reliability of glass/glass modules in detail to identify and overcome any potential failures in the future constructions. This work presents a preliminary literature review on the reliability of old generation glass/glass modules in the field.
14 SOLAR ENERGY↗