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NASA NTRS2010

LIGO-VIRGO Triggered Follow-Up with NASA High Energy Photon Survey Missions

We discuss the proposed use of LIGO-VIRGO S6 triggers from comparatively loud events to search for both prompt and afterglow EM counterparts with RXTE, SWIFT and FERMI. Using a 2 or 3-fold coincident trigger from the two LIGO and one VIRGO detectors to provide sky position information, we can search the data from these missions within a limited time window and a constrained portion of their respective FOVs, allowing us to look at a level below the threshold normally used to publicly indicate an event. Since we propose to use these missions in their survey mode, no re-pointing of the missions is envisioned. The search for a coincidence between the data from LIGO-VIRGO and the EM survey missions can then be analyzed off-line; if a coincident EM signal is found it would have a significant effect in establishing the validity of the GW trigger. We discuss some relevant aspects of the NASA missions and give some preliminary estimates of thresholds and coincident background rates.

Camp, Jordan↗

DOE OSTI2024

Status and perspectives of the ICARUS experiment at the Fermilab Short Baseline Neutrino program

In this study, the ICARUS collaboration has employed the 760 t T600 detector in a successful three-year physics run at the underground LNGS laboratory, performing a sensitive search for LSND-like anomalous ν e appearance in the CERN Neutrino to Gran Sasso beam, which contributed to the constraints on the allowed neutrino oscillation parameters to a narrow region around Δm 2 ~ 1 eV 2 . After a significant overhaul at CERN, the T600 detector has been installed at Fermilab. In 2020 the cryogenic commissioning began with detector cool down, liquid Argon filling and recirculation. ICARUS then started its operation collecting the first neutrino events from the Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB) and the Neutrinos at the Main Injector (NuMI) beam off-axis, which were used to test the ICARUS event selection, reconstruction and analysis algorithms. ICARUS successfully completed its commissioning phase in June 2022, moving then to data taking for neutrino oscillation physics, aiming at first to either confirm or refute the claim by Neutrino-4 short-baseline reactor. ICARUS will also jointly search for evidence of sterile neutrinos together with the Short-Baseline Near Detector, within the Fermilab Short-Baseline Neutrino program experiment, and will perform measurements of neutrino cross sections with both beams and several Beyond Standard Model searches with the NuMI beam. In this paper, the main technical achievements of the ICARUS detector subsystems (Time Projection Chambers, Light Detection System, Cosmic Ray Tagger, Trigger and Data Acquisition) obtained with both BNB and NuMI neutrino beams during the commissioning phase, will be presented in terms of the overall detector performance and capability to select and reconstruct neutrino events.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2024

Machine Learning for DUNE Supernova Trigger

One of the major scientific goals of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is to detect and measure the neutrino flux originating from galactic core-collapse supernovae. These neutrinos provide an opportunity to study the end of life evolution of massive stars, and reveal information about the structure of core-collapse that is not visible in observations of the electromagnetic spectrum. Because of the rarity of these events, it is crucial that DUNE is able to detect supernova neutrino interactions when they occur. However, this will require sifting through a large quantity of data, motivating the development of a trigger algorithm to identify significant events and discard irrelevant data. Machine learning provides a potential approach to building this trigger. This project generates ADC and ground truth images of simulated neutrino interactions in a LArTPC detector to be used for machine learning, and uses them to train a sparse Convolutional Neural Network (C NN). The performance of this model when applied to the task of pixel classification based on interaction type is examined. This project found that the sparse CNN approach has the potential to have high accuracy in pixel classification, meaning it may be highly relevant to the development of a supernova neutrino trigger for the DUNE far detector.

Damish, S.↗

DOE OSTI2025

Search for light long-lived particles decaying to displaced jets in proton–proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13.6$ TeV

A search for light long-lived particles (LLPs) decaying to displaced jets is presented, using a data sample of proton–proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13.6 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 34.7 fb −1 , collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC in 2022. Novel trigger, reconstruction, and machine-learning techniques were developed for and employed in this search. After all selections, the observations are consistent with the background predictions. Limits are presented on the branching fraction of the Higgs boson to LLPs that subsequently decay to quark pairs or tau lepton pairs. An improvement by up to a factor of 10 is achieved over previous limits for models with LLP masses smaller than 60 GeV and proper decay lengths smaller than 1 m. The first constraints are placed on the fraternal twin Higgs (FTH) and folded supersymmetry (FSUSY) models, where the lower bounds on the top quark partner mass reach up to 350 GeV for the FTH model and 250 GeV for the FSUSY model.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2026

TTDAQ: A Continuous Flow, Timing and Trigger DAQ System

Final Scientific/Technical Report for DOE Award DE-SC0019581, “TTDAQ: A Continuous Flow, Timing and Trigger DAQ System.” The report summarizes Telluric Labs’ Phase II STTR work developing silicon-photonic building blocks for a software-defined, continuous-flow, trigger-less data acquisition system for next-generation high-energy and nuclear-physics detectors. The project focused on radiation-hard photonic integrated circuits, remote optical illumination, dense wavelength-division multiplexing, and a differential microring-resonator transceiver architecture designed to improve high-speed optical link stability and bandwidth. The report describes project objectives, technical accomplishments, AIM Photonics tape-outs, bench characterization, radiation-hardness testing, deferred integration work, and potential applications beyond physics readout.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2025

Intelligent experiments through real-time AI: Fast Data Processing and Autonomous Detector Control for sPHENIX and future EIC detectors

This R&D project, initiated by the DOE Nuclear Physics AI-Machine Learning initiative in 2022, leverages AI to address data processing challenges in high-energy nuclear experiments (RHIC, LHC, and future EIC). Our focus is on developing a demonstrator for real-time processing of high-rate data streams from sPHENIX experiment tracking detectors. The limitations of a 15 kHz maximum trigger rate imposed by the calorimeters can be negated by intelligent use of streaming technology in the tracking system. The approach efficiently identifies low momentum rare heavy flavor events in high-rate p+p collisions (3MHz), using Graph Neural Network (GNN) and High Level Synthesis for Machine Learning (hls4ml). Success at sPHENIX promises immediate benefits, minimizing resources and accelerating the heavy-flavor measurements. The approach is transferable to other fields. For the EIC, we develop a DIS-electron tagger using Artificial Intelligence - Machine Learning (AI-ML) algorithms for real-time identification, showcasing the transformative potential of AI and FPGA technologies in high-energy nuclear and particle experiments real-time data processing pipelines.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

NASA NTRS1983

Focal-Plane-Array Optical Proximity Sensors

Objects detected at beam axis intersections. Group of light sources or detectors is mounted in box at focal plane of lens. Box can therefore illuminate or view several axes, each corresponding to source or detector of group. Proximity sensing system developed to trigger braking system of automatically controlled car.

Johnston, A. R.↗

NASA NTRS1998

Development of a Broad High-Energy Gamma-Ray Telescope using Silicon Strip Detectors

The research effort has led to the development and demonstration of technology to enable the design and construction of a next-generation high-energy gamma-ray telescope that operates in the pair-production regime (E greater than 10 MeV). In particular, the technology approach developed is based on silicon-strip detector technology. A complete instrument concept based on this technology for the pair-conversion tracker and the use of CsI(T1) crystals for the calorimeter is now the baseline instrument concept for the Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST) mission. GLAST is NASA's proposed high-energy gamma-ray mission designed to operate in the energy range from 10 MeV to approximately 300 GeV. GLAST, with nearly 100 times the sensitivity of EGRET, operates through pair conversion of gamma-rays and measurement of the direction and energy of the resulting e (+) - e (-) shower. The baseline design, developed with support from NASA includes a charged particle anticoincidence shield, a tracker/converter made of thin sheets of high-Z material interspersed with Si strip detectors, a CsI calorimeter and a programmable data trigger and acquisition system. The telescope is assembled as an array of modules or towers. Each tower contains elements of the tracker, calorimeter, and anticoincidence system. As originally proposed, the telescope design had 49 modules. In the more optimized design that emerged at the end of the grant period the individual modules are larger and the total number in the GLAST array is 25. Also the calorimeter design was advanced substantially to the point that it has a self-contained imaging capability, albeit much cruder than the tracker.

Michelson, Peter F.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Measurements of n-p correlations in the reaction of relativistic neon with uranium

We report a preliminary measurement of coincident neutron-proton pairs emitted at 45 degrees in the interaction of 400, 530, and 650 MeV/A neon beams incident on uranium. Charged particles were identified by time of flight and momentum, as determined in a magnetic spectrometer. Neutral particles were detected using a thick plastic scintillator, and their time of flight was measured between an entrance scintillator, triggered by a charged particle, and the neutron detector. The scatter plots and contour plots of neutron momentum vs. proton momentum appear to show a slight correlation ridge above an uncorrelated background. The projections of this plane on the n-p momentum difference axis are essentially flat, showing a one standard deviation enhancement for each of the three beams energies. At each beam energy, the calculated momentum correlation function for the neutron-proton pairs is enhanced near zero neutron-proton momentum difference by approximately one standard deviation over the expected value for no correlation. This enhancement is expected to occur as a consequence of the attractive final state interaction between the neutron and proton (i.e., virtual or "singlet" deuterons). The implications of these measurements are discussed.

NASA Program Space Medicine↗

DOE OSTI2026

Design and Testing of the Endcap Concentrator ASICs for the CMS High-Granularity Calorimeter Upgrade

A major upgrade of the High-Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) in the CMS detector is planned for Long-Shutdown 3 (LS3), currently expected to start in 2026. This upgrade will contain over 6 million channels and the electronics will be required to be low power and to withstand a radiation environment with a High-Energy Hadron flux of 3x10**6 particles per square centimeter per second. The solution to this significant challenge is the two Endcap Concentrator (ECON) ASICs, ECON-T and ECON-D, working in tandem with the HGCROC front-end ASIC. The two ECON ASICs provide critical on-detector data reduction for both the 40 MHz trigger path (ECON-T) and 750 kHz data acquisition path (ECON-D) of the HGCAL. The ASICs are fabricated in 65nm CMOS. They are rad-tolerant to 600 Mrad with low power consumption (<2.5 mW/channel). This presentation will be a comprehensive description of each ECON design, including the infrastructure that they share as well as the elements that make each unique. The presentation will also include functionality and radiation tests for both ASICs, and the first high statistics characterization results from the full production of 75k ECON-D and ECON-T ASICs.

Hoff, James R. [Fermilab] (ORCID:0000000163514592)↗

DOE OSTI2025

Performance of the ICARUS Trigger System at the Booster and NuMI Neutrino Beams †

The ICARUS-T600 liquid argon time projection chamber detector takes data at a shallow depth as the far detector of the Short Baseline Neutrino program at Fermilab, searching for sterile neutrinos with the Booster and Main Injector neutrino beams. The ICARUS trigger system exploits the temporal coincidence of the beams with scintillation light signals detected by 360 photo-multiplier tubes in limited TPC regions. The trigger efficiency measurement leverages cosmic rays collected without any scintillation light requirement, with timing from an external cosmic ray tagger system. The efficiency measured with stopping muons roughly saturates at ∼300 MeV, covering most of the expected energy range of charged-current neutrino interactions. For the latest ICARUS physics runs, special “adder” boards performing the analog sum of light signals were introduced as a complementary trigger to possibly recover low-energy neutrino interactions.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2026

Patch Hierarchical Attention Transformer for Efficient Particle Jet Tagging

Real-time jet tagging is critical for identifying short-lived particle decays in the high-throughput detectors of the Large Hadron Collider, where real-time trigger systems responsible for deciding which collision events to store impose strict latency and accuracy constraints. While transformer architectures achieve the highest jet tagging accuracy when compute is unconstrained, their quadratic self-attention cost makes inference restrictive on trigger budget. Existing efficient variants reduce the computational cost, but hinder the classification performance. To address this limitation, we introduce the Patch Hierarchical Attention Transformer (PHAT-JeT), which combines two mechanisms: a physics-inspired geometric message-passing module that encodes local detector-plane structure, and a hierarchical patch-based attention scheme that computes exact attention within small particle groups while preserving global context through lightweight patch-token communication. Within a restricted budget, PHAT-JeT achieves state-of-the-art accuracy and background rejection among all resource-constrained jet tagging models on four benchmarks (\textsc{hls4ml}, JetClass, Top Tagging, and Quark--Gluon). Our code is available at https://github.com/aaronw5/PHAT-JeT.

Wang, Aaron [Illinois U., Chicago] (ORCID:00000003↗

DOE OSTI2026

Pixel-Strip Module Testing and Performance Analysis for the CMS Phase-2 Outer Tracker Upgrade

In response to the demanding environment of the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Experiment's Outer Tracker is being replaced with a lighter, higher-granularity, radiation-tolerant silicon detector capable of providing tracking information directly to the Level-1 trigger system. The new Outer Tracker consists of Pixel-Strip (PS) and Strip-Strip (2S) transverse momentum (pT) modules, which are assembled and tested at, among other centers, Fermilab's Silicon Detector Facility. PS modules consist of a pixel sensor, a strip sensor, and multiple application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). This poster studies the performance of MaPSAs, silicon macro-pixel sensors bump-bonded to 16 macro-pixel ASICS. It presents the testing procedures for MaPSAs and MaPSA-strip sensor sub-assemblies, as well as the results of calibration and performance studies of two PS modules before and after irradiation. These results assess the impact of irradiation on module performance, providing insight into the modules' expected performance in the HL-LHC environment.

Kimrey, Emerson [Scripps College]↗

DOE OSTI2025

Calorimeter Pileup Deconvolution for Online Trigger Primitives

In high energy physics experiment, as the luminosity increases, pile-up issues on detectors such as calorimeters become non-negligible. Deconvolution approaches with mathematic pre-assumptions such as Sparse Representation are developed for data analysis stage. For online computation tasks such as for trigger primitive creation, signal availability is significantly different as in offline data analysis stage, and therefore, different (yet simpler) algorithms should be explored. In this document, several approaches of deconvolution suitable for FPGA implementation are discussed.

Wu, Jin-yuan [Fermilab] (ORCID:0000000344329521)↗

DOE OSTI2024

Calibration and Timing Performance of the Light Detection System in the ICARUS Detector

ICARUS is the largest Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) in operation and serves as the Far Detector of the Short Baseline Neutrino (SBN) program at Fermilab. It aims to investigate the possible existence of sterile neutrinos with $\Delta m^2 \approx \SI{1}{eV^2}$ using the Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB) and explore physics beyond the Standard Model with the Neutrinos at the Main Injector (NuMI) beam. The ICARUS light detection system, comprising 360 TPB-coated large-area Photo-Multiplier Tubes (PMTs), is crucial for triggering and event reconstruction. Due to its shallow installation, the detector is exposed to a high flux of cosmic rays, necessitating precise timing to reject background events and align neutrino interactions with the beam time profile. This talk will detail the timing inter-calibration procedures for the ICARUS light detection system, which achieve sub-nanosecond resolution. Additionally, the performance of the system in reconstructing the timing of neutrino interactions from the BNB and NuMI beams will be discussed. The results highlight the effectiveness of the ICARUS light detection system in enhancing the detector's capability for precise and reliable neutrino selection.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Calibration and Timing Performance of the Light Detection System in the ICARUS Detector

ICARUS is the largest Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) in operation and serves as the Far Detector of the Short Baseline Neutrino (SBN) program at Fermilab. It aims to investigate the possible existence of sterile neutrinos with $\Delta m^2 \approx 1 \,\mathrm{eV^2}$ using the Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB) and explore physics beyond the Standard Model with the Neutrinos at the Main Injector (NuMI) beam. The ICARUS light detection system, comprising 360 TPB-coated large-area Photo-Multiplier Tubes (PMTs), is crucial for triggering and event reconstruction. Due to its shallow installation, the detector is exposed to a high flux of cosmic rays, necessitating precise timing to reject background events and align neutrino interactions with the beam time profile. This talk will detail the timing inter-calibration procedures for the ICARUS light detection system, which achieve sub-nanosecond resolution. Additionally, the performance of the system in reconstructing the timing of neutrino interactions from the BNB and NuMI beams will be discussed. The results highlight the effectiveness of the ICARUS light detection system in enhancing the detector's capability for precise and reliable neutrino selection.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

NASA NTRS1995

The LXeCAT instrument for gamma-ray astrophysics

The Liquid Xenon Coded Aperture Telescope (LXeCAT) and its capability to image astrophysical gamma-ray sources in the MeV region is described. The gamma-ray detector is a Liquid Xenon Time Projection Chamber (LXeTPC) triggered by the primary scintillation light. Effective background rejection is a direct consequence of the intrinsic three-dimensional imaging capability of the LXeTPC. Initial results with a 10 liter prototype confirm an energy resolution of 6% FWHM, a position resolution of 1 mm RMS and a light triggering efficiency higher than 90% for 1 MeV gamma-rays.

Aprile, E.↗

NASA NTRS2008

The Synergy of Gamma-Ray Burst Detectors in the GLAST Era

Simultaneous observations by the large number of gamma-ray burst detectors that will operate in the GLAST era will provide the spectra, lightcurves and locations necessary for studying burst physics and testing the putative relations between intrinsic burst properties. I review the burst detection sensitivities, spectral bands, and localization capabilities of the GLAST (GBM and LAT), Swift (BAT), INTEGRAL (ISGRI), Suzaku (wAM), AGILE (Super-AGILE) and wind (Konus) detectors; the detectors' energy band and the accumulation timescale of their trigger system affect their sensitivity to hard vs. soft and long vs. short bursts. In addition, I estimate the rate of simultaneous burst observations. In particular, coordination of the Swift observing plan consistent with Swift's other science objectives could increase the rate of GLAST bursts with redshifts

Band, David↗