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At least 109 records · Page 6

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DOE OSTI2020

2020 Vehicle Technology Office Annual Progress Report from Jianchao Ye

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

DOE OSTI2021

VTO_2021_APR_LLNL_Ye

Traditional batteries are composed of two-dimensional films that are stacked and/or rolled. Thin film batteries display high power density while their thick film counterparts show good energy density, but it has proven difficult to concurrently achieve both within these planar form factors. In addition, conventional Li-ion batteries based on liquid organic electrolytes or gel polymer electrolytes have raised severe safety concerns due to the intrinsic flammable properties of the organic electrolytes. They are also not ideal for the use of high energy density metallic lithium (Li) anodes due to Li dendrite growth, or sulfur cathodes due to shuttling effects that result in fast capacity fade. There is an urgent need to develop safe, high-performance solid-state batteries (SSBs) with advanced electrolyte and separator technologies. Although in recent years a series of superionic conductors have been developed for electrolytes and separators, their performance does not satisfy demanding criteria due to large impedance from poor solid electrolyte-electrode contact and questionable electrochemical and mechanical stability. Unlike the well-established roll-to-roll fabrication of conventional Li-ion batteries, the processing of SSBs is unique due to the brittleness of solid-state electrolytes (SSEs). The commercially available or lab-developed SSE discs are usually very thick (hundreds of micrometers to millimeters) to overcome their brittle nature, which unfortunately increases the cell impedance and accounts for the majority of the overall cell weight and volume, leading to dramatically decreased power and energy densities. In this project, we will investigate 3D printing techniques to overcome safety, fabrication, mechanical, and electrochemical issues in SSBs. 3D printing builds complex structures in a layer-by-layer fashion, which allows rapid production of hierarchical architectures, gradient and multi-material structures, and multi-component assemblies. 3D printing is an emerging area that could fundamentally transform energy storage devices. For example, 3D printing can produce batteries with arbitrary form factors to fit a product’s specific volume requirements and can create interwoven electrode arrangements over a wide range of length scales to improve transport and increase power density for a given energy density. For SSBs, 3D printing may dramatically reduce the separator thickness from ~1 mm (by hydraulic pressing) to tens of micrometers or less. In addition, the interfacial contact area between the electrolyte and the electrode may be increased via 3D interdigitated designs. Hence, we expect a significant reduction of the overall cell impedance and enhancement of both energy and power densities of SSBs by harnessing an array of 3D printing technologies being developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL).

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

NASA NTRS1977

Prelaunch testing of the laser geodynamic satellite (LAGEOS)

The LAGEOS was extensively tested optically prior to launch. The measurement techniques used are described and resulting data is presented. Principal emphasis was placed on pulse spreading characteristics, range correction for center of mass tracking, and pulse distortion due to coherent effects. A mode-locked freqeuncy doubled Nd:YAG laser with a pulse width of about 60 ps was used as the ranging transmitter and a crossfield photo-multiplier was used in the receiver. High speed sampling electronics were employed to increase receiver bandwidth. LAGEOS reflected pulses typically had a width of 250 ps with a variability in the range correction of less than 2 mm rms. Pulse distortion due to coherent effects was inferred from average waveforms and appears to introduce less than + or - 50 ps jitter in the location of the pulse peak. Analytic results on this effect based on computer simulations are also presented. Theoretical and experimental data on the lidar cross section were developed in order to predict the strength of lidar echoes from the satellite. Cross section was measured using a large aperture laser collimating system to illuminate the LAGEOS. Reflected radiation far-field patterns were measured using the collimator in an autocollimating mode. Data were collected with an optical data digitzer and displayed as a three-dimensional plot of intensity versus the two far-field coordinates. Measurements were made at several wavelengths, for several types of polarizations, and as a function of satellite orientation.

Fitzmaurice, M. W.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Two-Dimensional Vernier Scale

Modified vernier scale gives accurate two-dimensional coordinates from maps, drawings, or cathode-ray-tube displays. Movable circular overlay rests on fixed rectangular-grid overlay. Pitch of circles nine-tenths that of grid and, for greatest accuracy, radii of circles large compared with pitch of grid. Scale enables user to interpolate between finest divisions of regularly spaced rule simply by observing which mark on auxiliary vernier rule aligns with mark on primary rule.

Juday, Richard D.↗

DOE OSTI2025

Hierarchical domain structures in buckled ferroelectric free sheets

Flat elastic sheets tend to display wrinkles and folds. From pieces of clothing down to two-dimensional crystals, these corrugations appear in response to strain generated by sheet compression or stretching, thermal or mechanical mismatch with other elastic layers, or surface tension. Extensively studied in metals, polymers and, — more recently — in van der Waals exfoliated layers, with the advent of thin single crystal freestanding films of complex oxides, researchers are now paying attention to novel microstructural effects induced by bending ferroelectric-ferroelastics, where polarization is strongly coupled to lattice deformation. Here we show that wrinkle undulations in BaTiO3 sheets bonded to a viscoelastic substrate transform into a buckle delamination geometry when transferred onto a rigid substrate. Using spatially resolved techniques at different scales (Raman, scanning probe and electron microscopy), we show how these delaminations in the free BaTiO3 sheets display a self-organization of ferroelastic domains along the buckle profile that strongly differs from the more studied sinusoidal wrinkle geometry. Moreover, we disclose the hierarchical distribution of a secondary set of domains induced by the misalignment of these folding structures from the preferred in-plane crystallographic orientations. Our results disclose the relevance of the morphology and orientation of buckling instabilities in ferroelectric free sheets, for the stabilization of different domain structures, pointing to new routes for domain engineering of ferroelectrics in flexible oxide sheets.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Ultrathin Plasmonic Tungsten Oxide Quantum Wells with Controllable Free Carrier Densities

Localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPR) of nanostructures can be tuned by controlling their morphology, local dielectric environment, and free carrier concentration. We report the colloidal synthesis of an ~3 tungsten–oxygen (W-O) layer thick (~1 nm), two-dimensional (2D) WO 3-x nanoplatelets (NPLs) (x ≈ 0.55–1.03), which display tunable near-infrared LSPR properties and additionally high free electron density (N e ) that arises predominantly from the large shape factor of 2D NPLs. Importantly, the W to O composition ratios inferred from their LSPR measurements show much higher percentage of oxygen vacancies than those determined by X-ray diffraction analysis, suggesting that the aspect ratio of ultrathin WO 3-x NPLs is the key to producing an unprecedentedly large Ne, although synthesis temperature is also an independent factor. We find that NPL formation is kinetically controlled, whereas thermodynamic parameter manipulation leads to N e values as high as 4.13 × 10 22 cm –3 , which is close to that of plasmonic noble metals, and thus our oxide-based nanostructures can be considered as quasi-metallic. The unique structural properties of 2D nanomaterials along with the high N e of WO 3-x NPLs provide an attractive alternative to plasmonic noble metal nanostructures for various plasmon-driven energy conversions and design of photochromic nanodevices.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

NASA NTRS1978

Simulator method and apparatus for practicing the mating of an observer-controlled object with a target

A servo controlled target replica, and a surface bearing a computer generated line drawing of an object are individually viewed by separate television cameras allowing a two-dimensional composite of the target replica and the object to be displayed on a monitor simulating what an observer would see through a window in a spacecraft. The target replica is coded along one self coordinate axis in such a way that the distance of an elemental area on the target along the axis is capable of being remotely readout by a television camera. A third television camera responsive to the code reads out this information by which the Z-coordinate, relative to the observer, can be calculated, on-line with the scan, for the contents of each picture element of the scene televised by the target camera.

Polstorff, W. K.↗

NASA NTRS1979

Characterization of solar cells for space applications. Volume 5: Electrical characteristics of OCLI 225-micron MLAR wraparound cells as a function of intensity, temperature, and irradiation

Computed statistical averages and standard deviations with respect to the measured cells for each intensity temperature measurement condition are presented. Display averages and standard deviations of the cell characteristics in a two dimensional array format are shown: one dimension representing incoming light intensity, and another, the cell temperature. Programs for calculating the temperature coefficients of the pertinent cell electrical parameters are presented, and postirradiation data are summarized.

Anspaugh, B. E.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Application of image processing techniques to fluid flow data analysis

The application of color coding techniques used in processing remote sensing imagery to analyze and display fluid flow data is discussed. A minicomputer based color film recording and color CRT display system is described. High quality, high resolution images of two-dimensional data are produced on the film recorder. Three dimensional data, in large volume, are used to generate color motion pictures in which time is used to represent the third dimension. Several applications and examples are presented. System hardware and software is described.

Giamati, C. C.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Progress in holographic applications; Proceedings of the Meeting, Cannes, France, December 5, 6, 1985

Papers are presented on a holographic recording material containing poly-n-vinylcarbozole, photoelectrochemical etching of holographic gratings in semiconductors, the analysis and construction of powered reflection holographic optical elements, achromatic display holograms in dichromated gelatin, and image blurring in display holograms and in holographic optical elements. Topics discussed include two-dimensional optical beam switching techniques using dynamnic holography, a new holographic interferometer with monomode fibers for integrated optics applications, computer controlled holography, and the copying of holograms using incoherent light. Consideration is given to holography of very far objects, rainbow holography with a multimode laser source, and the use of an endoscope for optical fiber holography.

Ebbeni, Jean↗

NASA NTRS1990

The phantom robot - Predictive displays for teleoperation with time delay

An enhanced teleoperation technique for time-delayed bilateral teleoperator control is discussed. The control technique selected for time delay is based on the use of a high-fidelity graphics phantom robot that is being controlled in real time (without time delay) against the static task image. Thus, the motion of the phantom robot image on the monitor predicts the motion of the real robot. The real robot's motion will follow the phantom robot's motion on the monitor with the communication time delay implied in the task. Real-time high-fidelity graphics simulation of a PUMA arm is generated and overlaid on the actual camera view of the arm. A simple camera calibration technique is used for calibrated graphics overlay. A preliminary experiment is performed with the predictive display by using a very simple tapping task. The results with this simple task indicate that predictive display enhances the human operator's telemanipulation task performance significantly during free motion when there is a long time delay. It appears, however, that either two-view or stereoscopic predictive displays are necessary for general three-dimensional tasks.

Bejczy, Antal K.↗

NASA NTRS1995

Geophysical data analysis and visualization using the Grid Analysis and Display System

Several problems posed by the rapidly growing volume of geophysical data are described, and a selected set of existing solutions to these problems is outlined. A recently developed desktop software tool called the Grid Analysis and Display System (GrADS) is presented. The GrADS' user interface is a natural extension of the standard procedures scientists apply to their geophysical data analysis problems. The basic GrADS operations have defaults that naturally map to data analysis actions, and there is a programmable interface for customizing data access and manipulation. The fundamental concept of the GrADS' dimension environment, which defines both the space in which the geophysical data reside and the 'slice' of data which is being analyzed at a given time, is expressed The GrADS' data storage and access model is described. An argument is made in favor of describable data formats rather than standard data formats. The manner in which GrADS users may perform operations on their data and display the results is also described. It is argued that two-dimensional graphics provides a powerful quantitative data analysis tool whose value is underestimated in the current development environment which emphasizes three dimensional structure modeling.

Doty, Brian E.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Human-display interactions: Context-specific biases

Recent developments in computer engineering have greatly enhanced the capabilities of display technology. As displays are no longer limited to simple alphanumeric output, they can present a wide variety of graphic information, using either static or dynamic presentation modes. At the same time that interface designers exploit the increased capabilities of these displays, they must be aware of the inherent limitation of these displays. Generally, these limitations can be divided into those that reflect limitations of the medium (e.g., reducing three-dimensional representations onto a two-dimensional projection) and those reflecting the perceptual and conceptual biases of the operator. The advantages and limitations of static and dynamic graphic displays are considered. Rather than enter into the discussion of whether dynamic or static displays are superior, general advantages and limitations are explored which are contextually specific to each type of display.

Kaiser, Mary Kister↗

NASA NTRS1979

EKG and ultrasonoscope display

A system is disclosed which permits simultaneous display of an EKG waveform in real time in conjunction with a two-dimensional cross-sectional image of the heart, so that the EKG waveform can be directly compared with dimensional changes in the heart. The apparatus of the invention includes an ultrasonoscope for producing a C-scan cross-sectional image of the heart. An EKG monitor circuit along with EKG logic circuitry is combined with the ultrasonoscope circuitry to produce on the same oscilloscope screen a continuous vertical trace showing the EKG waveform simultaneously with the heart image. The logic circuitry controls the oscilloscope display such that the display of both heart and EKG waveforms occurs on a real time basis.

Lee, Robert D.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Flexible robot control: Modeling and experiments

Described here is a model and its use in experimental studies of flexible manipulators. The analytical model uses the equivalent of Rayleigh's method to approximate the displaced shape of a flexible link as the static elastic displacement which would occur under end rotations as applied at the joints. The generalized coordinates are thereby expressly compatible with joint motions and rotations in serial link manipulators, because the amplitude variables are simply the end rotations between the flexible link and the chord connecting the end points. The equations for the system dynamics are quite simple and can readily be formulated for the multi-link, three-dimensional case. When the flexible links possess mass and (polar moment of) inertia which are small compared to the concentrated mass and inertia at the joints, the analytical model is exact and displays the additional advantage of reduction in system dimension for the governing equations. Four series of pilot tests have been completed. Studies on a planar single-link system were conducted at Carnegie-Mellon University, and tests conducted at Toshiba Corporation on a planar two-link system were then incorporated into the study. A single link system under three-dimensional motion, displaying biaxial flexure, was then tested at Carnegie-Mellon.

Oppenheim, Irving J.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Applications of color graphics to complex aerodynamic analysis

A variety of uses for color graphics in the display of large sets of complex aerodynamic data in two and three dimensions are summarized. These methods improve the ability of a scientific researcher to interactively review three-dimensional displays of aircraft panel geometries for the purposes of eliminating errors, and allow him to rapidly display an assortment of smooth-shaded, color-coded illustrations for his experimental and computational results.

Weston, Robert P.↗

DOE OSTI2026

Nanophotonic waveguide chip-to-world beam scanning

A seamless chip-to-world photonic interface enables broad advancements in optical ranging, display, communication, computation and quantum information science. The ideal solution enables two-dimensional scanning of a diffraction-limited beam from anywhere on a photonic integrated circuit to a large number of resolvable spots. Current beam-scanning technologies are limited by a fundamental trade-off: photonic-integrated-circuits with diffractive optics offer scalability but have poor mode quality, whereas inertially limited micromechanical scanners provide high-quality beams but lack scalable integration. Here we report a photonic ski-jump—a nanoscale waveguide monolithically integrated on a piezoelectric cantilever—to overcome these limitations. It passively curls ~90° out-of-plane within a less-than-0.1 mm 2 footprint, emits a submicrometre, broadband diffraction-limited beam, and exhibits kilohertz-rate mechanical resonances with quality factors of over 10,000. Fabricated in a volume complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) foundry, our device enables scalable two-dimensional beam scanning. Driven on-resonance at CMOS-level voltages, it achieves a footprint-adjusted spot rate of 68.6 mega spots s –1 mm–², exceeding state-of-the-art micro-electro-mechanical systems mirrors by more than 50-fold, which is sufficient for one million pixels at 100 Hz from an approximately 1.5 mm diameter footprint. We demonstrate full-colour image and video projection, and single-photon initialization and readout from silicon vacancy centres in diamond. Finally, by demonstrating uniformity across a 64 ski-jump array, we establish a pathway to achieving greater than one gigaspot resolution at kilohertz rates within a sub-5-cm-diameter footprint, creating a seamless optical pipeline between integrated photonic processors and the free-space world.

Displays↗

NASA NTRS1998

Functional and structural mapping of human cerebral cortex: solutions are in the surfaces

The human cerebral cortex is notorious for the depth and irregularity of its convolutions and for its variability from one individual to the next. These complexities of cortical geography have been a chronic impediment to studies of functional specialization in the cortex. In this report, we discuss ways to compensate for the convolutions by using a combination of strategies whose common denominator involves explicit reconstructions of the cortical surface. Surface-based visualization involves reconstructing cortical surfaces and displaying them, along with associated experimental data, in various complementary formats (including three-dimensional native configurations, two-dimensional slices, extensively smoothed surfaces, ellipsoidal representations, and cortical flat maps). Generating these representations for the cortex of the Visible Man leads to a surface-based atlas that has important advantages over conventional stereotaxic atlases as a substrate for displaying and analyzing large amounts of experimental data. We illustrate this by showing the relationship between functionally specialized regions and topographically organized areas in human visual cortex. Surface-based warping allows data to be mapped from individual hemispheres to a surface-based atlas while respecting surface topology, improving registration of identifiable landmarks, and minimizing unwanted distortions. Surface-based warping also can aid in comparisons between species, which we illustrate by warping a macaque flat map to match the shape of a human flat map. Collectively, these approaches will allow more refined analyses of commonalities as well as individual differences in the functional organization of primate cerebral cortex.

Review↗