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Results for “Volcanic Eruption”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 109 records · Page 6
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NASA NTRS1992

Comparison of the impact of volcanic eruptions and aircraft emissions on the aerosol mass loading and sulfur budget in the stratosphere

Data obtained by the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) 1 and 2 were used to study the temporal variation of aerosol optical properties and to assess the mass loading of stratospheric aerosols from the eruption of volcanos Ruiz and Kelut. It was found that the yearly global average of optical depth at 1.0 micron for stratospheric background aerosols in 1979 was 1.16 x 10(exp -3) and in 1989 was 1.66 x 10(exp -3). The eruptions of volcanos Ruiz and Kelut ejected at least 5.6 x 10(exp 5) and 1.8 x 10(exp 5) tons of materials into the stratosphere, respectively. The amount of sulfur emitted per year from the projected subsonic and supersonic fleet is comparable to that contained in the background aerosol particles in midlatitudes from 35 deg N to 55 deg N.

Yue, Glenn K.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Mars: Review and analysis of volcanic eruption theory and relationships to observed landforms

We present a theoretical treatment of the ascent, emplacement, and eruption of magma on Mars. Because of the lower gravity, fluid convective motions and crystal settling processes driven by positive and negative buoyancy forces, as well as overall diapiric ascent rates, will be slower on Mars than on Earth, permitting larger diapirs to ascend to shallower depths. Martian environmental conditions operate to modulate the various eruption styles and the morphology and morphometry of resulting landforms, providing new insight into several volcanological problems.

Wilson, Lionel↗
NASA NTRS1993

Implication of the January 1990 Volcanic Eruption on Io for Resurfacing Rates and Energetics

The high temperature event observed by ground based infrared radiometry of Io in January of 1990 can be modeled as an extremely active silicate lava flow which increased its area and cooled over a period of three hours. The best model at the start of the observations is a thermal source at 1200 K with an area equal to that of a circle of 5.6 km radius, while at the end of the observation sequence a source with a temperature of 700 K and a 13 km radium provides the best match. Given a flow thickness of 10 m, this implies an eruption rate of 300,000 cubic meters per second. This is large by terrestrial standards but consistent with estimates of lunar eruption rates (Head and Wilson 1981) and some terrestrial eruptions such as the 1800-1801 Hualalai flow in Hawaii (Baloga and Spudis 1992)...

Johnson, T. V.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Volcanic Eruptions and Effects on our Climate

Volcanoes are an integral part of the Earth system and are formed by intrusions of magma that 'bubble up’ from Earth’s interior (e.g., lava lamp). They can form above thin areas of the Earth’s crust/ lithosphere known as ‘hot spots or mantle plumes’ such as the Hawaiian Islands or Yellowstone National Park. More commonly they form along ‘subduction zones’ where the thinner oceanic tectonic plates slide below the thicker continental plates. Many of the most active (and violent) volcanos lie along subduction zones known as the Pacific 'Ring of Fire’.

Volcanos↗
NASA NTRS2001

An Estimation of the Likelihood of Significant Eruptions During 2000-2009 Using Poisson Statistics on Two-Point Moving Averages of the Volcanic Time Series

Since 1750, the number of cataclysmic volcanic eruptions (volcanic explosivity index (VEI)>=4) per decade spans 2-11, with 96 percent located in the tropics and extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere. A two-point moving average of the volcanic time series has higher values since the 1860's than before, being 8.00 in the 1910's (the highest value) and 6.50 in the 1980's, the highest since the 1910's peak. Because of the usual behavior of the first difference of the two-point moving averages, one infers that its value for the 1990's will measure approximately 6.50 +/- 1, implying that approximately 7 +/- 4 cataclysmic volcanic eruptions should be expected during the present decade (2000-2009). Because cataclysmic volcanic eruptions (especially those having VEI>=5) nearly always have been associated with short-term episodes of global cooling, the occurrence of even one might confuse our ability to assess the effects of global warming. Poisson probability distributions reveal that the probability of one or more events with a VEI>=4 within the next ten years is >99 percent. It is approximately 49 percent for an event with a VEI>=5, and 18 percent for an event with a VEI>=6. Hence, the likelihood that a climatically significant volcanic eruption will occur within the next ten years appears reasonably high.

Wilson, Robert M.↗
NASA NTRS1983

El Chichon volcanic ash in the stratosphere - Particle abundances and size distributions after the 1982 eruption

Volcanic ash particles collected from the stratosphere after the March/April, 1982 explosive eruption of El Chichon volcano, Mexico, were mostly 2-40 micron vesicular shards of silicic volcanic glass that varied in abundance, at 16.8-19.2 km altitude, from 200 per cu m (30-49 deg N lat.) in May to 1.3 per cu m (45-75 deg N) in October. At the minimum, the ash cloud covered latitudes 10-60 deg N in July and 10 deg S-75 deg N in October. In May and July, ash particles were mostly free, individual shards (and clusters of shards) but, by October, were intimately associated with liquid droplets (presumably, sulfuric acid). In May 1982, the total stratospheric burden of ash was at least 240 tons (2.2 x 10 to the 8th g) although the total ash injected into the stratosphere by the eruption was probably 480-8400 tons.

Gooding, J. L.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Post-volcanic stratospheric aerosol decay as measured by lidar

The paper summarizes and discusses results of lidar observations, at Hampton (Virginia), of the stratospheric aerosol vertical distribution for a period of 22 months (October 1974 to July 1976) after the volcanic eruption of the Volcan de Fuego in Guatemala. Data are presented in terms of lidar scattering ratio, vertically integrated aerosol backscattering, layer structure and location, and rawinsonde temperature profiles as a function of time. The results reveal a sudden increase in the stratospheric aerosol content after the volcanic eruption as well as its subsequent decline. There exists a high degree of correlation between the integrated aerosol backscattering and the tropopause height such that as one decreases the other increases and vice versa. Rapid decay of the stratospheric aerosol is found to occur over the late winter to early spring period.

Mccormick, M. P.↗