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NASA NTRS1999

Atmospheric Torques on the Solid Earth and Oceans Based on the GEOS-1 General Circulation Model

The GEOS-1 general circulation model has been used to compute atmospheric torques on the oceans and solid Earth for the period 1980-1995. The time series for the various torque components have been analyzed by means of Fourier transform techniques. It was determined that the wind stress torque over land is more powerful than the wind stress torque over water by 55\%, 42\%, and 80\t for the x, y, and z components respectively. This is mainly the result of power in the high frequency range. The pressure torques due to polar flattening, equatorial ellipticity, marine geoid, and continental orography were computed. The orographic or "mountain torque" components are more powerful than their wind stress counterparts (land plus ocean) by 231\% (x), 191\% (y), and 77\% (z). The marine pressure torques due to geoidal undulations are much smaller than the orographic ones, as expected. They are only 3\% (x), 4\% (y), and 5\% (z) of the corresponding mountain torques. The geoidal pressure torques are approximately equal in magnitude to those produced by the equatorial ellipticity of the Earth. The pressure torque due to polar flattening makes the largest contributions to the atmospheric'torque budget. It has no zonal component, only equatorial ones. Most of the power of the latter, between 68\% and 69 %, is found in modes with periods under 15 days. The single most powerful mode has a period of 361 days. The gravitational torque ranks second in power only to the polar flattening pressure torque. Unlike the former, it does produce a zonal component, albeit much smaller (1\ ) than the equatorial ones. The gravitational and pressure torques have opposite signs, therefore, the gravitational torque nullifies 42\% of the total pressure torque. Zonally, however, the gravitational torque amounts to only 6\% of the total pressure torque. The power budget for the total atmospheric torque yields 7595 and 7120 Hadleys for the equatorial components and 966 Hadleys for the zonal. The x-component exhibits a large mean value (1811 H), mainly the result of polar flattening pressure torque acting on the ocean surfaces. Atmospheric torque modes with periods of 408, 440, and 476 days appear in the spectrum of the equatorial components.

Sanchez, Braulio↗

NASA NTRS1984

Generalized serial search code acquisition - The equivalent circular state diagram approach

A transform-domain method for deriving the generating function of the acquisition process resulting from an arbitrary serial search strategy is presented. The method relies on equivalent circular state diagrams, uses Mason's formula from flow-graph theory, and employs a minimum number of required parameters. The transform-domain approach is briefly described and the concept of equivalent circular state diagrams is introduced and exploited to derive the generating function and resulting mean acquisition time for three particular cases of interest, the continuous/center Z search, the broken/center Z search, and the expanding window search. An optimization of the latter technique is performed whereby the number of partial windows which minimizes the mean acquisition time is determined. The numerical results satisfy certain intuitive predictions and provide useful design guidelines for such systems.

Polydoros, A.↗

NASA NTRS1994

Fabric geometry distortion during composites processing

Waviness and tow misalignment are often cited as possible causes of data scatter and lower compression stiffness and strength in textile composites. Strength differences of as much as 40 percent have been seen in composites that appear to have the same basic material and structural properties -- i.e., yarn orientation, yarn size, interlacing geometry. Fabric geometry distortion has been suggested as a possible reason for this discrepancy, but little quantitative data or substantial evidence exists. The focus of this research is to contribute to the present understanding of the causes and effects of geometric distortion in textile composites. The initial part of the study was an attempt to gather qualitative information on a variety of textile structures. Existing and new samples confirmed that structures with a significant direction presence would be more susceptible to distortion due to the compaction process. Thus, uniweaves (fiber vol frac: 54-72 percent) biaxial braids (vf: 34-58 percent) demonstrated very little fabric geometry distortion. In stitched panels, only slight buckling of z-direction stitches was observed, primarily near the surface. In contrast, for structures with high compaction ratios -- e.g., large cylindrical yarns (2.5:1) orpowder towpreg (4:1) -- there were visible distortions where previously smooth and periodic undulations were transformed to abrupt changes in direction. A controlled study of the effect of forming pressure on distortion was conducted on type 162 glass plain weave fabrics. Panels (6 x 6 in) were produced via a resin infusion type setup, but with an EPON 815 epoxy resin. Pressures ranging from hand layup to 200 psi were used (vf: 34-54 percent). Photomicrographs indicated that at pressures up to 50 psi, large changes in thickness were due primarily to resin squeeze out. At higher pressures, when intimate contact was made between the layers, there was some tow flattening and in-plane shifting to optimize nesting. However, even at 200 psi the period and amplitude of the tow undulation remained constant, suggesting that for this relatively fine fabric, distortions from compaction were not a problem. Because of the interest in using larger tows (to reduce cost) and more complex structures, tests were also run on 2D triaxial glass braid (113 yd/lb at 0, 225 yd/lb at +/- 45). Forming pressures of 20, 50, 200, and 500 psi were used, and short block compression tests were run. The 500 psi specimen had a 10 percent decrease in modulus and an almost 50 percent decrease in strength (vs. 20 psi). Because the total fiber wgt/panel was kept constant, the thickness varied from 0.32 to 0.22 in (49-70 percent vf). Yet, the strength value is clearly below what would be expected, even with the decrease in thickness. Photomicrographs of these samples will be taken to determine if more fabric distortion exists in the 500 psi specimens. Finally, because the ultimate goal is to be able to predict and control distortion in a variety of textile structures, a model compaction test was developed to directly measure the deformation of the tows during compaction. Layers of dry glass fabric were placed in a mold with a clear plexiglass window. The yarn amplitude and period was then calculated using image analysis of the videotaped deformation. Preliminary tests demonstrated the feasibility of this technique for simple fabrics with large tows.

Chen, Julie↗

NASA NTRS1995

Extracting Periodic Signals From Irregularly Sampled Data

Successive approximations formed in Fourier space. Algorithm extracts periodic signals from sparse, irregularly sampled sets of measurement data. Pertains to data processed via fast Fourier transforms (FFTs). Data represents signal components with initially unknown frequencies spanning large spectral range and includes frequencies not integer multiples of minimum FFT frequency.

Wilcox, Jaroslava Z.↗

NASA NTRS2020

The Destruction and Recreation of the X-Ray Corona in a Changing-look Active Galactic Nucleus

We present the drastic transformation of the X-ray properties of the active galactic nucleus 1ES 1927+654, following a changing-look event. After the optical/UV outburst the power-law component, produced in the X-ray corona, disappeared, and the spectrum of 1ES 1927+65 instead became dominated by a blackbody component (kT ∼ 80− 120 eV). This implies that the X-ray corona, ubiquitously found in AGN, was destroyed in the event. Our dense ∼ 450 day long X-ray monitoring shows that the source is extremely variable in the X-ray band. On long time scales the source varies up to ∼ 4 dex in ∼ 100 days, while on short timescales up to ∼ 2 dex in ∼ 8 hours. The luminosity of the source is found to first show a strong dip down to ∼ 10(exp 40) erg/s, and then a constant increase in luminosity to levels exceeding the pre-outburst level &300 days after the optical event detection, rising up asymptotically to ∼ 2 × 10(exp 44) erg/s. As the X-ray luminosity of the source increases, the X-ray corona is recreated, and a very steep power-law component (Γ ≃ 3) reappears, and dominates the emission for 0.3–2 keV luminosities & 10(exp 43.7) erg/s, ∼ 300 days after the beginning of the event. We discuss possible origins of this event, and speculate that our observations could be explained by the interaction between the accretion flow and debris from a tidally disrupted star. Our results show that changing-look events can be associated with dramatic and rapid transformations of the innermost regions of accreting SMBHs.

C. Ricci↗

NASA NTRS1972

Sufficient Statistics for Divergence and the Probability of Misclassification

One particular aspect is considered of the feature selection problem which results from the transformation x=Bz, where B is a k by n matrix of rank k and k is or = to n. It is shown that in general, such a transformation results in a loss of information. In terms of the divergence, this is equivalent to the fact that the average divergence computed using the variable x is less than or equal to the average divergence computed using the variable z. A loss of information in terms of the probability of misclassification is shown to be equivalent to the fact that the probability of misclassification computed using variable x is greater than or equal to the probability of misclassification computed using variable z. First, the necessary facts relating k-dimensional and n-dimensional integrals are derived. Then the mentioned results about the divergence and probability of misclassification are derived. Finally it is shown that if no information is lost (in x = Bz) as measured by the divergence, then no information is lost as measured by the probability of misclassification.

Quirein, J.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Bose-Einstein correlation of kaons in Si + Au collisions at 14.6 A GeV/c

The E-802 spectrometer at the Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchrotron, enhanced by a trigger for selection of events with one or more specified particles, has been used to measure the momentum-space correlation between pairs of K(+)s emitted in central Si + Au collisions at 14.6 A GeV/c. This correlation has been projected onto the Lorentz-invariant relative four-momentum axis. Fits to this correlation function yield a size for the kaon source that is comparable to that found using pi(+) pairs from a similar rapidity range, once a transformation from the particle-pair frames to a single source frame is made.

Akiba, Y.↗

NASA NTRS2005

Electrical Coupling Efficiency of Inductive Plasma Accelerators

A single-stage pulsed inductive plasma accelerator is modeled as an inductive mass-driver. The plasma is treated as a rigid slug, which acts as the armature. The system is a transformer, with the drive coil serving as the primary and the slug as the secondary. We derive a set of coupled dynamic-circuit equations, which depend on five dimensionless coefficients, and on the functional form of the mutual inductance profile, M (z). For a given coil geometry, M (z) was determined experimentally and compared to the results of calculations carried out with QuickField. The equations are solved with various coefficient values, in order to determine the conditions that yield high efficiencies. It was found that the coupling efficiency can be quite high and likely scales with power, although this does not preclude operation at lower power with acceptable efficiency. The effect of an imbedded magnetic bias flux, as for the case of a plasmoid thruster, was also included in the calculations.

Martin, Adam K.↗

NASA NTRS2001

The radioresistance to killing of A1-5 cells derives from activation of the Chk1 pathway

Checkpoints respond to DNA damage by arresting the cell cycle to provide time for facilitating repair. In mammalian cells, the G(2) checkpoint prevents the Cdc25C phosphatase from removing inhibitory phosphate groups from the mitosis-promoting kinase Cdc2. Both Chk1 and Chk2, the checkpoint kinases, can phosphorylate Cdc25C and inactivate its in vitro phosphatase activity. Therefore, both Chk1 and Chk2 are thought to regulate the activation of the G(2) checkpoint. Here we report that A1-5, a transformed rat embryo fibroblast cell line, shows much more radioresistance associated with a much stronger G(2) arrest response when compared with its counterpart, B4, although A1-5 and B4 cells have a similar capacity for nonhomologous end-joining DNA repair. These phenotypes of A1-5 cells are accompanied by a higher Chk1 expression and a higher phosphorylation of Cdc2. On the other hand, Chk2 expression increases slightly following radiation; however, it has no difference between A1-5 and B4 cells. Caffeine or UCN-01 abolishes the extreme radioresistance with the strong G(2) arrest and at the same time reduces the phosphorylation of Cdc2 in A1-5 cells. In addition, Chk1 but not Chk2 antisense oligonucleotide sensitizes A1-5 cells to radiation-induced killing and reduces the G(2) arrest of the cells. Taken together these results suggest that the Chk1/Cdc25C/Cdc2 pathway is the major player for the radioresistance with G(2) arrest in A1-5 cells.

NASA Discipline Radiation Health↗

NASA NTRS1984

Block rotation by strike-slip faulting - Structural and paleomagnetic evidence

The magnitude and sense of block rotations depicted from such structural data as fault spacing and slip are noted to agree with values obtained from independent paleomagnetic determinations. The agreement between paleomagnetic rotation data and those inferred from offset and spacing data in northern Israel is excellent, suggesting that the faults and intervening blocks were rotated with progressive deformation along the levant transform. It is suggested that the rotation of blocks and the strike-slip displacement are two qualitative and quantitative contemporaneous aspects of a single deformation process.

Ron, H.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Optimal trajectories for the Aeroassisted Flight Experiment. Part 1: Equations of motion in an Earth-fixed system

The determination of optimal trajectories for the aeroassisted flight experiment (AFE) is discussed. The AFE refers to the study of the free flight of an autonomous spacecraft, shuttle-launched and shuttle-recovered. Its purpose is to gather atmospheric entry environmental data for use in designing aeroassisted orbital transfer vehicles (AOTV). It is assumed that: (1) the spacecraft is a particle of constant mass; (2) the Earth is rotating with constant angular velocity; (3) the Earth is an oblate planet, and the gravitational potential depends on both the radial distance and the latitude (harmonics of order higher than four are ignored); and (4) the atmosphere is at rest with respect to the Earth. Under these assumptions, the equations of motion for hypervelocity atmospheric flight (which can be used not only for AFE problems, but also for AOT problems and space shuttle problems) are derived in an Earth-fixed system. Transformation relations are supplied which allow one to pass from quantities computed in an Earth-fixed system to quantities computed in an inertial system, and vice versa.

Miele, A.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Optimal trajectories for the Aeroassisted Flight Experiment. Part 2: Equations of motion in an inertial system

The determination of optimal trajectories for the aeroassisted flight experiment (AFE) is discussed. The AFE refers to the study of the free flight of an autonomous spacecraft, shuttle-launched and shuttle-recovered. Its purpose is to gather atmospheric entry environmental data for use in designing aeroassisted orbital transfer vehicles (AOTV). It is assumed that: (1) the spacecraft is a particle of constant mass; (2) the Earth is rotating with constant angular velocity; (3) the Earth is an oblate planet, and the gravitational potential depends on both the radial distance and the latitude (harmonics of order higher than four are ignored); and (4) the atmosphere is at rest with respect to the Earth. Under these assumptions, the equations of motion for hypervelocity atmospheric flight (which can be used not only for AFE problems, but also for AOT problems and space shuttle problems) are derived in an inertial system. Transformation relations are supplied which allow one to pass from quantities computed in an inertial system to quantities computed in an Earth-fixed system and vice versa.

Miele, A.↗

NASA NTRS2019

New Horizons in Cosmology with Spectral Distortions of the Cosmic Microwave Background

Following the pioneering observations with COBE in the early 1990s, studies of the cosmic mi- crowave background (CMB) have primarily focused on temperature and polarization anisotropies. CMB spectral distortions – tiny departures of the CMB energy spectrum from that of a perfect blackbody – provide a second, independent probe of fundamental physics, with a reach deep into the primordial Universe. The theoretical foundation of spectral distortions has seen major advances in recent years, highlighting the immense potential of this emerging field. Spectral distortions probe a fundamental property of the Universe – its thermal history – thereby providing additional insight into processes within the cosmological standard model(I) (CSM) as well as new physics beyond. Spectral distortions are an important tool for understanding inflation and the nature of dark matter. They shed new light on the physics of recombination and reionization, both prominent stages in the evolution of our Universe, and furnish critical information on baryonic feedback processes, in addition to probing primordial correlation functions at scales inaccessible to other tracers. In principle the range of signals is vast: many orders of magnitude of discovery space can be explored by detailed observations of the CMB energy spectrum. Several CSM signals are predicted and provide clear experimental targets that are observable with present-day technology. Confirmation of these signals would extend the reach of the CSM by orders of magnitude in physical scale as the Universe evolves from the initial stages to its present form. Their absence would pose a huge theoretical challenge, immediately pointing to new physics. Here, we advocate for a dedicated effort to measure CMB spectral distortions at the largest angular scales (greater than approximately 1°) within the ESA Voyage 2050 Program. We argue that an L-class mission with a pathfinder would allow a precise measurement of all the expected CSM distortions. With an M-class mission, the primordial distortions (created at z >~ 10(exp 3)) would still be detected at modest significance, while the late-time distortions will continue to be measured to high accuracy. Building on the heritage of COBE/FIRAS, a spectrometer that consists of multiple, cooled (approximately equal to 0.1 K), absolutely-calibrated Fourier Transform Spectrometers (FTS) with wide frequency coverage (ν approximately equal to 10 GHz to a few x THz) and all-sky spectral sensitivity at the level of 0.1 0.5 Jy/sr would be the starting point for the M-class option. A scaled and further optimized version of this concept is being envisioned as the L-class option. Such measurements can only be done from space and would deliver hundreds of absolutely-calibrated maps of the Universe at large scales, opening numerous science opportunities for cosmology and astrophysics. This will provide independent probes of inflation, dark matter and particle physics, recombination and the energy output of our Universe from at late times, turning the long-standing spectral distortion limits of COBE/FIRAS into clear detections.

Chluba, J.↗

NASA NTRS1940

General Relationships Between the Various Systems of Reference Axes Employed in Flight Mechanics

The different possibilities of orientation of the systems of axes currently employed in flight mechanics are compiled and described. Of the three possible couplings between the wind and aircraft axes, the most suitable coupling is that in which the y axis is made the principal axis of rotation for one of the two coupling angles (angles of attack). In connection with this coupling, an experimental system of axes is introduced, whose axes x(sub e) and z(sub e) are situated in the plane of symmetry of the airplane and rotate about the airplane lateral axis y = y(sub e). This system of axes enables the utilization of the coefficients obtained in the wind tunnel in the flight-mechanic equations by a simple transformation, with the aid of the angle of attack, measured in the plane of symmetry of the airplane.

Rautenberg, H J↗

NASA NTRS1995

Orbiter rarefied-flow reentry measurements from the OARE on STS-62

Acceleration data taken from the Orbital Acceleration Research Experiment (OARE) during reentry on STS-62 has been analyzed using calibration factors taken on-orbit. The data includes the flight regime from orbital altitudes down to about 100 km which covers the free-molecule-flow regime and some of the flow-transition into the hypersonic continuum. Ancillary data on orbiter position, orientation, velocity, and rotation rates have been used in models to transform the measured accelerations to the orbiter center-of-gravity, from which aerodynamic accelerations along the orbiter body axes have been calculated. Additional steps are discussed which remove residual offsets introduced in the measurements by unmodeled orbiter forces. The resulting aerodynamic accelerations and their ratios, A(sub z)/A(sub x), are discussed and compared with free-molecule-flow predictions of the aerodynamic coefficient ratios C(sub N)/C(sub A).

Blanchard, R. C.↗

NASA NTRS1976

Three velocity component, nonhomogeneous atmospheric boundary layer turbulence modeling

The vertical nonhomogeneous character of turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer results in a non-stationary turbulence process relative to an aircraft during takeoff and landing despite the fact that the turbulence statistics can be horizontally homogeneous. The simulation of the three components of the turbulent winds which include the nonstationary aspect of atmospheric turbulence is the subject of this paper. A procedure is developed and demonstrated to generate the three components of a turbulence ramdom process field, u sub i(x,z) where x and z denote horizontal and vertical coordinates and u sub i, i = 1,2,3 are the three orthogonal components of the turbulent random field. This field satisfies any desired one point auto spectra as well as two point statistics (interlevel correlations). By use of Taylors frozen eddy hypothesis we can transform the turbulent random field into the time domain and obtain the random turbulence along an aircraft trajectory.

Perlmutter, M.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Klein-Gordon equation and reflection of Alfven waves in nonuniform media

A new analytical approach is presented for assessing the reflection of linear Alfven waves in smoothly nonuniform media. The general one-dimensional case in Cartesian coordinates is treated. It is shown that the wave equations, upon transformation into the form of the Klein-Gordon equation, display a local critical frequency for reflection. At any location in the medium, reflection becomes strong as the wave frequency descends past this characteristic frequency set by the local nonuniformity of the medium. This critical frequecy is given by the transformation as an explicit function of the Alfven velocity and its first and second derivatives, and hence as an explicit spatial function. The transformation thus directly yields, without solution of the wave equations, the location in the medium at which an Alfven wave of any given frequency becomes strongly reflected and has its propagation practically cut off.

Musielak, Z. E.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Solar flare gamma-ray and hard x ray imaging with the GRID-on-a-balloon

A primary scientific objective for solar flare research during the rapidly approaching maximum in solar activity is the imaging of gamma-ray and hard x ray sources of solar flare emissions. These goals will be pursued by the Gamma Ray Imaging Device (GRID) instrument, one of three instruments recently selected for NASA's Max '91 Solar Balloon Program. The GRID instrument is based on the technique of Fourier transform imaging and utilizes scanning modulation grid collimator optics to provide full-Sun imaging with 1.9-arcsecond resolution over the energy range from 20 to 700 keV at time resolutions from 0.1 to 2 s. The GRID telescope will employ 32 subcollimators, each composed of a matched pair of high-Z collimator grids separated by 5.2 meters and a phoswich scintillation spectrometer detector having no spatial resolution. The subcollimators and integrally-mounted fine aspect system are contained within a telescope canister which will be pointed to 0.1 degree accuracy and cyclically scanned to produce source modulation. The 32 subcollimators provide a uniform distribution of grid slit orientations and a logarithmic distribution of slit spacings corresponding to angular dimensions of 1.9 arcseconds to several arcminutes. The instrument is several orders of magnitude more sensitive than the HXIS instrument on the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) and nearly 10 times more sensitive than any similar instrument scheduled to fly during the next solar maximum. The payload, designed for long-duration high-altitude balloon capability, is scheduled for its first science flight (8 to 14 days duration) from the Antarctic in January of 1992.

Orwig, Larry E.↗