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NASA NTRSDate not supplied

An Overset Grid Motion Driver for Resolving Entry Vehicle CFD Simulations with Large Changes in Wake Orientation

Time-accurate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations using overset meshes can enable reduced computational cost compared to a rigid, monolithic mesh for blunt-body atmospheric entry vehicles. If the vehicle has a significant change in attitude, the high-density region of the overset mesh designed for resolving the subsonic wake can be kept in position as the wake orientation changes relative to the body. Current simulations generally keep the wake mesh fixed in attitude while the body rotates, assuming the wake orientation remains relatively constant. However, changes in the relative velocity over a long-duration simulation or effects of the body geometry can invalidate this assumption. This work presents a method for calculating the desired mesh orientation to resolve a blunt body wake using the atmosphere-relative velocity of the vehicle. A motion driver using these calculations is implemented in a CFD-in-the-loop flight model bridging the FUN3D flow solver and POST2 trajectory propagator. Overset meshing is performed using the Yoga extension for FUN3D. Results are presented for simulations with both overset and monolithic meshes under large changes in relative velocity (and therefore wake orientation). The results demonstrate that the motion driver successfully orients an overset wake mesh to capture the subsonic wake with sufficient resolution despite variable body rotation and body-relative freestream velocity.

CFD↗

DOE OSTI2022

CondiDiag1.0: a flexible online diagnostic tool for conditional sampling and budget analysis in the E3SM atmosphere model (EAM)

Abstract. Numerical models used in weather and climate prediction take into account a comprehensive set of atmospheric processes (i.e., phenomena) such as the resolved and unresolved fluid dynamics, radiative transfer, cloud and aerosol life cycles, and mass or energy exchanges with the Earth's surface. In order to identify model deficiencies and improve predictive skills, it is important to obtain process-level understanding of the interactions between different processes. Conditional sampling and budget analysis are powerful tools for process-oriented model evaluation, but they often require tedious ad hoc coding and large amounts of instantaneous model output, resulting in inefficient use of human and computing resources. This paper presents an online diagnostic tool that addresses this challenge by monitoring model variables in a generic manner as they evolve within the time integration cycle. The tool is convenient to use. It allows users to select sampling conditions and specify monitored variables at run time. Both the evolving values of the model variables and their increments caused by different atmospheric processes can be monitored and archived. Online calculation of vertical integrals is also supported. Multiple sampling conditions can be monitored in a single simulation in combination with unconditional sampling. The paper explains in detail the design and implementation of the tool in the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) version 1. The usage is demonstrated through three examples: a global budget analysis of dust aerosol mass concentration, a composite analysis of sea salt emission and its dependency on surface wind speed, and a conditionally sampled relative humidity budget. The tool is expected to be easily portable to closely related atmospheric models that use the same or similar data structures and time integration methods.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

NASA NTRS2014

Science Goals and Mission Concept for the Future Exploration of Titan and Enceladus

Saturn׳s moons, Titan and Enceladus, are two of the Solar System׳s most enigmatic bodies and are prime targets for future space exploration. Titan provides an analogue for many processes relevant to the Earth, more generally to outer Solar System bodies, and a growing host of newly discovered icy exoplanets. Processes represented include atmospheric dynamics, complex organic chemistry, meteorological cycles (with methane as a working fluid), astrobiology, surface liquids and lakes, geology, fluvial and aeolian erosion, and interactions with an external plasma environment. In addition, exploring Enceladus over multiple targeted flybys will give us a unique opportunity to further study the most active icy moon in our Solar System as revealed by Cassini and to analyse in situ its active plume with highly capable instrumentation addressing its complex chemistry and dynamics. Enceladus׳ plume likely represents the most accessible samples from an extra-terrestrial liquid water environment in the Solar system, which has far reaching implications for many areas of planetary and biological science. Titan with its massive atmosphere and Enceladus with its active plume are prime planetary objects in the Outer Solar System to perform in situ investigations. In the present paper, we describe the science goals and key measurements to be performed by a future exploration mission involving a Saturn-Titan orbiter and a Titan balloon, which was proposed to ESA in response to the call for definition of the science themes of the next Large-class mission in 2013. The mission scenario is built around three complementary science goals: (A) Titan as an Earth-like system; (B) Enceladus as an active cryovolcanic moon; and (C) Chemistry of Titan and Enceladus - clues for the origin of life. The proposed measurements would provide a step change in our understanding of planetary processes and evolution, with many orders of magnitude improvement in temporal, spatial, and chemical resolution over that which is possible with Cassini-Huygens. This mission concept builds upon the successes of Cassini-Huygens and takes advantage of previous mission heritage in both remote sensing and in situ measurement technologies.

future missions↗

DOE OSTI2026

Stratospheric aerosol forcing for CMIP7 – Part 1: optical properties for pre-industrial, historical, and scenario simulations

Stratospheric aerosols, most of which originate from explosive volcanic sulfur emissions into the stratosphere, are a key natural driver of climate variability. They are thus a forcing provided by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) Climate Forcings Task Team to climate modelling groups participating in phase 7 of CMIP. For the historical period, we provide two datasets covering 1750–2023: (i) a volcanic upper tropospheric-stratospheric sulfur emission dataset, documented in a companion paper; and (ii) a stratospheric sulfate aerosol optical property dataset, documented in this paper. For the satellite era (from 1979 onwards), stratospheric aerosol optical properties are derived from the Global Space-based Stratospheric Aerosol Climatology (GloSSAC) dataset. For the pre-satellite era (1750–1978), optical properties are derived from our volcanic SO 2 emission dataset using a new version of the reduced-complexity volcanic aerosol model Easy Volcanic Aerosol (Height) (EVA_H v2). A background, non-volcanic stratospheric aerosol climatology is derived from the 1998–2001 period with a trend over 1850–1978 accounting for increasing anthropogenic aerosols. A monthly stratospheric aerosol climatology is derived from the 1850–2021 average for both pre-industrial and scenario (future) simulations, with a 9-year ramp over 2022–2030 for scenario simulations to ensure a smooth transition from the historical period. CMIP7 simulations should use version 2.2.1 of our pre-industrial and historical datasets, and version 2.2.2 of our scenario dataset. Our methodology to produce historical aerosol optical properties significantly differs from CMIP6 for the pre-satellite era, and the resulting forcings in turn largely differ. In particular, the CMIP6 dataset was mostly based on the sparse and uncertain pyrheliometer record, which resulted in strongly underrepresented emissions from small-to-moderate magnitude eruptions. The resulting bias is addressed in CMIP7, which is entirely emission-derived in the pre-satellite era and uses more recent ice-core-based volcanic sulfur emission inventories than CMIP6. Our approach results in an overall larger volcanic aerosol forcing for CMIP7, with the 1850–2014 mean mid-visible global mean stratospheric aerosol optical depth (SAOD) in CMIP7 (0.0138) being 29 % higher than in CMIP6 (0.0107). The pre-industrial mean of the same variable is 26 % higher in CMIP7 (0.0135, derived from the historical 1850–2021) than CMIP6 (0.0107, derived from the historical 1850–2014 mean). Using a reduced-complexity climate model, we simulate a global mean surface temperature that is 0.07 °C colder for 1850–1900 when using the CMIP7 dataset instead of CMIP6, whereas 2000–2014 is 0.03 °C warmer in CMIP7. Our dataset also exhibits lower forcing for 1960–1980, resulting in temperatures 0.06 °C warmer when averaged over 1960–1990, a period for which CMIP6 climate models exhibit a cold bias. Given the large uncertainties characterizing the dataset, in particular for the pre-satellite era, we advise against treating the CMIP7 or CMIP6 dataset as uniquely superior for any specific year and highlight the need for further evaluation. We conclude the study by discussing sources of uncertainty for the dataset, future research avenues to improve it, as well as requirements to operationalize the production of the dataset, i.e. extend it and update it on an annual basis instead of every 5–7 years following CMIP cycles.

Aubry, Thomas J. [Univ. of Exeter, Devon (United K↗

DOE OSTI2025

Integrating Energy-Efficient Computing with Computational Research to Accelerate Energy Technology

NREL's computational sciences center hosts the largest high performance computing (HPC) capabilities dedicated to energy research while functioning as a living laboratory for energy-efficient computing. NREL's HPC capabilities support the research needs of the Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE). In ten years of operation, HPC use in EERE-sponsored research has grown by a factor of 30, including work in electricity generation, energy efficiency, transportation, and energy system modeling. This paper analyzes this research portfolio, providing examples of individual use cases. The paper documents NREL's history of operating one of the world's most energy-efficient data centers while examining pathways to reduce economic and environmental impact beyond reduction of Power Usage Efficiency (PUE). This paper concludes by examining the unique opportunities created for accelerating improvements in data center efficiency created by combining an HPC system dedicated to energy research and a research program in energy-efficient computing.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

High-Fidelity Simulations of HyMETS Arc-Jet Flows for PICA-N Modeling

Arc-jet testing is a fundamental tool in the screening of thermal protection systems under atmospheric entry conditions. In this work, high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics simulations coupled with machine learning methods for the Hypersonic Materials Environmental Test System arc-jet facility have been carried out. This effort improves the MEDLI-2 data reconstruction fidelity by understanding the impact of the NuSil coating over the PICA thermocouple plugs. Thermochemical non-equilibrium models are employed to simulate the flows inside the arc-jet nozzle and chamber and machine learning techniques are used to calibrate the arc-jet inflow conditions. The material response is simulated with the recession and in-depth numerical results compared to experimental measurements.

STMD↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Atmospheric Boundary-Layer and Flutter Computations Using CFD Model of the Transonic Dynamics Tunnel

This paper presents two Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models of the flow in the NASA Langley Research Center Transonic Dynamics Tunnel (TDT). The TDT is a continuous-flow, closed circuit wind tunnel with a 16- by 16-foot slotted test section with cropped corners. The tunnel was originally built as the 19-ft Pressure Tunnel in 1938, but it was converted to the current transonic tunnel in the 1950s, with capabilities to use either air or heavy gas as the test medium. The first computational model describes the generation of an atmospheric-boundary-layer (ABL) profile inside the tunnel. An ABL, which includes both a wind profile and turbulence content, is one of the aerodynamic characteristics affecting the occurrence of wind-induced oscillations for a launch vehicle sitting on a pad. The challenging part of this analysis was modeling the turbulent flow inside the tunnel. This is due to the special ABL-generating hardware that was installed at the entrance of the TDT test section in order to change the downstream velocity profile and to introduce velocity fluctuations into the flow. The second CFD model builds on the computational aeroelastic results that were generated in support of the second Aeroelastic Prediction Workshop (AePW) for the NASA Benchmark Supercritical Wing (BSCW) configuration. During the AePW, the wing-only configuration (classical free-air model) was analyzed. In the current study, the flutter computations were conducted on the configuration as it was mounted in the TDT during the experiment. This includes the wing attached to the splitter plate that was attached to the wind-tunnel walls. The preliminary results show that the wind-tunnel walls marginally affect flutter prediction.

Pawel Chwalowski↗

NASA NTRS2023

Coupled Fluid Dynamics and Material Response Simulations for Nitrogen High Enthalpy Flows

The study focuses on the interaction of nitrogen flows with thermal protection systems during atmospheric re-entry for NASA flight missions. The Ares multiphysics coupling tool is employed to investigate the coupling between the fluid (US3D) and material response (Icarus) solvers using various modeling approaches. These approaches include the equilibrium thin-film coefficients approach, a weakly coupled approach with temperature coupling, and an approach considering the full chemical composition of the surface and the transfer of pyrolysis gases. The objective is to understand and accurately represent the mechanisms of nitrogen interaction with the surface, such as nitridation and catalytic recombination. The study aims to assess the accuracy of the different approaches by comparing them to experimental results obtained from NASA arc-jet facilities. By addressing these challenges and improving the understanding of nitrogen-surface interactions, it is expected to enhance the design and performance analysis of thermal protection systems for future missions.

Ablation↗

NASA NTRS1989

Finite element analysis in fluids; Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Finite Element Methods in Flow Problems, University of Alabama, Huntsville, Apr. 3-7, 1989

Recent advances in computational fluid dynamics are examined in reviews and reports, with an emphasis on finite-element methods. Sections are devoted to adaptive meshes, atmospheric dynamics, combustion, compressible flows, control-volume finite elements, crystal growth, domain decomposition, EM-field problems, FDM/FEM, and fluid-structure interactions. Consideration is given to free-boundary problems with heat transfer, free surface flow, geophysical flow problems, heat and mass transfer, high-speed flow, incompressible flow, inverse design methods, MHD problems, the mathematics of finite elements, and mesh generation. Also discussed are mixed finite elements, multigrid methods, non-Newtonian fluids, numerical dissipation, parallel vector processing, reservoir simulation, seepage, shallow-water problems, spectral methods, supercomputer architectures, three-dimensional problems, and turbulent flows.

Chung, T. J.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Large-scale computations in fluid mechanics; Proceedings of the Fifteenth Summer Seminar on Applied Mathematics, University of California, La Jolla, CA, June 27-July 8, 1983. Parts 1 & 2

Papers are presented on such topics as the use of semi-Lagrangian advective schemes in meteorological modeling; computation with high-resolution upwind schemes for hyperbolic equations; dynamics of flame propagation in a turbulent field; a modified finite element method for solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations; computational fusion magnetohydrodynamics; and a nonoscillatory shock capturing scheme using flux-limited dissipation. Consideration is also given to the use of spectral techniques in numerical weather prediction; numerical methods for the incorporation of mountains in atmospheric models; techniques for the numerical simulation of large-scale eddies in geophysical fluid dynamics; high-resolution TVD schemes using flux limiters; upwind-difference methods for aerodynamic problems governed by the Euler equations; and an MHD model of the earth's magnetosphere.

Engquist, B. E.↗

NASA NTRS2001

Fluid Dynamics of a Pressure Reducing Inlet

Instruments for the monitoring of hazardous gases in and near the space shuttle collect sample gas at pressures on the order of one atmosphere and analyze their properties in an ultra-high vacuum by means of a quadrupole-mass-spectrometer partial pressure transducer. Sampling systems for such devices normally produce the required pressure reduction through combinations of vacuum pumps, fluid Tees and flow restrictors (e.g. orifices, sintered metal frits or capillaries). The present work presents an analytical model of the fluid dynamics of such a pressure reduction system which enables the calculation of the pressure in the receiver vessal in terms of system parameters known from the specifications for a given system (e.g. rated pumping speeds of the pumping hardware and the diameters of two orifices situated in two branches of a fluid Tee). The resulting formulas will expedite the fine tuning of instruments now under development and the design of later generations of such devices.

Russell, John M.↗

DOE OSTI2025

Spectral proper orthogonal decomposition of active wake mixing dynamics in a stable atmospheric boundary layer

Recent advancements in the use of active wake mixing (AWM) to reduce wake effects on downstream turbines open new avenues for increasing power generation in wind farms. However, a better understanding of the fluid dynamics underlying AWM is still needed to make wake mixing a reliable strategy for wind farm flow control. In this work, a spectral proper orthogonal decomposition (SPOD) is used to analyze the dynamics of coherent flow structures that are induced in the wake through blade pitch actuation. The data are generated using the ExaWind software suite to perform large eddy simulations of an NREL 2.8 MW turbine operating in a stable atmospheric boundary layer. SPOD tracks the modal behavior of flow structures from their generation in the turbine induction field through their growth in the near-wake region and to their subsequent evolution and energy transfers in the far wake. SPOD is shown to be a useful tool in the context of AWM because it translates the wavenumber and frequency inputs to the turbine controller to structures in the wake. A decomposition of the radial shear stress flux in the wake is also developed using SPOD to measure the contribution of coherent flow structures to mean flow turbulent entrainment and wake recovery. The effectiveness of AWM is connected to its ability to excite inherent structures in the wake of the turbine that arise using baseline controls. The effects of AWM on blade loading are also analyzed by connecting the axial force along the blade to the SPOD analysis of the turbine induction field. Lastly, the performance of different AWM strategies is demonstrated in a two-turbine array.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

NASA NTRS1986

Shuttle Continuous Open Wind Tunnel (SCOWT)

The aerodynamic and heat transfer coefficients are studied within the range of thermo-fluid-dynamic conditions experienced by a satellite during Tethered Satellite System (TSS) atmospheric flights. The gasdynamic processes occuring downstream of the bow wave standing in front of the satellite are also studied. The knowledge of the chemistry and physics of the upper atmosphere related to satellite aerothermodynamics is furthered. The existence of an overshooting of the air drag coefficient of the sphere in the transition regime is validated. A complete set of measurements is performed in order to provide the data base to develop and validate theoretical models of free molecule transition flow fields.

Carlomagno, G. M.↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Propagation Analysis of the 3rd Sonic Boom Prediction Workshop Cases using sBOOM

The 3rd Sonic Boom Prediction Workshop was held on January 4-5, 2020 in conjunction with the AIAA SciTech conference. The workshop had 23 participants who represented 6 different countries and 18 unique organizations that included government, industry, and academia. The workshop was attended by over 50 individuals. The motivation for the workshop stems from the goal of obtaining supersonic commercial overland flight. In order to replace the current prohibition with a certification standard, an international effort is required to quantify the accuracy and reliability of prediction methods. The workshops also identify deficiencies in existing methods where further research should be focused. The workshop consisted of two days with the first day focused on near-field computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the second day on propagation techniques. For the atmospheric propagation portion of the workshop, two required cases and one optional case were prescribed for the participants to exercise their propagation implementations. This paper presents and discusses the results that were obtained using the sonic boom propagation code sBOOM. Results show that sonic boom carpets could be much different under arbitrary atmospheric conditions as opposed to standard atmospheric conditions. Additionally, several unique features when using sBOOM are presented.

Sonic Boom↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Updated Noise Dose Range of NASA’s X-59 Aircraft Estimated from Propagation Simulations

A follow-on study to Doebler and Loubeau, “The noise dose range of the X-59 estimated from propagation simulations,” JASA 150(4), A208 (2021); doi:10.1121/10.0008134 is described. In the previous work, propagation simulations of NASA’s X-59 sonic thump were conducted using two near-field pressure solutions from NASA’s Cart3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. The near-fields were propagated through realistic atmospheric profiles from the Climate Forecast System Version 2 database across the USA, and Perceived Level statistics of the thumps were presented. The current work repeats the previous analyses, instead using near-field CFD solutions from NASA’s Fully Unstructured Navier-Stokes (FUN3D) code for the same aircraft conditions (Mach 1.4 at 53,200 feet and Mach 1.3 at 43,000 feet), which achieve the minimum and maximum cruise loudness. NASA and contractors in the X-59 development and community noise testing project mutually agreed upon using FUN3D for generating near-field pressures. Sonic thump loudness statistics using the FUN3D near-fields are similar to those of Cart3D. The min loudness condition is about 1 dB (PL) greater when using the FUN3D solution, and the max loudness condition results are nearly identical. Understanding the X-59’s dose range for various flight and atmospheric conditions is important for planning X-59 community noise surveys.

X-59↗

DOE OSTI2023

Thermal Modeling of Advanced Test Reactor Fuel in a Generalized Dry Storage System Under Hypothetical Accident Conditions

Work was performed to investigate the thermal behavior of a sealed aluminum-clad spent nuclear fuel (ASNF) dry storage configuration under hypothetical accident conditions during long-term storage. The considered system consists of a concrete dry storage overpack; a welded over canister, backfilled with argon; and nine Department of Energy (DOE) standardized canisters (DOESCs) loaded with ASNF, backfilled with helium gas. One technical concern associated with the long-term storage of ASNF includes radiolytic hydrogen generation. The yield of large quantities of hydrogen could lead to DOESC over pressurization or a flammable internal atmosphere. While flammability concerns can be resolved by preventing the ingress of oxygen, the canister pressure is partially controlled by the atmosphere temperature. This memorandum summarizes the results of modeling and simulation (M&S) work completed with Star CCM+ (a computational fluid dynamics [CFD] software) considering the thermal effects of a fully engulfing flame and another scenario with the vent ports of the concrete dry storage overpack completely blocked. The goal was to determine the bounding maximum temperature of the DOESC internal atmosphere to evaluate a worst-case pressure scenario, as well as the critical vent port blockage durations.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Tools Assessing Performance (FY2022 Quarter 4 Report)

We were finally successful in acquiring TTU’s 200-meter tower data for the duration of the Isolated Building Wake Experiment (IBWE). This data will provide an independent measurement of the undisturbed wind profile including heights far above those that are typical of meteorological sensor networks. These measurements will characterize the mean and turbulence throughout the atmospheric surface layer, which will be particularly useful for validation of highfidelity computational fluid dynamics models. This dataset can be shared freely among the TAP team but not outside of it as TTU sells this data to the wind power industry. The journal article overview has been submitted to LANL’s publication review and will be submitted to the Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics once the review is complete. We are nearing completion on another two articles. The first discusses analyses of the evolution of the measurements of mean wind speed along the centerline of the building as a function of atmospheric stability. Rather than using individual time steps, all of the wind speed measurements are normalized using the upwind measurement at 2 building heights (H) and filtered by wind direction and atmospheric stability. The second discusses the development of the diffusive wake model and uses the averaged profiles from the first article to validate the behavior of the model. The portion of the section below on the diffusive wake model discussing comparisons with the averaged profiles, will be included in the validation section of this paper.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

NASA NTRS2018

Isolated Rotor Forward Flight Testing from One Atmosphere down to Martian Atmospheric Densities

With the recent interest in Martian exploration using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), an experimental study was conducted to investigate rotor performance at Martian atmospheric conditions. Both simulation and testing of rotors is vital for the evaluation of performance and behavior of a rotor, especially when subjected to a Marian atmosphere. One critical test that has not been performed to date is simulated helicopter forward flight in a Martian atmosphere. To achieve this, the test must be conducted in a facility which can be evacuated to the atmospheric pressure and density of Mars. A unique 40-in diameter rotor, roughly approximating a proposed design for a Mars Helicopter (MH), was tested in forward flight at Mars atmospheric pressure at the NASA Ames Planetary Aeolian Laboratory (PAL). The goal of this experiment was to collect rotor thrust, RPM, power, torque, and acoustics measurements. Subsequently, these results are compared with simulated cases using a mid-fidelity Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach. As expected, rotor thrust and power results are drastically reduced when under low atmospheric conditions. In addition, Reynolds number effects seem to play a vital role that cannot be neglected.

Ament, Geoffrey A.↗