Possible role of crustal flexure in the initial detachment of extensional allochthons
The existence of low-angle normal faults indicates that the ratio of shear stress (TAU) to normal stress (sigma sub N) needed to cause slip on faults is substantially less than would be predicted based on experimental data. Because the tensional strength of rock at a large scale is exceedingly low, the upper plate of a low-angle normal fault cannot be pulled down the fault ramp, but must be driven down it by its own weight. The active or recently active Sevier Desert detachment fault in western Utah dips regionally at 12 deg. The radio of shear stress to normal stress due to the weight of the upper plate on a 12 deg dipping fault surface is 0.2. In contrast, laboratory experiments indicate that slip on fracture surfaces occurs with almost all rock types when (tau/sigma) reaches values of 0.6 to 0.85, corresponding to normal-fault dips of 30 deg to 40 deg. Seismological data indicate that low deviatoric stresses are associated with movement on faults of other geometrics and are not unique to low-angle normal faults. It thus appears that approximately planar fault zones with surface areas of hundreds to thousands of square kilometers have different mechanical properties than would be predicted based on laboratory studies of fractured rock. Modeling of stresses indicates that deviatoric stresses greater than 5kb exist and are sustainable in oceanic lithosphere, and that failure occurs when tau/sigma sub N approaches 0.6 to 0.85.