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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 109 records · Page 6
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1980

Advanced methods for preparation and characterization of infrared detector materials

Mercury cadmium telluride crystals were prepared by the Bridgman method with a wide range of crystal growth rates and temperature gradients adequate to prevent constitutional supercooling under diffusion-limited, steady state, growth conditions. The longitudinal compositional gradients for different growth conditions and alloy compositions were calculated and compared with experimental data to develop a quantitative model of the crystal growth kinetics for the Hg(i-x)CdxTe alloys, and measurements were performed to ascertain the effect of growth conditions on radial compositional gradients. The pseudobinary HgTe-CdTe constitutional phase diagram was determined by precision differential thermal analysis measurements and used to calculate the segregation coefficient of Cd as a function of x and interface temperature. Computer algorithms specific to Hg(1-x)CdxTe were developed for calculations of the charge carrier concentrations, charge carrier mobilities, Hall coefficient, optical absorptance, and Fermi energy as functions of x, temperature, ionized donor and acceptor concentrations, and neutral defect concentrations.

Lehoczky, S. L.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Advanced methods for preparation and characterization of infrared detector materials

Differential thermal analysis data were obtained on mercury cadmium telluride alloys in order to establish the liquidus temperatures for the various alloy compositions. Preliminary theoretical analyses was performed to establish the ternary phase equilibrium parameters for the metal rich region of the phase diagram. Liquid-solid equilibrium parameters were determined for the pseudobinary alloy system. Phase equilibrium was calculated and Hg(l-x) Cd(x) Te alloys were directionally solidified from pseudobinary melts. Electrical resistivity and Hall coefficient measurements were obtained.

Lehoczky, S. L.↗
NASA NTRS1980

On the barrier to crystal nucleation in lunar glasses

The paper describes an analytical method for calculating in detail the size distributions of small crystallites and nuclei in supercooled liquids as they are being quenched to form a glass and subsequently reheated above the glass transition to produce crystallization. This method is applied to experiments performed using differential thermal analysis (DTA) to estimate the barriers to crystal nucleation and the cooling rates required to form glasses or bodies with various degrees of crystallinity. DTA data and derived nucleation barriers are reported for anorthite and for the following lunar compositions: 15498, 15418, matrix and intrusion compositions of breccia 15286, Apollo 15 green glass, Luna 24 highland basalt, and 65016.

Yinnon, H.↗
NASA NTRS1982

The influence of cobalt on the microstructure of the nickel-base superalloy MAR-M247

Nickel was substituted for Co to produce 0, 5, and the standard 10% versions of MAR-M247, a cast nickel-base superalloy. The microstructures of the alloys were examined in as-cast, heat treated, aged, and stress-rupture tested conditions using a variety of metallographic techniques and differential thermal analysis. As cobalt concentration was reduced from 10 to 0 wt %, the gamma-prime weight fraction decreased from 59 to 41%; W and Ti concentrations in the gamma-prime phase increased from 5 to 8 and 2 to 3 at.%, respectively; the mean gamma-prime particle size increased from 0.6 to 0.8 micron; Cr and Al concentrations in the gamma matrix decreased from 17 to 13 and 15 to 12 at.%, respectively; and the weight fraction of carbides increased by approximately 1%.

Nathal, M. V.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Influence of cobalt, tantalum, and tungsten on the microstructure and mechanical properties of superalloy single crystals

The influence of Co, Ta, and W on the microstructure and mechanical properties of nickel base super-alloy single crystals was investigated. A matrix of alloys was based on Mar-M 247 stripped of C, B, Zr, and Hf. The microstructures of the alloys were examined using optical and electron microscopy, phase extraction, X-ray diffraction, and differential thermal analysis. Tensile and creep-rupture tests were performed at 1000 C. An increase in tensile and creep strength resulted when Co was removed from alloys containing high refractory metal contents, but Co effects were negligible for alloys with lower refractory metal levels. In the composition range studied, W was more effective than Ta in increasing the creep resistance. The mechanical properties are discussed in relation to the microstructures of the alloys.

Nathal, M. V.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Advanced methods for preparation and characterization of infrared detector materials

Crystals were prepared by the Bridgman-Stockbarger method with a wide range of crystal growth rates and temperature gradients adequate to prevent constitutional supercooling under diffusion-limited, steady-state, growth conditions. The longitudinal compositional gradients for different growth conditions and alloy compositions were calculated and compared with experimental data to develop a quantitative model of solute redistribution during the crystal growth of the alloys. Measurements were performed to ascertain the effect of growth conditions on radial compositional gradients. The pseudobinary HgTe-CdTe constitutional phase diagram was determined by precision differential-thermal-analysis measurements and used to calculate the segregation coefficient of Cd as a function of x and interface temperature. Experiments were conducted to determine the ternary phase equilibria in selected regions of the Hg-Cd-Te constitutional phase diagram. Electron and hole mobilities as functions of temperature were analyzed to establish charge-carrier scattering probabilities. Computer algorithms specific to Hg(1-x)CdxTe were developed for calculations of the charge-carrier concentration, charge-carrier mobilities, Hall coefficient, and Dermi Fermi energy as functions of x, temperature, ionized donor and acceptor concentrations, and neutral defect concentrations.

Broerman, J. G.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Behavior of Al2O3 and SiO2 with heating in a Cl2 + CO stream

Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to study the chlorination of alpha-Al2O3, gamma-Al2O3 and amorphous SiO2 in a Cl + CO stream, for the preparation of AlCl3 and SiCl4. The chlorination starting temperatures were 235 deg for Al2O3 and 680 deg for SiO2. The chlorination of alpha- and gamma-Al2O3 takes place via the formation of AlOCl as an intermediate product, and its subsequent dissociation at 480 to 560 deg, according to 3AlOCl yields AlCl3 + Al2O3. The chlorination activation energies are given for the three oxides.

Shchetinin, L. K.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Characterizing Semiconductor Alloys for Infrared Sensors

Report presents results of continuing program aimed at characterizing mercury/cadmium/tellurium alloys and eventually developing improved methods of preparing alloys for use as infrared sensors. Work covered by report includes series of differential thermal analysis (DTA) measurements of alloy compositions with x varied from 9 to 1 in 0.1 increments.

Lehoczky, B. S. L.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Crystallization of calcia-gallia-silica glasses

A thermal image furance is presently used to study the critical cooling rate for glass formation, and the kinetics of crystallization, of the compositions 18.4CaO-(81.6-X)Ga2O3-XSiO2, where X = 3, 6, 9, and 13.8. Crystallization was studied nonisothermally, and the data were analyzed in light of the Avrami (1939) equation. Critical cooling rate and crystallization activation energy are both found to decrease with increasing silica content, and the results obtained by the present technique are noted to agree with those obtained on the basis of differential thermal analysis measurements.

Ray, C. S.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Internal stresses in wear and corrosion resistant amorphous metallic coatings of (W/0.6/Re/0.4/)76B24 and (Mo/0.6/Ru/0.4/)82B18

Hard protective coatings in the W-Re-B and Mo-Ru-B alloy systems have been deposited by magnetron sputtering onto soda-lime glass and heat-treated AISI 52100 steel substrates. X-ray diffraction has confirmed the amorphous nature of the as-deposited coatings, and their crystallization temperatures were determined by differential thermal analysis to be 1000 and 790 C for W-Re-B and Mo-Ru-B coatings, respectively. Both coatings exhibit high microhardness; Mo-Ru-B, in addition, has excellent corrosion resistance by comparison with pure Mo at high anodic potentials. Attention is given to the influence of internal stresses on the protective properties of the coatings deposited under different conditions.

Thakoor, A. P.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Rapid Solidification of Magnetic Oxides

The enhanced control over microstructural evolution inherent in rapid solidification processing techniques are exploited to create novel ceramic magnetic materials. The great sensitivity of magnetic properties to local structure provides a powerful probe both for the study of structure and of microscopic solidification mechanisms. The first system studied is the SrO-Fe2O3 binary, which contains the commercially important hard magnetic compound strontium hexaferrite. The products were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy, Mossbauer spectroscopy, magnetic measurements, and differential thermal analysis. As-quenched ribbons contain high concentrations of super-paramagnetic particles, 80 to 250 Angstroms in diameter, in a glassy matrix. This suggests the possibility of crystallizing monodomain strontium hexaferrite during subsequent heat treatment, with a resulting increase in coercivity over conventionally processed ferrite magnets. That magnetic properties can be controlled in solidification processing by varying the quench rate is demonstrated.

Kalonji, G.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Undercooled and rapidly quenched Ni-Mo alloys

Hypoeutectic, eutectic, and hypereutectic nickel-molybdenum alloys were rapidly solidified by both bulk undercooling and melt spinning techniques. Alloys were undercooled in both electromagnetic levitation and differential thermal analysis equipment. The rate of recalescence depended upon the degree of initial undercooling and the nature (faceted or nonfaceted) of the primary nucleating phase. Alloy melts were observed to undercool more in the presence of primary Beta (NiMo intermetallic) phase than in gamma (fcc solid solution) phase. Melt spinning resulted in an extension of molybdenum solid solubility in gamma nickel, from 28 to 37.5 at % Mo. Although the microstructures observed by undercooling and melt spinning were similar the microsegregation pattern across the gamma dendries was different. The range of microstructures evolved was analyzed in terms of the nature of the primary phase to nucleate, its subsequent dendritic growth, coarsening and fragmentation, and final solidification of interfenderitic liquid.

Tewari, S. N.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Thermoanalytical characterization of several Antarctic meteorites

Thermodynamic data for several meteorites from Antarctica (5 achondrites, 2 chondrites, and 1 iron) were derived. The thermochemical response to heating in air was examined. The effects of oxidation processes can often be better identified by comparing the differential thermal analysis (DTA)-curves for heating in air with those obtained for heating in an oxidation-suppressed argon atmosphere. The thermoanalytical method can be helpful in determining the degree of weathering of meteoritic material.

Lang, B.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Comparison of structures of gas atomized and of emulsified highly undercooled Ni-Sn alloy droplets

A comparison is made of microstructures of droplets of Ni-Sn alloys rapidly solidified by gas atomization and in a glass emulsifying medium. Cooling rate of the gas atomized particles ranged from 10 to the 3rd to 10 to the 6th K/s depending on droplet diameter (20-230 microns). In the hypoeutectic alloy studied, /Ni-(25 wt pct Sn)/, most particles showed a dendritic structure. These same particles, melted and resolidified in a glass medium using DTA (Differential Thermal Analysis), showed undercoolings up to 280 K: the structures were dendritic at low undercoolings and nondendritic at undercoolings above 220 K. It is concluded that the gas atomized particles exhibited little or no undercooling before nucleation; the solidification time of the undercooled emulsified droplets is substantially less than that of gas atomized droplets, and the undercooling required to achieve nondendritic structure depends on sample size.

Yamamoto, M.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Effect of undercooling on the microstructure of Ni-35 at. pct Mo (eutectic) and Ni-38 at. pct Mo (hypereutectic) alloys

Ni-35 at. pct Mo and Ni-38 at. pct Mo alloy specimens have been solidified from various levels of undercooling in the differential thermal analysis and the electromagnetic levitation units in a pyrex/vycor bed. The evolution of the microstructure in the solified specimens has been examined in terms of the degree of undercooling, the nature of the first phase to nucleate from the melt, and the specimen cooling rate. The melt has been observed to undercool more in the presence of intermetallic NiMo (beta) phase as compared to that in the presence of nickel-rich solid solution (gamma). The 'anomalous eutectic' type of microstructure has been shown to result from the initial formation of the dendritic skeleton of either of the two phases, its segmentation due to convection and ripening, and the subsequent nucleation of the other phase in the interdendritic liquid regions. The recalescence behavior has been examined as a function of undercooling and the nature of the phase nucleating first in the melt.

Tewari, S. N.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Undercooled and rapidly quenched Ni-Mo alloys

Hypoeutectic, eutectic, and hypereutectic nickel-molybdenum alloys were rapidly solidified by both bulk undercooling and melt spinning techniques. Alloys were undercooled in both electromagnetic levitation and differential thermal analysis equipment. The rate of recalescence depended upon the degree of initial undercooling and the nature (faceted or nonfaceted) of the primary nucleating phase. Alloy melts were observed to undercool more in the presence of primary Beta (NiMo intermetallic) phase than in gamma (fcc solid solution) phase. Melt spinning resulted in an extension of molybdenum solid solubility in gamma nickel, from 28 to 37.5 at. pct Mo. Although the microstructures observed by undercooling and melt spinning were similar, the microsegregation pattern across the gamma dendries was different. The range of microstructures evolved was analyzed in terms of the nature of the primary phase to nucleate, its subsequent dendritic growth, coarsening and fragmentation, and final solidification of interfenderitic liquid.

Tewari, S. N.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Crystallization kinetics of BaO-Al2O3-SiO2 glasses

Barium aluminosilicate glasses are being investigated as matrix materials in high-temperature ceramic composites for structural applications. Kinetics of crystallization of two refractory glass compositions in the barium aluminosilicate system were studied by differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). From variable heating rate DTA, the crystallization activation energies for glass compositions (wt percent) 10BaO-38Al2O3-51SiO2-1MoO3 (glass A) and 39BaO-25Al2O3-35SiO2-1MoO3 (glass B) were determined to be 553 and 558 kJ/mol, respectively. On thermal treatment, the crystalline phases in glasses A and B were identified as mullite (3Al2O3-2SiO2) and hexacelsian (BaO-Al2O3-2SiO2), respectively. Hexacelsian is a high-temperature polymorph which is metastable below 1590 C. It undergoes structural transformation into the orthorhombic form at approximately 300 C accompanied by a large volume change which is undesirable for structural applications. A process needs to be developed where stable monoclinic celsian, rather than hexacelsian, precipitates out as the crystal phase in glass B.

Bansal, Narottam P.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Crystallization kinetics of BaO-Al2O3-SiO2 glasses

Barium aluminosilicate glasses are being investigated as matrix materials in high-temperature ceramic composites for structural applications. Kinetics of crystallization of two refractory glass compositions in the barium aluminosilicate system were studied by differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). From variable heating rate DTA, the crystallization activation energies for glass compositions (wt percent) 10BaO-38Al2O3-51SiO2-1MoO3 (glass A) and 39BaO-25Al2O3-35SiO2-1MoO3 (glass B) were determined to be 553 and 558 kJ/mol, respectively. On thermal treatment, the crystalline phases in glasses A and B were identified as mullite (3Al2O3-2SiO2) and hexacelsian (BaO-Al2O3-2SiO2), respectively. Hexacelsian is a high-temperature polymorph which is metastable below 1590 C. It undergoes structural transformation into the orthorhombic form at approximately 300 C accompanied by a large volume change which is undesirable for structural applications. A process needs to be developed where stable monoclinic celsian, rather than hexacelsian, precipitates out as the crystal phase in glass B.

Bansal, Narottam P.↗