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At least 109 records · Page 6

The magnetic field of Neptune

A model is given of the planetary magnetic field of Neptune based on a spherical harmonic analysis of the observations obtained by the Voyager 2. Generalized inverse techniques are used to partially solve a severely underdetermined inverse problem, and the resulting model is nonunique since the observations are limited in spatial distribution. Dipole, quadrupole, and octupole coefficients are estimated independently of other terms, and the parameters are shown to be well constrained by the measurement data. The large-scale features of the magnetic field including dipole tilt, offset, and harmonic content are found to characterize a magnetic field that is similar to that of Uranus. The traits of Neptune's magnetic field are theorized to relate to the 'ice' interior of the planet, and the dynamo-field generation reflects this poorly conducting planet.

Connerney, J. E. P.↗

Conical Euler analysis and active roll suppression for unsteady vortical flows about rolling delta wings

A conical Euler code was developed to study unsteady vortex-dominated flows about rolling, highly swept delta wings undergoing either forced motions or free-to-roll motions that include active roll suppression. The flow solver of the code involves a multistage, Runge-Kutta time-stepping scheme that uses a cell-centered, finite-volume, spatial discretization of the Euler equations on an unstructured grid of triangles. The code allows for the additional analysis of the free to-roll case by simultaneously integrating in time the rigid-body equation of motion with the governing flow equations. Results are presented for a delta wing with a 75 deg swept, sharp leading edge at a free-stream Mach number of 1.2 and at 10 deg, 20 deg, and 30 deg angle of attack alpha. At the lower angles of attack (10 and 20 deg), forced-harmonic analyses indicate that the rolling-moment coefficients provide a positive damping, which is verified by free-to-roll calculations. In contrast, at the higher angle of attack (30 deg), a forced-harmonic analysis indicates that the rolling-moment coefficient provides negative damping at the small roll amplitudes. A free-to-roll calculation for this case produces an initially divergent response, but as the amplitude of motion grows with time, the response transitions to a wing-rock type of limit cycle oscillation, which is characteristic of highly swept delta wings. This limit cycle oscillation may be actively suppressed through the use of a rate-feedback control law and antisymmetrically deflected leading-edge flaps. Descriptions of the conical Euler flow solver and the free-to roll analysis are included in this report. Results are presented that demonstrate how the systematic analysis of the forced response of the delta wing can be used to predict the stable, neutrally stable, and unstable free response of the delta wing. These results also give insight into the flow physics associated with unsteady vortical flows about delta wings undergoing forced motions and free-to-roll motions, including the active suppression of the wing-rock type phenomenon. The conical Euler methodology developed is directly extend able to three-dimensional calculations.

Lee-Rausch, Elizabeth M.↗

Structural response to discrete and continuous gusts of an airplane having wing bending flexibility and a correlation of calculated and flight results

An analysis is made of the structural response to gusts of an airplane having the degrees of freedom of vertical motion and wing bending flexibility and basic parameters are established. A convenient and accurate numerical solution of the response equations is developed for the case of discrete-gust encounter, an exact solution is made for the simpler case of continuous-sinusoidal-gust encounter, and the procedure is outlined for treating the more realistic condition of continuous random atmospheric turbulence, based on the methods of generalized harmonic analysis. Correlation studies between flight and calculated results are then given to evaluate the influence of wing bending flexibility on the structural response to gusts of two twin-engine transports and one four-engine bomber. It is shown that calculated results obtained by means of a discrete-gust approach reveal the general nature of the flexibility effects and lead to qualitative correlation with flight results. In contrast, calculations by means of the continuous-turbulence approach show good quantitative correlation with flight results and indicate a much greater degree of resolution of the flexibility effects.

Houbolt, John C↗

Estimation and Analysis of Nonlinear Stochastic Systems

The algebraic and geometric structures of certain classes of nonlinear stochastic systems were exploited in order to obtain useful stability and estimation results. The class of bilinear stochastic systems (or linear systems with multiplicative noise) was discussed. The stochastic stability of bilinear systems driven by colored noise was considered. Approximate methods for obtaining sufficient conditions for the stochastic stability of bilinear systems evolving on general Lie groups were discussed. Two classes of estimation problems involving bilinear systems were considered. It was proved that, for systems described by certain types of Volterra series expansions or by certain bilinear equations evolving on nilpotent or solvable Lie groups, the optimal conditional mean estimator consists of a finite dimensional nonlinear set of equations. The theory of harmonic analysis was used to derive suboptimal estimators for bilinear systems driven by white noise which evolve on compact Lie groups or homogeneous spaces.

Marcus, S. I.↗

Persistent Nature of Secondary Diurnal Modes of Precipitation over Oceanic and Continental Regimes

This investigation seeks a better understanding of the assorted mechanisms controlling the global distribution of precipitation diurnal variability based on the use of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) microwave radiometer and radar data. The horizontal distributions of precipitation's diurnal cycle are derived from eight years of TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) and Precipitation Radar (PR) measurements involving three TRMM standard rain rate retrieval algorithms -- the resultant distributions analyzed at various spatiotemporal scales. The results reveal the prominent and expected late-evening to early-morning (LE-EM) precipitation maxima over oceans and the counterpart prominent and expected mid- to late-afternoon (MLA) maxima over continents. Moreover, and not generally recognized, the results reveal a widespread distribution of secondary maxima occurring over both oceans and continents -- maxima which generally mirror their counterpart regime's behavior. That is, many ocean regions exhibit clearcut secondary MLA precipitation maxima while many continental regions exhibit just as evident secondary LE-EM maxima. This investigation is the first comprehensive study of these globally prevalent secondary maxima and their widespread nature, a type of study only made possible when the analysis procedure is applied to a high-quality global-scale precipitation dataset. The characteristics of the secondary maxima are mapped and described on global grids using an innovative clock-face format, while a current study to be published at a later date provides physically-based explanations of the seasonal-regional distributions of the secondary maxima. In addition to an "explicit" maxima identification scheme, a "Fourier decomposition" maxima identification scheme is used to examine the amplitude and phase properties of the primary and secondary maxima -- as well as tertiary and quaternary maxima. Accordingly, the advantages, ambiguities, and pitfalls resulting from use of Fourier harmonic analysis are explained.

Yang, S.↗

Intercomparison of lunar laser and traditional determinations of earth rotation

Since August, 1969, ranges to one or more retroreflector arrays on the lunar surface have been measured by means of a laser procedure. Analysis of these measurements improves determination, not only of the orbit and librations of the moon, but also of the rotational parameters of the earth, including the X and Y coordinates of the terrestrial pole, and the true rotational angle of the earth with respect to atomic or to broadcast time. The considered approach for deriving the Universal Time 1 (UT1) involves two steps. During the first step the parameters of the lunar orbit and librations are solved along with the coordinates of the retroreflectors on the moon and of the observatory. Improved values of the Universal Time 0 (UT0) and range corrections at the observatory are obtained in the second step. Attention is given to lunar laser ranging (LLR), raw data in UT1, an harmonic analysis of the LLR UT1 data, and data obtained in 1980. The results provide UT1 with an accuracy of a factor of 2 or more better than was previously available from conventional astrometric data.

Fliegel, H. F.↗

Evaluation of Skylab IB sensitivity to on-pad winds with turbulence

Computer simulation was performed to estimate displacements and bending moments experienced by the SKYLAB 1B vehicle on the launch pad due to atmospheric winds. The vehicle was assumed to be a beam-like structure represented by a finite number of generalized coordinates. Wind flow across the vehicle was treated as a nonhomogeneous, stationary random process. Response computations were performed by the assumption of simple strip theory and application of generalized harmonic analysis. Displacement and bending moment statistics were obtained for six vehicle propellant loading conditions and four representative reference wind profile and turbulence levels. Means, variances and probability distributions are presented graphically for each case. A separate analysis was performed to indicate the influence of wind gradient variations on vehicle response statistics.

Coffin, T.↗

Apollo 15 laser altimeter, part D

The laser altimeter, consisting of a Q switched ruby laser, transmitting optics, counting timer, receiving optics, and a photomultiplier is described. Harmonic analysis of the mission data is also presented.

Robertson, F. L.↗

Cosmic-ray variations and the interplanetary sector structures.

Fifteen passages of interplanetary sector structures that occurred between December 1967 and June 1968 are examined. A spherical harmonic analysis of cosmic ray intensity is performed to obtain cosmic ray intensity variations as a function of asymptotic latitude, longitude, and universal time. A clear north-south asymmetry of cosmic ray intensity, which depends on the sign of the interplanetary sector magnetic fields, is revealed.

Yoshida, S.↗

Computerized series solution of relativistic equations of motion.

A method of solution of the equations of planetary motion is described. It consists of the use of numerical general perturbations in orbital elements and in rectangular coordinates. The solution is expanded in Fourier series in the mean anomaly with the aid of harmonic analysis and computerized series manipulation techniques. A detailed application to the relativistic motion of the planet Mercury is described both for Schwarzschild and isotropic coordinates.

Broucke, R.↗

Thin highly conducting layer in the moon - Consistent interpretation of dayside and nightside electromagnetic responses.

The vacuum transient response of the moon to a time-varying spatially uniform magnetic field is determined for a lunar electrical conductivity model that was based on the harmonic analysis of Apollo 12 and Explorer 35 dayside magnetometer data. The transient response of the model is found to provide a plausible explanation of the behavior of the local vertical-surface magnetic field for an Apollo 12 magnetometer darkside transient event. A model containing a conducting core and a highly conducting thin subsurface layer is presented, and its transient behavior is discussed.

Schubert, G.↗

Hybrid carrier and modulation tracking loops.

The tracking loops presented herein exploit the coherency of the observed data sidebands at the carrier frequency for improvements in phase-coherent tracking, telemetry, and command system performance. The loop is motivated by one aspect of generalized harmonic analysis, viz., the so-called cross spectrum. The basic idea of the loop centers around using the power in the composite received signal (sidebands including cross-modulation components) to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio in the carrier tracking loop, thereby reducing the noisy reference loss and ultimately the subcarrier reference jitter, the symbol sync jitter, and the error probability of the data detector. The modulation from the extracted sidebands is removed in such a way that the coherence power in the data sidebands can be used for tracking at the carrier frequency.

Lindsey, W. C.↗

High-time resolution of the low-latitude asymmetric disturbance in the geomagnetic field.

The low-latitude asymmetric disturbance field is investigated by means of a Fourier harmonic analysis performed on 2.5-min interspaced values of magnetic records from eight stations, in lieu of the hourly values used in Crooker and Siscoe's (1971) study. The major advantage of the higher time resolution is that substorm activity, which has a time scale of 1-2 hr, can be studied in detail. Data covering four active periods in 1965 and five active periods in 1967 are used.

Crooker, N. U.↗

Intensity Oscillation of Low Energy Solar Particles Observed on the IMP 7 Satellite

Solar flare particles in the energy range from 125 to 160 KeV per charge were detected and analyzed by an electrostatic deflection vs. energy instrument on board the Explorer 47 (IMP 7) satellite. A harmonic analysis of the counting rates shows that frequently, the fluctuation of the particle flux can be approximately represented by N(t) = f(t)sin 2 pi nu t where f(t) is a smoothly varying function of t. The oscillation frequency nu varies from flare to flare and is of the order of 2 x .001/sec. The physical implications of the finding are discussed.

Fan, C. Y.↗

Energetic particles in the Jovian magnetosphere

A detailed account of the Pioneer 10 encounter with Jupiter is presented. Flux time histories of electrons and protons are given over a wide energy band. Proton and electron energy spectra are given at various Jovicentric distances. Proton spectra are shown to transform from a power law with indices in the 3-4.2 range to more nearly exponential forms in the inner regions. Extensive data are presented on the angular distributions of protons and electrons at various locations in the Jovicentric magnetosphere. In addition, a harmonic analysis of 1-2 MeV proton angular distributions was performed. Alpha/proton ratios are given as a function of Jovian radius and are compared to the earth and solar wind values.

Trainor, J. H.↗

Estimation for bilinear stochastic systems

Three techniques for the solution of bilinear estimation problems are presented. First, finite dimensional optimal nonlinear estimators are presented for certain bilinear systems evolving on solvable and nilpotent lie groups. Then the use of harmonic analysis for estimation problems evolving on spheres and other compact manifolds is investigated. Finally, an approximate estimation technique utilizing cumulants is discussed.

Willsky, A. S.↗

Intensity oscillation of low energy solar particles observed on the IMP 7 satellite

Solar flare particles in the energy range from 125 to 160 KeV per charge were detected and analyzed by an electrostatic deflection vs energy instrument on board the Explorer 47 (IMP 7) satellite. On the basis of a harmonic analysis of the counting rates, an approximating formula is obtained for the fluctuation of the particle flux. The oscillation frequency varies from flare to flare and is of the order of approximately .002 per sec. The physical implications of the finding are discussed.

Fan, C. Y.↗