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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 109 records · Page 6
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1989

Overview of the Center for Advanced Space Propulsion

The mission of the Center for Advanced Space Propulsion (CASP), a Center for the Commercial Development of Space (CCDS), is to strengthen U.S. competitiveness in space technology, foster cooperative research with industry and government, assist industry in developing commercial products and services, and perform research in advanced space propulsion. Current areas of focus are (1) advanced chemical propulsion, including high area ratio nozzle performance, variable thrust engine performance, and spray combustion stability; (2) artificial intelligence propulsion applications, including health monitoring of rocket engines, fault pattern detection and diagnosis, and intelligent hypertext applications; (3) microgravity fluid management, including liquid storage and transfer, a subscale orbital fluid transfer experiment, and helical, two-phase flow; (4) electric propulsion, including magnetic annular arc thruster, ion thrustor, and electrostatic plasma accelerator; and (5) laser materials processing.

George W Garrison↗
NASA NTRS1990

Wave formation on a liquid layer for de-icing airplane wings

Wave formation on a thin liquid layer used for deicing aircraft wings is investigated by studying the stability of airflow over a liquid-coated flat plate at zero angle of incidence. The ratio of the viscosity of the liquid to that of air is very high (over 500,000), and the Reynolds number based on liquid depth and air viscosity is of the order of a few thousand. Under these circumstances the analysis gives two formulas, in closed form, for the growth rate and phase velocity of the waves in terms of the wavenumber and other relevant parameters. The expected wavenumber is that for which the growth rate is the maximum. The instability is one in which the viscosity difference between the two fluids (air and liquid) plays the dominant role, and is of the kind found by Yih (1967).

Yih, Chia-Shun↗
NASA NTRS2012

OASIS: Organics Analyzer for Sampling Icy Surfaces

Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is a well established laboratory technique for detecting and analyzing organic molecules. This approach has been especially fruitful in the analysis of nucleobases, amino acids, and establishing chirol ratios [1 -3]. We are developing OASIS, Organics Analyzer for Sampling Icy Surfaces, for future in situ landed missions to astrochemically important icy bodies, such as asteroids, comets, and icy moons. The OASIS design employs a microfabricated, on-chip analytical column to chromatographically separate liquid ana1ytes using known LC stationary phase chemistries. The elution products are then interfaced through electrospray ionization (ESI) and analyzed by a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS). A particular advantage of this design is its suitability for microgravity environments, such as for a primitive small body.

Getty, S. A.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Theoretical analysis of rotating two phase detonation in a rocket motor

Tangential mode, non-linear wave motion in a liquid propellant rocket engine is studied, using a two phase detonation wave as the reaction model. Because the detonation wave is followed immediately by expansion waves, due to the side relief in the axial direction, it is a Chapman-Jouguet wave. The strength of this wave, which may be characterized by the pressure ratio across the wave, as well as the wave speed and the local wave Mach number, are related to design parameters such as the contraction ratio, chamber speed of sound, chamber diameter, propellant injection density and velocity, and the specific heat ratio of the burned gases. In addition, the distribution of flow properties along the injector face can be computed. Numerical calculations show favorable comparison with experimental findings. Finally, the effects of drop size are discussed and a simple criterion is found to set the lower limit of validity of this strong wave analysis.

Shen, I.↗
NASA NTRS2016

Electrically Driven Liquid Film Boiling Experiment

This presentation presents the science background and ground based results that form the basis of the Electrically Driven Liquid Film Boiling Experiment. This is an ISS experiment that is manifested for 2021. Objective: Characterize the effects of gravity on the interaction of electric and flow fields in the presence of phase change specifically pertaining to: a) The effects of microgravity on the electrically generated two-phase flow. b) The effects of microgravity on electrically driven liquid film boiling (includes extreme heat fluxes). Electro-wetting of the boiling section will repel the bubbles away from the heated surface in microgravity environment. Relevance/Impact: Provides phenomenological foundation for the development of electric field based two-phase thermal management systems leveraging EHD, permitting optimization of heat transfer surface area to volume ratios as well as achievement of high heat transfer coefficients thus resulting in system mass and volume savings. EHD replaces buoyancy or flow driven bubble removal from heated surface. Development Approach: Conduct preliminary experiments in low gravity and ground-based facilities to refine technique and obtain preliminary data for model development. ISS environment required to characterize electro-wetting effect on nucleate boiling and CHF in the absence of gravity. Will operate in the FIR - designed for autonomous operation.

Electrohydrodynamics↗
NASA NTRS1994

A double-moment multiple-phase four-class bulk ice scheme, Part 1: Description

A detailed ice-phase bulk microphysical scheme has been developed for simulating the hydrometeor distributions of convective and stratiform precipitation in different large-scale environmental conditions. The proposed scheme involves 90 distinct microphysical processes, which predict the mixing ratios and the number concentrations of small ice crystals, snow, graupel, and frozen drops/hail, as well as the mixing ratios of liquid water on wet precipitation ice (snow, graupel, frozen drops). The number of adjustable coefficients has been significantly reduced in comparison with other bulk schemes. Additional improvements have been made to the parameterization in the following areas: (1) representing small ice crystals with nonzero terminal fall velocities and dispersive size distributions, (2) accurate and computationally efficient calculations of precipitation collection processes, (3) reformulating the collection equation to prevent unrealistically large accretion rates, (4) more realistic conversion by riming between different classes of precipitation ice, (5) preventing unrealistically large rates of raindrop freezing and freezing of liquid water on ice, (6) detailed treatment of various rime-splintering ice multiplication mechanisms, (7) a simple representation of the Hobbs-Rangno ice enhancement process, (8) aggregation of small ice crystals and snow, and (9) allowing explicit competition between cloud water condensation and ice deposition rates rather than using saturation adjustment techniques. For the purposes of conserving the higher moments of the particle distributions, preserving the spectral widths (or slopes) of the particle spectra is shown to be more important than strict conservation of particle number concentration when parameterizing changes in ice-particle number concentrations due to melting, vapor transfer processes (sublimation of dry ice, evaporation from wet ice), and conversion between different hydrometeor species. The microphysical scheme is incorporated into a nonhydrostatic cloud model in Part 2 of this study. The model performed well in simulating the radar and microphysical structures of a midlatitude-continental squall lines and a tropical-maritime squall system with minimal tuning of the parameterization, even though the vertical profiles of radar reflectivity differed substantially between these storms.

Ferrier, Brad Shoenberg↗
NASA NTRS1992

A numerical model for atomization-spray coupling in liquid rocket thrust chambers

The physical process of atomization is an important consideration in the stable operation of liquid rocket engines. Many spray combustion computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes do not include an atomization sub-model but assume arbitrary drop size distributions, drop initial locations, and velocities. A method of coupling an atomization model with the spray model in a REFLEQS CFD code is presented. This method is based on a jet-embedding technique in which the equations governing the liquid jet core are solved separately using the surrounding gas phase conditions. The droplet initial conditions are calculated using a stability analysis appropriate for the atomization regime of liquid jet break-up. This novel coupling model is used to analyze the SSME fuel preburner single injector flow. Results of the diffusion flame characteristics in a single injection element will be presented. The effect of relative velocity, mixture ratio and droplet initial conditions will be shown. The predictions of present atomization model is compared with that of the widely used CICM correlation. The results are also compared with the predictions of volume-of-fluid method.

M. G. Giridharan↗
NASA NTRS1975

Vaporization response of evaporating drops with finite thermal conductivity

A numerical computing procedure was developed for calculating vaporization histories of evaporating drops in a combustor in which travelling transverse oscillations occurred. The liquid drop was assumed to have a finite thermal conductivity. The system of equations was solved by using a finite difference method programmed for solution on a high speed digital computer. Oscillations in the ratio of vaporization of an array of repetitivity injected drops in the combustor were obtained from summation of individual drop histories. A nonlinear in-phase frequency response factor for the entire vaporization process to oscillations in pressure was evaluated. A nonlinear out-of-phase response factor, in-phase and out-of-phase harmonic response factors, and a Princeton type 'n' and 'tau' were determined. The resulting data was correlated and is presented in graphical format. Qualitative agreement with the open literature is obtained in the behavior of the in-phase response factor. Quantitatively the results of the present finite conductivity spray analysis do not correlate with the results of a single drop model.

Agosta, V. D.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Pieces of the ancient lunar crust - Ages and composition of clasts in consortium breccia 67915

The composition and chronology of clasts representing three minor lithologies in consortium breccia 67915 are discussed. The lithologies studied are: sodic ferrogabbro, pristine troctolitic anorthosite (67915,26), and granulitic troctolitic anorthosite (67915,67). These lithologies were presumed to represent samples of the ancient lunar crust. The pristine troctolitic anorthosite, a typical member of the pristine anorthosite suite, contains little or no trapped liquid consistent with its two-phase mineralogy. The plagioclase separates have Ar-39-Ar-40 plateau ages of 4.10 + or - 0.06 b.y., and a final rise in the age pattern may represent a 'memory' of the earlier evolution. The granulitic troctolitic anorthosite, which has 13 times larger REE abundances, displays a continuous rise of the Ar-40/Ar-39 ratio. The last 25 percent of the Ar-39 release data establish a minimum age of over 3.5 b.y., but the Pu-244/Nd chronology suggests an age of about 4.3 b.y. The sodic ferrogabbro samples, which appear to be members of the Mg-gabbronorite group of pristine rocks, show large Ar losses but indicate plateaus in the low-temperature data, suggesting a metamorphic event more recently than 260 m.y. ago, a time that is consistent with the North Ray impact event 50 m.y. ago.

Marti, K.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Grain growth kinetics in liquid-phase-sintered zinc oxide-barium oxide ceramics

Grain growth of ZnO in the presence of a liquid phase of the ZnO-BaO system has been studied for temperatures from 1300 to 1400 C. The specimens were treated in boiling water and the grains were separated by dissolving the matrix phase in an ultrasonic bath. As a consequence 3D grain size measurements were possible. Microstructural examination shows some grain coalescence with a wide range of neck size ratios and corresponding dihedral angles, however, most grains are isolated. Lognormal grain size distributions show similar shapes, indicating that the growth mechanism is invariant over this time and temperature. All regressions between G exp n and time for n = 2 and 3 proved statistically significant. The rate constants calculated with the growth exponent set to n = 3 are on the same order of magnitude as in metallic systems. The apparent activation energy for growth is estimated between 355 and 458 kJ/mol.

Yang, Sung-Chul↗
NASA NTRS2022

Secondary Inorganic Aerosol Chemistry and Its Impact on Atmospheric Visibility Over an Ammonia-Rich Urban Area in Central Taiwan

This study investigated the hourly inorganic aerosol chemistry and its impact on atmospheric visibility over an urban area in Central Taiwan, by relying on measurements of aerosol light extinction, inorganic gases, and PM 2.5 water-soluble ions (WSIs), and simulations from a thermodynamic equilibrium model. On average, the sulfate (SO 4 2− ), nitrate (NO 3 − ), and ammonium (NH 4 + ) components (SNA) contributed ∼90% of WSI concentrations, which in turn made up about 50% of the PM 2.5 mass. During the entire observation period, PM 2.5 and SNA concentrations, aerosol pH, aerosol liquid water content (ALWC), and sulfur and nitrogen conversion ratios all increased with decreasing visibility. In particular, the NO 3 − contribution to PM 2.5 increased, whereas the SO 4 2− contribution decreased, with decreasing visibility. The diurnal variations of the above parameters indicate that the interaction and likely mutual promotion between NO 3 − and ALWC enhanced the hygroscopicity and aqueous-phase reactions conducive for NO 3 − formation, thus led to severely impaired visibility. The high relative humidity (RH) at the study area (average 70.7%) was a necessary but not sole factor leading to enhanced NO 3 − formation, which was more directly associated with elevated ALWC and aerosol pH. Simulations from the thermodynamic model depict that the inorganic aerosol system in the study area was characterized by fully neutralized SO 4 2− (i.e. a saturated factor in visibility reduction) and excess NH 4 + amidst a NH 3 -rich environment. As a result, PM 2.5 composition was most sensitive to gas-phase HNO 3 , and hence NOx, and relatively insensitive to NH 3 . Consequently, a reduction of NOx would result in instantaneous cuts of NO 3 − , PM 2.5 , and ALWC, and hence improved visibility. On the other hand, a substantial amount of NH 3 reduction (>70%) would be required to lower the aerosol pH, driving more than 50% of the particulate phase NO 3 − to the gas phase, thereby making NH 3 a limiting factor in shifting PM 2.5 composition.

aerosol chemistry↗
NASA NTRS1990

Low temperature synthesis of CaO-SiO2 glasses having stable liquid-liquid immiscibility by sol-gel process

Calcium silicate glass compositions lying within the liquid-liquid immiscibility dome of the phase diagram, which could not have been prepared by the conventional melting method, were synthesized by the sol-gel process. Hydrolysis and polycondensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) solutions containing up to 20 mol percent calcium nitrate resulted in the formation of clear and transparent gels. The gel formation time decreased with increase in water:TEOS mole ratio, calcium content, and the reaction temperature. Smaller values of gel times in the presence of calcium nitrate are probably caused by lowering of the ionic charge on the sol particles by the salt present. The gelation activation energy, E(sub gel), was evaluated from temperature dependence of the gel time. Presence of Ca(2+) ions or the water:TEOS mole ratio did not have an appreciable effect on the value of E(sub gel). Presence of glycerol in the solution helped in the formation of crack-free monolithic gel specimens. Chemical and structural changes occurring in the gels, as a function of the heat treatments, have been monitored using DTA, TGA, IR-spectroscopy, x ray diffraction, surface area and pore size distribution measurements.

Bansal, Narottam P.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Low temperature synthesis of CaO-SiO2 glasses having stable liquid-liquid immiscibility by the sol-gel process

Calcium silicate glass compositions lying within the liquid-liquid immiscibility dome of the phase diagram, which could not have been prepared by the conventional melting method, were synthesized by the sol-gel process. Hydrolysis and polycondensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) solutions containing up to 20 mol percent calcium nitrate resulted in the formation of clear and transparent gels. The gel formation time decreased with increase in water: TEOS mole ratio, calcium content, and the reaction temperature. Smaller values of gel times in the presence of calcium nitrate are probably caused by lowering of the ionic charge on the sol particles by the salt present. The gelation activation energy, E(sub gel), was evaluated from temperature dependence of the gel time. Presence of Ca(2+) ions or the water:TEOS mole ratio did not have an appreciable effect on the value of E(sub gel). Presence of glycerol in the solution helped in the formation of crack-free monolithic gel specimens. Chemical and structural changes occurring in the gels, as a function of the heat treatments, have been monitored using DTA, TGA, IR-spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, surface area and pore size distribution measurements.

Bansal, N. P.↗
NASA NTRS1998

Orbital Processing of Eutectic Rod-Like Arrays

The eutectic is one of only three solidification classes that exist. The others are isostructural and peritectic-class reactions, respectively. Simplistically, in a binaryeutectic phase diagram, a single liquid phase isothermally decomposes to two solid phases in a cooperative manner. The melting point minimum at the eutectic composition, isothermal solidification temperature, near-isocompositional solidification and refined solidification microstructure lend themselves naturally to such applications as brazing and soldering; industries that eutectic alloys dominate. Interest in direct process control of microstructures has led, more recently, to in-situ eutectic directional solidification with applications in electro-magnetics and electro-optics. In these cases, controlled structural refinement and the high aspect ratio and regularity of the distributed eutectic phases is highly significant to the fabrication and application of these in-situ natural composites. The natural pattern formation and scaling of the dispersed phase on a sub-micron scale has enormous potential application, since fabricating bulk materials on this scale mechanically has proven to be particularly difficult. It is thus of obvious importance to understand the solidification of eutectic materials since they are of great commercial significance. The dominant theory that describes eutectic solidification was derived for diffusion-controlled growth of alloys where both solid eutectic phases solidify metallically, i.e. without faceting at the solidification interface. Both high volume fraction (lamellar) and low volume fraction (rod-like) regular metallic arrays are treated by this theory. Many of the useful solders and brazements, however, and most of the regular in-situ composites are characterized by solidification reactions that are faceted/non-faceted in nature, rather than doubly non-faceted (metallic). Further, diffusion-controlled growth conditions are atypical terrestrially since gravitationally-driven convection is pervasive. As a consequence, it is important to determine whether these faceted/non-faceted composites behave in the same manner as their doubly non-faceted counterparts, particularly in the presence of convection. Prior analytical convective sensitivity testing of this theory predicted insensitivity. Prior experimental testing of this theory offered broad-based agreement between theory and experiment, though most results were for high volume fraction lamellar eutectics that solidified without faceting at the solidification interface. Directional solidification experiments of low volume fraction rod eutectics under damped (microgravity or magnetic field) conditions, however, have demonstrated significant sensitivity, challenging this fundamental theory. More recent theories have been proposed which introduce kinetic undercooling, faceting, fluid shear of the solute redistribution zone and the possibility that the interface composition is not the same as the bulk liquid composition. This program tests the established and proposed analytical theories and addresses the origins of discrepancies between the experimental and analytical results.

Larson, David J., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS2004

Hydrodynamic Modeling of Oxidizer-Rich Staged Combustion Injector Flow

The main objective of this work is to determine the unsteady hydrodynamic characteristics of coaxial swirl atomizers of interest in oxidizer-rich staged combustion (ORSC) liquid rocket engines. To this end, the pseudo-density (homogeneous flow) treatment combined with the Marker-and-Cell (MAC) numerical algorithm has been used to develop an axisymmetric with swirl, two-phase, unsteady model. The numerical model is capable of assessing the time-dependent orifice exit conditions and internal mixing for arbitrary fuel and oxidizer gas injection conditions. Parametric studies have been conducted to determine the effect of geometry, gas properties, and liquid properties on the exit massflow rate and velocity. It has been found that the frequency at which the liquid film oscillates increases as the density ratio and thickness increase, decreases as film thickness and liquid swirl velocity increase, and is unaffected by the mixing length. Additionally, it has been determined that the variation in the massflow rate increases as the liquid swirl velocity and liquid film thickness increase, and decreases as the density ratio, collar thickness, and mixing length increase.

Canino, J. V.↗
NASA NTRS2008

Gusev Crater on Mars: Wet and Dry

The Mars Exploration Rover Spirit has traversed over 7.5 km in 1470 sols of operations at the Gusev Crater landing site. Chemical and mineralogical evidence from approximately 200 in-situ samples indicate various degrees of exposure to liquid water, from wet and saturated to dry and unaltered. (1) Six samples with concentrations of amorphous silica between 60 and 95 wt% were discovered in a small valley less than 50 meters in length. Associated enrichments in titanium oxide, relatively insoluble at low pH, suggest that these silica deposits formed as a result of acidic leaching processes. Liquid water interactions with these surface materials were necessary to remove cations solubilized in the low pH environment or to concentrate silica in solution prior to precipitation. (2) Hydrated ferric sulfates are found in subsurface deposits which have the unmistakable chemical signatures of nearby rocks. The movement of hydrothermal fluids and/or fumarolic vapors through local rocks prior to precipitation of these materials is suggested by these observations. (3) Goethite (alpha-FeOOH), a mineral phase which requires water to form, represents 20% to 35% of the iron in numerous rock samples (Clovis Class) on the West Spur of the Columbia Hills. Alteration of iron under aqueous conditions is clearly indicated by this presence of goethite. (4) Nearly isochemical signatures are found in elemental analyses of over ten distinct samples (Wishstone/Watchtower class rocks), yet the ratio of ferric iron to total iron varies from 0.4 to 0.95. Small quantities of water, insufficient to flush cations from the samples, were likely responsible for this weathering. (5) Bromine, a trace element readily mobilized by water, is found in high concentrations in certain rock interiors and is enhanced in subsurface soils, consistent with transport to localized cold traps by water thin-films. (6) Also relevant to the characterizing the role of liquid water is the discovery of an areally extensive ultramafic sequence of rocks where over 70% of the iron is in unaltered olivine and the ferric to total iron ratio is 0.1. This result indicates that certain materials at the martian surface have been protected from aqueous alteration.

Yen, Albert↗
NASA NTRS2013

A Moderate D/H Ratio for a Surficial Water Reservoir on Mars

Martian surface morphology implies that Mars was once warm enough to maintain persistent liquid water on its surface and that water played a significant role in the formation of weathered/altered terrains [e.g., 1, 2, 3]. Volatiles exhaled by volcanic activity would have been the dominant greenhouse gases and would have significantly affected the Martian climate. The enrichment of some volatile elements in the atmosphere, which would have dissolved in surface water, could also have influenced water chemistry (e.g., acidity) and played a significant role in weathering and aqueous alteration processes. While much of this picture is qualitative, Martian meteorites contain records of major Martian volatile reservoirs. This study characterizes Martian surficial volatile reservoirs based on in situ ion microprobe analyses of volatile abundances and H-isotopes of glassy phases (groundmass glass [GG] and impact melt [IM]) in Martian basalts (shergottites). Although these meteorites are of igneous origin, some glassy phases underwent impact-induced modification that trapped surficial and atmospheric volatile components [4, 5]; e.g., inert gases contained in IMs from EETA79001 (EETA79) match the relative abundances of modern Martian atmosphere [6]. Analyses of these glassy phases demonstrate that surficial volatile reservoirs have distinct D/H ratios from their magmatic volatiles.

Usui, Tomohiro↗
NASA NTRS1993

Experimental studies on effervescent atomizers with wide spray angles

An experimental investigation was conducted to examine the operating and spray characteristics of two internal-mixing twin-fluid atomizers that were designed to produce effervescent atomization at low air/liquid mass ratios (ALR's). These two experimental atomizers ejected the two phase flow so as to produce a wide spray angle. One atomizer was a plain orifice design that used a four-hole exit orifice which divided and turned the two phase flow just prior to ejection. The other atomizer, called the conical sheet atomizer, ejected the two phase flow through an annular passage in such a way as to form a hollow cone spray. The atomizer operating parameters varied during this investigation were the air/liquid mass ratio, atomizer operating pressure, and, in the case of the conical sheet atomizer, the exit gap width. Studies of spray characteristics included measurements of the spray Sauter mean diameter (SMD), drop size distribution, and, for the conical sheet atomizer, circumferential distribution of the liquid mass within the spray. For both atomizers it was found that SMD decreases with an increase in either ALR or operating pressure. The effect of ALR on SMD diminishes as the value of ALR increases. For the conical sheet atomizer, when operating at low values of pressure and ALR, SMD increases with increase in gap width, but the influence of gap width on SMD diminishes with an increase in either pressure or ALR. At the highest operating pressure of the conical sheet atomizer (552 kPa), SMD is independent of gap width at all ALR's. For both atomizers, changes in operating pressure and ALR have little effect on the distribution of drop sizes in the spray.

Whitlow, J. D.↗