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At least 109 records · Page 6
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Recent Progress on Dominant Sulfide‐Type Solid‐State Na Superionic Conductors for Solid‐State Sodium Batteries

Abstract Over the past decade, solid‐state batteries have garnered significant attentions due to their potentials to deliver high energy density and excellent safety. Considering the abundant sodium (Na) resources in contrast to lithium (Li), the development of sodium‐based batteries has become increasingly appealing. Sulfide‐based superionic conductors are widely considered as promising solid eletcrolytes (SEs) in solid‐state Na batteries due to the features of high ionic conductivity and cold‐press densification. In recent years, tremendous efforts have been made to investigate sulfide‐based Na‐ion conductors on their synthesis, compositions, conductivity, and the feasibility in batteries. However, there are still several challenges to overcome for their practical applications in high performance solid‐state Na batteries. This article provides a comprehensive update on the synthesis, structure, and properties of three dominant sulfide‐based Na‐ion conductors (Na 3 PS 4 , Na 3 SbS 4 , and Na 11 Sn 2 PS 12 ), and their families that have a variety of anion and cation doping. Additionally, the interface stability of these sulfide electrolytes toward the anode is reviewed, as well as the electrochemical performance of solid‐state Na batteries based on different types of cathode materials (metal sulfides, oxides, and organics). Finally, the perspective and outlook for the development and practical utilization of sulfide‐based SE in solid‐state batteries are discussed.

Guo, Xiaolin↗
DOE OSTI2022

Stable Anode–Free All–Solid–State Lithium Battery through Tuned Metal Wetting on the Copper Current Collector

A stable anode-free all-solid-state battery (AF-ASSB) with sulfide-based solid-electrolyte (SE) (argyrodite Li 6 PS 5 Cl) is achieved by tuning wetting of lithium metal on “empty” copper current-collector. Lithiophilic 1 µm Li 2 Te is synthesized by exposing the collector to tellurium vapor, followed by in situ Li activation during the first charge. The Li 2 Te significantly reduces the electrodeposition/electrodissolution overpotentials and improves Coulombic efficiency (CE). During continuous electrodeposition experiments using half-cells (1 mA cm –2 ), the accumulated thickness of electrodeposited Li on Li 2 Te–Cu is more than 70 µm, which is the thickness of the Li foil counter-electrode. Full AF-ASSB with NMC811 cathode delivers an initial CE of 83% at 0.2C, with a cycling CE above 99%. Additionally, cryogenic focused ion beam (Cryo-FIB) sectioning demonstrates uniform electrodeposited metal microstructure, with no signs of voids or dendrites at the collector-SE interface. Electrodissolution is uniform and complete, with Li 2 Te remaining structurally stable and adherent. By contrast, an unmodified Cu current-collector promotes inhomogeneous Li electrodeposition/electrodissolution, electrochemically inactive “dead metal,” dendrites that extend into SE, and thick non-uniform solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) interspersed with pores. Density functional theory (DFT) and mesoscale calculations provide complementary insight regarding nucleation-growth behavior. Unlike conventional liquid-electrolyte metal batteries, the role of current collector/support lithiophilicity has not been explored for emerging AF-ASSBs.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Chalcocarbogels as High-Capacity and Cycle-Stable Electrode Materials for Lithium and Sodium Ion Batteries

The low capacities of commercial Li ion batteries and cycle instabilities of amorphous metal sulfide based batteries impose constraints on their utilization for large-scale energy storage. We report here the acid-free, room-temperature (RT), and solution-based synthesis of a chalcogenide–carbonaceous hybrid aerogel, termed as “chalcocarbogel”, comprising molybdenum sulfide (MoS x ) and graphene oxide (GO). The chalcocarbogel is a nanoparticle-aggregated, porous, amorphous gel consisting of Mo 3 S 13 and Mo 2 S 12 -like structures as determined by synchrotron X-ray PDF, XANES, and EXAFS. The MoS x -GO chalcocarbogel demonstrates high specific capacities of ~1215 and ~807 mAh g –1 for Li/MoS x -GO and Na/MoS x -GO cells, respectively, for a 50 mAg –1 discharge rate during the first cycle. After the activation cycles, the MoS x -GO chalcocarbogel stabilizes, maintaining high specific capacities of approximately ~700 mAh g –1 for Li/MoS x -GO and ~473 mAh g –1 for Na/MoS x -GO cells, while continuously cycling. Importantly, the MoS x -GO aerogel reported here serves as a promising platform to develop chalcocarbogels for applications spanning both Li and Na ion batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Lithium Oxide Superionic Conductors Inspired by Garnet and NASICON Structures

Abstract The key component in lithium solid‐state batteries (SSBs) is the solid electrolyte composed of lithium superionic conductors (SICs). Lithium oxide SICs offer improved electrochemical and chemical stability compared with sulfides, and their recent advancements have largely been achieved using materials in the garnet‐ and NASICON (sodium superionic conductor)‐ structured families. In this work, using the ion‐conduction mechanisms in garnet and NASICON as inspiration, a common pattern of an “activated diffusion network” and three structural features that are beneficial for superionic conduction: a 3D percolation Li diffusion network, short distances between occupied Li sites, and the “homogeneity” of the transport path are identified. A high‐throughput computational screening is performed to search for new lithium oxide SICs that share these features. From this search, seven candidates are proposed exhibiting high room‐temperature ionic conductivity evaluated using ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Their structural frameworks including spinel, oxy‐argyrodite, sodalite, and LiM(SeO 3 ) 2 present new opportunities for enriching the structural families of lithium oxide SICs.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Semiconducting Zn x Mo 3 S 13 -GO Chalcocarbogel: A High-Capacity and Stable Sulfur-Equivalent Conversion-Based Electrode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithium–sulfur batteries with a sulfur electrode offer a theoretical capacity of ∼1672 mAh g –1 , but rapid capacity loss mainly constrains their practical application. This work introduces a semiconducting and amorphous Zn x Mo 3 S 13 -GO (x = 0.5) chalcocarbogel sulfur-equivalent electrode with superior capacity and stability for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The Zn x Mo 3 S 13 -GO is synthesized in solution under ambient conditions, and its local structure contains S–S, M-Q (M = Mo, Zn; Q = S, O), C–S, and Mo–Mo bonding motifs with Mo coordination environment closely related to Mo 3 S 13 anions, as determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, synchrotron X-ray scattering, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. The Li/Zn x Mo 3 S 13 -GO cell offers an initial discharge capacity of 1019 mAh g –1 at a rate of C/3. After the activation cycles, the Li/Zn x Mo 3 S 13 -GO cell demonstrates good cycling stability, retaining a discharge capacity of 519.4 mAh g –1 after 250 cycles with ∼99.98% Coulombic efficiency and excellent rate capabilities. Moreover, it provides an initial discharge capacity of ∼574 mAh g –1 and maintains a retention capacity of 279 mAh g –1 at 1C after 625 cycles. The Lewis acidic Zn 2+ ion enhances the Lewis basic polysulfide anchoring ability and reduces the dissolution of polysulfides produced during the redox process through Zn–S covalent interaction, while the semiconducting and amorphous structure of the chalcocarbogel increases the electrical and ionic conductivity. Furthermore, this work highlights chalcocarbogels’ potential for developing high-capacity and stable electrodes for LIBs.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Interlayer Design for Halide Electrolytes in All‐Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries

Abstract All‐solid‐state lithium‐metal batteries (ASSLMBs) are promising for transportation electrification due to their superior safety and high energy density. Lithium halide electrolytes provide excellent processing flexibility, high ionic conductivity, and anodic stability (>4.1 V), making them highly compatible with high‐voltage cathodes, surpassing sulfide electrolytes (<2.1 V). Nevertheless, halide electrolytes suffer from low cathodic stability and form an electronically conductive interphase with lithium, resulting in a critical current density (CCD) of nearly zero. Herein, Li 3 YbCl 6 electrolytes are synthesized that are kinetically stable with lithium by forming an electronic insulating solid electrolyte interphase. Guided by critical overpotential criteria, a PI 3 interlayer is designed that transforms into Li 6 PI 3 upon contact with lithium, substantially reducing the interfacial resistance of Li 3 YbCl 6 against lithium to 34 Ω and achieving a high critical overpotential of 114 mV. By substituting Yb with Lu, Li 3 LuCl 6 electrolytes with Li 6 PI 3 interlayers reach a CCD of 1.0 mA cm −2 at a capacity of 1.0 mAh cm −2 , comparable to sulfide electrolytes but with higher oxidation stability. Additionally, Li 6 PI 3 enables stable cycling of Li//Li cells with Li 3 LuCl 6 electrolytes at 0.5 mA cm −2 for 400 cycles and maintains 86.5% capacity in Li//LiCoO 2 cells after 220 cycles at 30 °C, paving the way for high‐performance ASSLMBs.

Chemistry↗
DOE OSTI2022

Long–Cycling Sulfide–Based All–Solid–State Batteries Enabled by Electrochemo–Mechanically Stable Electrodes

Anode significantly determines the energy density of all-solid-state Lithium batteries (ASLBs). Silicon (Si) and Lithium (Li) metal are two of the most attractive anodes because of their ultrahigh theoretical capacities. However, most investigations focus on Li metal; the great potential of Si is underrated. This study investigates Si anode's stability, processability, and cost in ASLBs and compares them with Li metal. Moreover, the single-crystal LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 is stabilized with a lithium silicate (Li 2 SiO x ) through a scalable sol-gel method. ASLBs with a cell-level energy density of 285 Wh kg -1 are obtained through sandwiching Si anode, thin sulfide solid-state electrolyte membrane, and interface stabilized LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 . The full cell delivered a high capacity of 145 mAh g -1 at C/3 and maintained stability for 1000 cycles. This work inspires commercializing the ASLBs on a large scale with exciting manufacturing lines for large-scale, safe, and economical energy storage.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Chemical and Electrochemical Characterization of Hot–Pressed Li 6 PS 5 Cl Solid State Electrolyte: Operating Pressure–Invariant High Ionic Conductivity

Sulfide solid state electrolytes (SSE) are among the most promising materials in the effort to replace liquid electrolytes, largely due to their comparable ionic conductivities. Among the sulfide SSEs, Argyrodites (Li 6 PS 5 X, X=Cl, Br, I) further stand out due to their high theoretical ionic conductivity (~1×10 –2 S cm –1 ) and interfacial stability against reactive metal anodes such as lithium. Generally, solid state electrolyte pellets are pressed from powder feedstock at room temperature, however, pellets fabricated by cold pressing consistently result in low bulk density and high porosity, facilitating interfacial degradation reactions and allowing dendrites to propagate through the pores and grain boundaries. Here, we demonstrate the mechanical and electrochemical implications of hot-pressing standalone LPSCl SSE pellets with near-theoretical ionic conductivity, superior cycling performance, and enhanced mechanical stability. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and x-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) analysis reveal no chemical changes to the Argyrodite surface after hot pressing up to 250°C. Furthermore, we use electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to understand mechanical stability of Argyrodite SSE pellets as a function of externally applied pressure, demonstrating for the first time pressed standalone Argyrodite pellets with near-theoretical conductivities at external pressures below 14 MPa.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Amphipathic Binder Integrating Ultrathin and Highly Ion-Conductive Sulfide Membrane for Cell-Level High-Energy-Density All-Solid-State Batteries

Current sulfide solid-state electrolyte (SE) membranes utilized in all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASLBs) have a high thickness (0.5–1.0 mm) and low ion conductance (<25 mS), which limit the cell-level energy and power densities. Therefore, based on ethyl cellulose's unique amphipathic molecular structure, superior thermal stability, and excellent binding capability, this work fabricates a freestanding SE membrane with an ultralow thickness of 47 µm. With ethyl cellulose as an effective disperser and a binder, the Li 6 PS 5 Cl is uniformly dispersed in toluene and possesses superior film formability. In addition, an ultralow areal resistance of 4.32 Ω cm -2 and a remarkable ion conductance of 291 mS (one order higher than the state-of-the-art sulfide SE membrane) are achieved. The ASLBs assembled with this SE membrane deliver cell-level high gravimetric and volumetric energy densities of 175 Wh kg -1 and 675 Wh L -1 , individually.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Poly(vinylferrocene) as an Ionomer and Sulfur-Confining Additive for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are promising owing to their high energy density, environmental benignity, and low cost. Most of the commonly used binders in Li-S battery cathodes are inert and have no significant effect on the challenges of sulfur as a cathode material, such as the polysulfide shuttle effect, low ionic/electronic conductivity, and a sluggish redox reaction. In this work, we demonstrate the use of poly(vinylferrocene) (PvFc) as a binder additive that can effectively increase the ionic conductivity of the cathode and act as a sulfide confining agent. Electrochemical tests performed with PvFc as part of the binder mixture used to cast the cathodes demonstrate an increase in rate capability and cycle life when compared to the baseline samples. Ionic conductivity measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggest that the π-cation molecular interaction between the cyclopentadienyl rings from ferrocene and Li + act like an ion couple with ferrocene acting as a static, covalently bound acceptor of Li + ions that enhances their mobility through the cathode. This coupled with the affinity between the ferrocenyl cations and the Li salt anions, which provides more distribution of counterions for Li + movement and improves accessibility to the cathode S reservoir, make PvFc a promising ionomer for Li-S batteries. In addition, the π-cation bonds between cyclopentadienyl and lithium polysulfides produce a sulfide confining effect that mitigates capacity fade through polysulfide dissolution. Furthermore, this work demonstrates an expansion in the utility of PvFc as a component in Li-ion batteries, which so far is mostly limited to use as an active material in organometallic batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Site Disorder Drives Cyanide Dynamics and Fast Ion Transport in Li 6 PS 5 CN

Halide argyrodite solid-state electrolytes of the general formula Li 6 PS 5 X exhibit complex static and dynamic disorder that plays a crucial role in ion transport processes. Here, we unravel the rich interplay between site disorder and dynamics in the plastic crystal argyrodite Li 6 PS 5 CN and the impact on ion diffusion processes through a suite of experimental and computational methodologies, including temperature-dependent synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction, AC electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, 7 Li solid-state NMR, and machine learning-assisted molecular dynamics simulations. Sulfide and (pseudo)halide site disorder between the two anion sublattices unilaterally improves long-range lithium diffusion irrespective of the (pseudo)halide identity, which demonstrates the importance of site disorder in dictating bulk ionic conductivity in the argyrodite family. Furthermore, we find that anion site disorder modulates the presence and time scales of cyanide rotational dynamics. Ordered configurations of anions enable fast, quasi-free rotations of cyanides that occur on time scales of 10 11 Hz at T = 300 K. In contrast, we find that cyanide dynamics are slow or frozen in Li 6 PS 5 CN when site disorder between the cyanide and sulfide sublattices is present at T = 300 K. We rationalize the observed differences in cyanide dynamics in the context of elastic dipole interactions between neighboring cyanide anions and local strain induced by the configurations of site disorder that may impact the energetic landscape for cyanide rotational dynamics. Through this study, we find that anion disorder plays a decisive role in dictating the extent and time scales of both lithium ion and cyanide dynamics in Li 6 PS 5 CN.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS2002

Development of Chemically and Thermally Robust Lithium Fast Ion Conducting Chalcogenide Glasses

In this project, a new research thrust into the development of an entirely new class of FIC glasses has begun that may lead to a new set of optimized thin-film lithium ion conducting materials. New chemically robust FIC glasses are being prepared that are expected to exhibit unusually high chemical and electrochemical stability. New thermally robust FIC glasses are being prepared that exhibit softening points in excess of 500 C which will dramatically expand the usable operating temperature range of batteries, fuel-cells, and sensors using such electrolytes. Glasses are being explored in the general compositional series xLi2S+ yGa2S3 + (1-x-y)GeS2. Li2S is added as the source of the conductive lithium ions. GeS2 is the base glass-forming phase and the trivalent sulfides, Ga2S3, is added to increase the "refractoniness" of the glass, that is to significantly increase the softening point of the glass as well as its chemical stability. By optimizing the composition of the glass, new glasses and glass-ceramic FIC materials have been prepared with softening points in excess of 500 C and conductivities above 10(exp -3)/Ohm cm at room temperature. These latter attributes are currently not available in any FIC glasses to date.

Martin, Steve W.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Decoupling first-cycle capacity loss mechanisms in sulfide solid-state batteries

Solid-state batteries (SSBs) promise more energy-dense storage than liquid electrolyte lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, first-cycle capacity loss is higher in SSBs than in LIBs due to interfacial reactions. The chemical evolution of key interfaces in SSBs has been extensively characterized. Electrochemically, however, we lack a versatile strategy for quantifying the reversibility of solid electrolyte (SE) redox for established and next-generation SSB electrolytes. In this work, we perform tailored electrochemical tests and operando X-ray diffraction to disentangle reversible and irreversible sources of capacity loss in positive electrodes composed of Li 6 PS 5 Cl SE, Li(Ni 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 )O 2 (NMC), and carbon conductive additives. We leverage an atypically low voltage cutoff (2.0 V vs. Li/Li + ) to quantify the reversibility of SE redox. Using slow (5.5 mA g NMC −1 ) cycling paired with >100 h low-voltage holds, our cells achieve a surprising 96.2% first-cycle coulombic efficiency, which is higher than previously reported (mean: 72%, maximum: 91.6% across surveyed literature). We clarify that sluggish NMC relithiation kinetics have been historically mistaken for permanently irreversible capacity loss. In conclusion, through systematic decoupling of loss mechanisms, we uncover the unexpected reversibility of SE redox and isolate the major contributors to capacity loss, outlining a strategy for accurate assessment of next-generation SE materials and interface modifications.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Achieving stable all-solid-state lithium-metal batteries by tuning the cathode-electrolyte interface and ionic/electronic transport within the cathode

All-solid-state batteries with sulfide electrolytes and high-nickel layered oxide cathodes attract much interest due to their high specific energy. However, their cycling performance is primarily influenced by the interface between the sulfide electrolyte and the high-Ni layered oxide particles, which requires the use of composite cathodes with high ionic and electronic conductivities to achieve a kinetically stable interface inside the cathode. Here, we apply Ti 2 O 3 particles to the high-Ni cathode LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 (NCM811), where Ti 2 O 3 not only acts as an electronic conductor to provide a fast diffusion path for electrons in the composite cathode, but also absorbs the lattice oxygen released from NCM811 cathode during cycling, stabilizing the Li 6 PS 5 Cl/NCM811 interface and suppressing electrolyte oxidation. The as-modified cathode exhibits an initial specific capacity of 192 mAh g -1 and retains 166 mAh g -1 after 140 cycles at 0.1C rate with a good capacity retention of 86.5%. Furthermore, the composite cathode displays high rate capability even at 1C rate. By contrast, the unmodified Li 6 PS 5 Cl/NCM811 cathode shows poor cycling performance with only 130 mAh g -1 remaining after 130 cycles. This work provides a new direction for the design of cathodes for all-solid-state batteries that can deliver high specific energy with long cycle life.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Development of Thin, Robust, Lithium-Impenetrable, HighConductivity, Electrochemically Stable, Scalable, and Low-Cost Glassy Solid Electrolytes for Solid State Lithium Batteries (Final Report)

Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) must have thicknesses of < 50 microns in order to be competitive with current state-of-the-art organic liquid electrolyte batteries. Mixed oxy-sulfide-nitride (MOSN) glassy solid electrolytes (GSEs) can be drawn into thin ribbons using the glass redraw process, to form glasses with superior performance in a safe, lower-cost, monolithic glass film. It is expected that these new GSEs in solid-state lithium batteries (SSLBs) increase the energy density (anode basis) from ~300 mAh/g to ~ 4000 mAh/g. This project is focused on the development of candidate MOS GSE compositions, and optimization of the thin film drawing process to generate thin film glass ribbons for use in SSLBs.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

A Class of Sodium Transition-Metal Sulfide Cathodes With Anion Redox

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are entering commercial relevance as a sustainable and low-cost alternative to lithium-ion batteries. Improving the energy density of SIBs is critical to enable their widespread adoption. Here, in this work, a new class of cathode materials Na 6 M S 4 ( M = Co, Mn, Fe, and Zn) that exhibit high charge-storage capacity is reported. Using Na 6 CoS 4 as a prototypical example, a six-electron conversion reaction dominated by anion redox is observed, confirmed through various electrochemical and spectroscopic techniques. After the initial cycle, Na 6 CoS 4 delivers a high capacity of 392 mA h g -1 with a long lifespan of over 500 cycles. The reaction involves, initially, the transformation of crystalline Na 6 CoS 4 to a nearly amorphous structure consisting of mainly CoS and sulfur nanoparticles, which then reversibly cycles between nearly amorphous a-CoS/S and a-Na 6 CoS 4 . Such anion-redox-driven conversion-type cathodes hold the potential to enable energy-dense, stable SIBs.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

An Oxygen‐Scavenger Sulfide Coating Enabling Long‐Term Stable Nickel‐Rich Cathodes

Oxygen release is a major issue associated with layer-structured metal oxide cathodes in lithium batteries, which can further cause a series of problems, such as irreversible phase transition, microcracking, and electrolyte decomposition. Eventually, these issues jointly result in cell performance degradation and safety hazards. Thus, it is very significant to tackle oxygen release for achieving long-term stable cyclability, but very challenging. Although intensive efforts have been invested to date, there still lacks a feasible solution. In this study, nanoscale ZrS 2 coatings are applied on prefabricated LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 (NMC811) cathodes directly via atomic layer deposition (ALD). Very encouragingly, we reveal that this ALD-deposited conformal ZrS 2 nanocoating can serve as an exceptional oxygen scavenger and then convert into a stable sulfate (Zr(SO 4 ) 2 ) coating. Such an in situ conversion is very beneficial and effective for protecting the electrolyte from decomposition. In addition, the resultant Zr(SO 4 ) 2 coating further inhibits undesirable reactions, stabilizes the interface between NMC811 and the electrolyte, suppresses microcracking, mitigates transition metal dissolution, and maintains the structural stability of the NMC811 cathode. Consequently, the ZrS 2 -coated NMC811 cathode has demonstrated extraordinary performance. Thus, this study advances the understanding of interface engineering while paving a new technical pathway for commercializing NMC811 cathodes.

Nickel-rich cathodes↗
DOE OSTI2021

A high-performance organic cathode customized for sulfide-based all-solid-state batteries

All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) have become increasingly attractive recently due to their better safety and prospective long-term stability compared with conventional liquid batteries. However, obtaining a sustainable cathode candidate to match the solid electrolyte with regards to operating potential, chemical compatibility, and mechanical property is still an open challenge. In this work, the chemical incompatibility of quinone-based active materials and sulfide-based electrolyte were unveiled for the first time through a heteroconjugate addition reaction mechanism. To develop a quinone cathode customized for sulfide-based ASSBs, poly-(anthraquinonyl sulfide)-graphene (PAQS-G) nanocomposite was reported. The stable polymer framework of PAQS can protect the quinone redox center by preventing nucleophilic attack from sulfide-based solid electrolytes. The graphene additives can ameliorate redox kinetics and improve active material utilization. The PAQS-G cathode exhibited a specific capacity of ~178 mAh g -1 and a high material utilization of ~79%. Excellent cycling stability was achieved with 94 % capacity after 200 cycles in lithium batteries and 95.5 % capacity after 300 cycles in sodium batteries at 0.1C rate, respectively. A promising potential for energy storage applications was demonstrated.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗