Two-dimensional patterning of mesoscale fibers using acoustophoresis
The performance of functional composites can rely critically on the arrangement of secondary phases; for example, patterned networks of conductive particles can impart anisotropic thermal, electric or ionic conductivity while preserving flexibility in the matrix. We demonstrate the use of standing acoustic waves to generate periodic patterns of short fibers. We extend the range of possible patterns with the first demonstration of both rectangular grids and arrays of octagons interspersed with rectangles. These newly demonstrated patterns are rationalized using theoretical models of acoustic forces and torques on fibers that account for two-dimensional spatial variations arising from applied acoustic fields. The models enable simulations of fiber motion, which are used to (i) map out final fiber positions as a function of initial position and orientation, and (ii) corroborate experiments visualizing fiber motion and final patterns. This approach provides a fast and accurate way to predict emergent fiber patterns as a function of excitation modality and fiber length. The theory and experiments clearly indicate strong coupling between the length of the fibers and the spacing of the acoustic nodes. Furthermore, this coupling is used to estimate reductions in percolation thresholds associated with the ratio of fiber length and acoustic wavelength.