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At least 109 records · Page 6
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Poly(vinylferrocene) as an Ionomer and Sulfur-Confining Additive for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are promising owing to their high energy density, environmental benignity, and low cost. Most of the commonly used binders in Li-S battery cathodes are inert and have no significant effect on the challenges of sulfur as a cathode material, such as the polysulfide shuttle effect, low ionic/electronic conductivity, and a sluggish redox reaction. In this work, we demonstrate the use of poly(vinylferrocene) (PvFc) as a binder additive that can effectively increase the ionic conductivity of the cathode and act as a sulfide confining agent. Electrochemical tests performed with PvFc as part of the binder mixture used to cast the cathodes demonstrate an increase in rate capability and cycle life when compared to the baseline samples. Ionic conductivity measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggest that the π-cation molecular interaction between the cyclopentadienyl rings from ferrocene and Li + act like an ion couple with ferrocene acting as a static, covalently bound acceptor of Li + ions that enhances their mobility through the cathode. This coupled with the affinity between the ferrocenyl cations and the Li salt anions, which provides more distribution of counterions for Li + movement and improves accessibility to the cathode S reservoir, make PvFc a promising ionomer for Li-S batteries. In addition, the π-cation bonds between cyclopentadienyl and lithium polysulfides produce a sulfide confining effect that mitigates capacity fade through polysulfide dissolution. Furthermore, this work demonstrates an expansion in the utility of PvFc as a component in Li-ion batteries, which so far is mostly limited to use as an active material in organometallic batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Phosphate‐functionalized Zirconium Metal–Organic Frameworks for Enhancing Lithium–Sulfur Battery Cycling

Abstract Lithium–sulfur batteries are promising candidates for next‐generation energy storage devices due to their outstanding theoretical energy density. However, they suffer from low sulfur utilization and poor cyclability, greatly limiting their practical implementation. Herein, we adopted a phosphate‐functionalized zirconium metal–organic framework (Zr‐MOF) as a sulfur host. With their porous structure, remarkable electrochemical stability, and synthetic versatility, Zr‐MOFs present great potential in preventing soluble polysulfides from leaching. Phosphate groups were introduced to the framework post‐synthetically since they have shown a strong affinity towards lithium polysulfides and an ability to facilitate Li ion transport. The successful incorporation of phosphate in MOF‐808 was demonstrated by a series of techniques including infrared spectroscopy, solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and X‐ray pair distribution function analysis. When employed in batteries, phosphate‐functionalized Zr‐MOF (MOF‐808‐PO4) exhibits significantly enhanced sulfur utilization and ion diffusion compared to the parent framework, leading to higher capacity and rate capability. The improved capacity retention and inhibited self‐discharge rate also demonstrate effective polysulfide encapsulation utilizing MOF‐808‐PO4. Furthermore, we explored their potential towards high‐density batteries by examining the cycling performance at various sulfur loadings. Our approach to correlate structure with function using hybrid inorganic–organic materials offers new chemical design strategies for advancing battery materials.

Liu, Bingqian↗
DOE OSTI2023

Scalable Metal Phosphides as a Dual-Function Catalyst and Lithium–Metal Stabilizer for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Although lithium-sulfur batteries are a promising approach for achieving high energy density, their commercial viability is limited by poor sulfur redox kinetics, polysulfide shuttling, and lithium metal instability. To resolve these issues concurrently, we utilize titanium phosphides (TiP x ) as dual-function materials to catalyze the sulfur redox kinetics at the cathode and stabilize the lithium metal at the anode. Importantly, these phosphides are synthesized via a facile, highly scalable one-step mechanochemical ball-milling process that does not generate toxic phosphine gas as a byproduct, making it more viable compared to traditional synthesis routes. At the cathode, we find that higher phosphorus contents in the phosphide as in TiP 2 leads to superior redox kinetics and reduced polysulfide shuttling due to improved polysulfide adsorption ability. Meanwhile, at the anode, TiP 2 acts as a lithiophilic seed in a 3-dimensional carbonaceous host that can be lithiated to form a Li-TiP 2 /C composite. This composite alleviates the volume changes of lithium metal while utilizing TiP 2 to form a more favorable solid-electrolyte interface (SEI). Full coin cells employing TiP 2 in the cathode and anode were assembled with a sulfur loading of 4 mg cm -2 and a negative to positive capacity (N/P) ratio of 6. After 50 cycles, the TiP 2 full cells retain a higher capacity of 643 mA h g -1 compared to 422 mA h g -1 for the conventional cell, despite the higher N/P ratio of 12 for the conventional cell. Altogether, we showcase the viability of employing metal phosphides as catalysts in practical lithium-sulfur batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Solvent Dynamics in Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Li−sulfur (Li−S) batteries are promising as the next-generation energy storage technology but face challenges due to sluggish sulfur redox reaction (SRR) kinetics and a sulfur shuttling effect. While many studies have explored polycaprolactone (PCL)-based gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) to address these issues, the influence of solvent properties, including dielectric constant (ϵ) and donor and acceptor numbers (DN and AN), remain unexplored despite their critical impact on performance and full-scale implementation. This study systematically compares three distinct electrolytes, dimethoxyethane (DME), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME)-paired with PCL, to correlate the varied solvent properties and their effects on the physical properties of the GPE, in terms of Li + transport and solvation, and polysulfide’s confinement. Among them, the DME-based GPE, with an intermediate DN, exhibited the lowest crystallinity (2.31%), highest ionic conductivity (7.49 mS/cm), and high Li + transference number (0.77). As a result, it achieved a specific capacity of 795 mAh/g sulfur and an average Coulombic efficiency of 97.5% after 120 cycles at C/5, outperforming its competitors. Operando Raman and UV−vis spectroscopy confirmed that PCL effectively confines long-chain polysulfides within its network, mitigating the shuttle effect and facilitating reversible polysulfide conversion. These findings demonstrate that GPEs with moderate DN values and balanced ϵ significantly enhance stability, extend cycle life, and improve rate performance for Li−S batteries. This work provides valuable insights into the design of advanced electrolyte systems for practical energy storage applications.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Concerted Formation of Reversibly Precipitated Sulfur Species and Its Importance for Lean Electrolyte Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Achieving high energy densities for lithium-sulfur batteries remain elusive. Largely limited by the volume of electrolyte used, lean electrolyte conditions (electrolyte/sulfur mass ratio <3) present enormous challenges that have led to very poor specific capacity and rate performance. Previous studies have identified that the high concentration of polysulfide is responsible for the poor discharge voltage. However, there still lacks sufficient understanding of the processes occurring at lean electrolyte conditions. Here, in this work we uncovered a polysulfide concentration regulating mechanism that operates through the precipitation and redissolution of solid sulfur-based species (reversibly precipitated sulfur species, RPSS). This occurs in a concerted manner in a global sense through the cathode and can be measured using impedance spectroscopy. It was found that the more RPSS that is formed, the higher the energy density of discharge. We propose that high concentration of polysulfide tends to supersaturate, which impeded the formation of RPSS. Employing an electrolyte with low Li ion concentration along with using poorly dissociating lithium salts allowed for more RPSS formation and ultimately enabled discharge at >2.0 V at 0.05 C, at E/S = 2.5, and at room temperature without the use of an engineered cathode.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Porous and Amorphous Mn x Mo 3 S 13 Chalcogel Electrode for High-Capacity Conversion-Based Lithium-Ion Batteries

While Li-ion batteries (LIBs) are a leading energy storage technology, their energy densities are limited by the low capacity of conventional intercalation cathodes, driving interest in high energy-density Li–S batteries that make use of conversion chemistry. Achieving high capacity, reversibility, and cycle stability, and controlling volume changes in conversion batteries during the charge–discharge process, however, remains challenging. Here, in this study, we present a porous, amorphous, sulfide-based Mn x Mo 3 S 13 chalcogel, which concurrently offers high capacity and cycle stability. The solution-processable room temperature synthesized Mn x Mo 3 S 13 (x = 0.25) chalcogel exhibits a local structure that resembles the Mo 3 S 13 cluster with Mn 2+ distributed across the Mo 3 S 13 matrix, as determined by synchrotron X-ray pair distribution function (PDF) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). Ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations reveal that Mn 2+ incorporation shortens the polysulfide chain in the gel matrix compared to the Mo 3 S 13 chalcogel, while forming a coordination environment with disulfide groups, analogous to the experimental findings. A Li/Mn 0.25 Mo 3 S 13 half-cell delivers 897 mAh g –1 capacity during the first discharge and retains 571 mAh g –1 capacity after 100 cycles at a C/3 rate. Distribution of relaxation time (DRT) unveils a stable solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation upon cycling that enables charge–discharge reversibility. Here, the enhanced capacity retention and cycle stability compared to those of the Li/Mo 3 S 13 cell are attributed to the reduced dissolution of active mass into the electrolyte, facilitated by the formation of shorter polysulfide chains within the Mn 0.25 Mo 3 S 13 structure and the strong affinity of Lewis-acidic Mn 2+ for polysulfide anions generated during the charge–discharge process of the Li/Mn 0.25 Mo 3 S 13 cell. Thus, this work illustrates a design principle of material for high-capacity and cycle-stable Li-metal sulfide batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Development of high-energy non-aqueous lithium-sulfur batteries via redox-active interlayer strategy

Abstract Lithium-sulfur batteries have theoretical specific energy higher than state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries. However, from a practical perspective, these batteries exhibit poor cycle life and low energy content owing to the polysulfides shuttling during cycling. To tackle these issues, researchers proposed the use of redox-inactive protective layers between the sulfur-containing cathode and lithium metal anode. However, these interlayers provide additional weight to the cell, thus, decreasing the practical specific energy. Here, we report the development and testing of redox-active interlayers consisting of sulfur-impregnated polar ordered mesoporous silica. Differently from redox-inactive interlayers, these redox-active interlayers enable the electrochemical reactivation of the soluble polysulfides, protect the lithium metal electrode from detrimental reactions via silica-polysulfide polar-polar interactions and increase the cell capacity. Indeed, when tested in a non-aqueous Li-S coin cell configuration, the use of the interlayer enables an initial discharge capacity of about 8.5 mAh cm −2 (for a total sulfur mass loading of 10 mg cm −2 ) and a discharge capacity retention of about 64 % after 700 cycles at 335 mA g −1 and 25 °C.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Self-discharge of magnesium–sulfur batteries leads to active material loss and poor shelf life

Due to its high theoretical energy density and relative abundancy of active materials, the magnesium–sulfur battery has attracted research attention in recent years. A closely related system, the lithium-sulfur battery, can suffer from serious self-discharge behavior. Until now, the self-discharge of Mg–S has been rarely addressed. Herein, we demonstrate for a wide variety of Mg–S electrolytes and conditions that Mg–S batteries also suffer from serious self-discharge. For a common Mg–S electrolyte, we identify a multi-step self-discharge pathway. Covalent S8 diffuses to the metal Mg anode and is converted to ionic Mg polysulfide in a non-faradaic reaction. Mg polysulfides in solution are found to be meta-stable, continuing to react and precipitate as solid magnesium polysulfide species during both storage and active use. Mg–S electrolytes from the early, middle, and state-of-the-art stages of the Mg–S literature are all found to enable the self-discharge. The self-discharge behavior is found to decrease first cycle discharge capacity by at least 32%, and in some cases up to 96%, indicating this is a phenomenon of the Mg–S chemistry that deserves focused attention.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

The Role of Functionalized Conducting Polymer Binders in Improving Power Density and Cycle Life of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

Lithium-Sulfur batteries are promising as the next-generation of low-cost, high-energy rechargeable batteries. However, the commercialization of this battery has been limited by poor rate capability and cycle life. To improve the performance of Li-S cells, we have investigated the role of two n-dopable conducting polymers, N2200 and N2200-OE, as binders for the sulfur cathode. The electron and ion transport properties of these polymer binders, along with their strong affinity for polysulfides, results in significantly enhanced performance compared to cells with the traditional insulating PVDF binder. The role of these conducting polymer binders in enhancing the performance of the cells is analyzed using impedance spectroscopy, shuttle current measurements, conductivity measurements, UV–vis spectroscopy, GIWAXS studies and post-cycling analysis of the anodes. The conducting polymer binders reduce the cell impedance by a factor of four leading to a marked improvement in rate capability. The shuttling of the polysulfides and the formation of insoluble sulfides at the anode is curtailed by the interaction of the polysulfides with the backbone of the polymer binders, leading to an impressive capacity retention of 82% after 500 cycles. These studies demonstrate the benefit of tailored polymer binders at the sulfur electrode in addressing the limitations of lithium-sulfur batteries.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Development of Electrolytes under Lean Condition in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries stand out as one of the promising candidates for next-generation electrochemical energy storage technologies. A key requirement to realize high-specific-energy Li–S batteries is to implement low amount of electrolyte, often characterized by the electrolyte/sulfur (E/S) ratio. Low E/S ratio aggravates the known challenges for Li–S batteries and introduces new ones originated from the high concentration of polysulfides in limited electrolyte reservoir. Here, in this review, the connections between the fundamental properties of electrolytes and the electrochemical/chemical reactions in Li–S batteries under lean electrolyte condition are elucidated. The emphasis is on how the solvating properties of the electrolyte affect the fate of polysulfides. Built upon the mechanistic analysis, different strategies to design lean electrolytes to improve the overall process of Li–S reactions and Li anode protection are discussed.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Designing Moderately‐Solvating Electrolytes for High‐Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

New electrolytes are critical for high‐energy lithium (Li)–sulfur (S) batteries (LSBs) to ensure their stability against Li metal anode and polysulfides (PSs) shuttling which hinder the large‐scale application of LSBs. In this study, the design principle of moderately solvating electrolytes (MSEs) for LSBs is demonstrated by using a multiple‐solvent system comprising of a highly solvating solvent, a weakly solvating solvent, and a non‐solvating solvent to create a well‐balanced electrolyte system. This resulting electrolyte significantly improves the cycle life of LSBs, achieving 300 cycles, which is twice as long as that of similar cells with the conventional electrolyte and it also ensures stable calendar life for at least seven months. The optimal MSE forms robust passivation layers enhancing the structural integrity of both S and Li metal electrodes after cycling. These virtues effectively hinder parasitic side reactions and self‐discharge behavior of LSBs. This electrolyte design principle is versatile and can be applied to other battery chemistries, providing a potential path toward the development of a more efficient and stable battery system. By addressing key challenges such as the instability of electrodes and shuttling of polysulfides, this electrolyte approach offers promising solutions for advancing LSB technology.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Recent Progress in High Donor Electrolytes for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries continue to be considered promising post-lithium-ion batteries owing to their high theoretical energy density. In pursuit of a Li–S cell with long-term cyclability, most studies thus far have relied on using ether-based electrolytes. However, their limited ability to dissolve polysulfides requires a high electrolyte-to-sulfur ratio, which impairs the achievable specific energy. Recently, the battery community found high donor electrolytes to be a potential solution to this shortcoming because their high solubility toward polysulfides enables a cell to operate under lean electrolyte conditions. Despite the increasing number of promising outcomes with high donor electrolytes, a critical hurdle related to stability of the lithium-metal counter electrode needs to be overcome. This review provides an overview of recent efforts pertaining to high donor electrolytes in Li–S batteries and is intended to raise interest from within the community. Furthermore, based on analogous efforts in the lithium-air battery field, strategies for protecting the lithium metal electrode are proposed. In this review, it is predicted that high donor electrolytes will be elevated to a higher status in the field of Li–S batteries, with the hope that either existing or upcoming strategies will, to a fair extent, mitigate the degradation of the lithium–metal interface.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Catalytic disproportionation on carbon superstructures enables long-life, high-loading Li–S batteries

Electrocatalysis has been widely explored as an effective strategy to accelerate polysulfide (PS) conversion and suppress the shuttle effect in lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive, and electrocatalytic reactions are inactive during cell resting. In this work, we reveal and quantitatively analyze a previously unrecognized sulfur reduction route (SRR) driven by catalytic disproportionation at the carbon cathode surface—fundamentally distinct from conventional electrocatalysis. Unlike conventional stepwise pathways, this SRR enables high-order polysulfides (Sₓ²⁻, x = 5–8) to directly convert into S₈ and Li₂S₂, bypassing low-order intermediates. This sulfur-reduction shortcut is systematically elucidated through high-performance liquid chromatography, revealing the intrinsic catalytic contribution of carbon frameworks and the dynamic evolution of PS species. We demonstrate that carbon superstructures (CSS-0.5), assembled from nanosheet subunits with abundant N/O functionalities and interconnected charge-migration channels, synergistically promote this catalytic process. Benefiting from these features, CSS-0.5 delivers superior electrochemical performance under practical conditions, enabling high sulfur loading (6.0 mg cm⁻²) pouch cells with 80.5% capacity retention over 210 cycles. This study provides the first quantitative evidence of electrocatalytic disproportionation in Li–S batteries, offering mechanistic insights and design principles for advanced sulfur cathodes.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Catalytic materials for lithium-sulfur batteries: mechanisms, design strategies and future perspective

Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) are attractive candidates for post-lithium-ion battery technologies because of their ultrahigh theoretical energy density and low cost of active cathode materials. However, the commercialization of LSBs remains extremely challenging primarily due to poor cycling performance and safety concerns, which are inherently caused by low conductivity of S 8 and Li 2 S, severe polysulfide shuttling, and high polarization by solid Li 2 S 2 /Li 2 S deposition. Catalytic materials could facilitate the large-scale practical application of LSBs by overcoming all these challenges. In this review, we investigate the sulfur species evolution in LSBs and explore the roles of catalytic materials in charge/discharge processes, highlighting the catalysis of solid S 8 to liquid polysulfides and solid Li 2 S 2 to Li 2 S. Furthermore, we offer systematic strategies from atomic to macro levels, including defect engineering, morphology engineering and catalyst compositing, to enhance catalysis efficiency in terms of sulfur supercooling, fast charge transfer, thiosulfate generation, disulfide bond cleavage, tuneable Li 2 S growth and Li 2 S decomposition enhancement. Finally, the design and availability of the proposed catalytic materials will further advance LSB technology from coin cells and pouch cells to the subsequent commercialization scale.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

In-situ ionothermal synthesis of nanoporous carbon/oxide composites: A new key to functional separators for stable lithium-sulfur batteries

Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) with high energy density are promising for energy storage. However, conventional polypropylene-based separator cannot avoid polysulfides shuttling which impedes the practical application of LSBs. Herein, an in-situ ionothermal synthesis strategy that concurrently applies ionic liquid as the solvent, template and high-yield carbon source is proposed for the facile preparation of nanoporous carbon/oxide composite separator modifiers. The composites exhibit features of high polarity, self doping, oxygen vacancy, heteroatom doping, abundant defects and high electronic conductivity. Theoretical and experimental studies suggest that the composites can efficiently trap and convert polysulfides for high-performance LSBs. Indeed, in the composite-modified LSBs with next-generation roll-to-roll dry-processed high-loading sulfur cathodes, enhanced performance is achieved, revealing the effectiveness of the composites as functional materials towards separator modification. Therefore, the proposed strategy and its delivered nanoporous composites exhibit excellent versatility and practicality for high-performance LSBs.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Quantitative insights for diagnosing performance bottlenecks in lithium–sulfur batteries

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries hold significant promise for electric vehicles and aviation due to their high energy density and cost-effectiveness. However, understanding the root causes of performance degradation remains a formidable challenge, as the interplay of multiple factors obscures key failure mechanisms. A major limitation has been the inability to quantify soluble sulfur species within practical detection limits accurately and to correlate electrochemical processes with associated physical inventory changes. Here, we introduce the high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet spectroscopy and gas chromatography sequential characterization (HUGS) toolkit, capable of precisely quantifying seven distinct sulfur and polysulfide species at concentrations as low as 40 ppb. HUGS has been successfully applied to practical coin and pouch cells without requiring cell modification. Furthermore, our self-developed software, Dr HUGS, enhanced the data analysis speed by over 30 times, enabling multi-source data integration and delivering comprehensive analysis results within minutes. Using HUGS, we identify significant capacity losses from inactive lithium and sulfur during initial cycles and sulfide-rich solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation on the anode during later cycles. Notably, our findings reveal that soluble polysulfides have minimal contributions to capacity loss, challenging long-standing assumptions. Moreover, HUGS demonstrates that constant-pressure setups in Li–S pouch cells improve compositional uniformity compared to constant-gap configurations. For sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) cathodes, unique issues such as non-sulfide SEI formation and lithium pulverization are observed, which can be mitigated through localized high-concentration electrolytes to enhance lithium inventory retention. By enabling precise quantification of critical inventory components, HUGS provides transformative insights into failure mechanisms across various electrolytes and cathode chemistries, guiding rational design strategies for next-generation energy storage systems.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Mathematical Model for Li-S Cell with Shuttling-Induced Capacity Loss Approximation

Lithium sulfur (Li-S) batteries have the potential to outperform the current lithium ion batteries and transform the technology of the future. However, dissolution, diffusion, and shuttling of the dissolved polysulfides result in parasitic reactions and substantial capacity loss. To provide a better understanding of the shuttling process, a 1D porous electrode mathematical model has been developed in this paper. An approximation method is used to account for the shuttling-induced capacity loss by adding an extra source/sink term in the material balance equations for the species involved in the parasitic reactions. Shuttling constants used in the source terms can be determined by fitting the model predictions to the experimental measurements. Here, the results showed that by including the approximation method, the model was able to predict the active material loss and the continuous decrease of volume fractions of Li 2 S on the cathode surface. The model sheds light on the capacity loss mechanism occurring inside the cell as a result of the shuttling of polysulfides.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Phloroglucinol–2,6‐Diaminoanthraquinone as a Durable Redox Mediator for Enhancing Conversion Reaction Kinetics in Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries

Abstract Lithium‐sulfur batteries, despite being a promising solution for next‐generation secondary batteries, require substantial efforts to overcome the challenges of sluggish sulfur redox kinetics, polysulfides shuttling, and Li metal instability before achieving practical viability. Conventional strategies that utilize metal catalysts or soluble redox mediators (RMs) are limited by either impractical producing processes or unsatisfactory service life. Herein, an electrochemically active organic material, phloroglucinol – 2,6‐diaminoanthraquinone (PG‐DAAQ) is synthesized through a green and facile polymerization process to better resolve these issues. Serving as an RM at the cathode, PG‐DAAQ exhibits enduring redox activity within the sulfur operating potential window, leading to enhanced redox kinetics and sulfur utilization. Remarkably, even without any metal elements, PG‐DAAQ exhibits an excellent affinity to polysulfides, thereby suppressing the shuttling and facilitating the formation of a more favorable solid‐electrolyte interface to stabilize Li deposition at the anode. As a result, Li‐S cells employing PG‐DAAQ show significantly enhanced cycling and rate performances than the control cells. Even with a low electrolyte‐to‐sulfur ratio of 6, pouch cells with PG‐DAAQ deliver a reversible discharge capacity of 821 mA h g −1 after 100 cycles at a C/10 rate.

Lai, Tianxing↗