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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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NASA NTRSDate not supplied

New Developments In NASA’s Entry Systems Modeling Project

This paper describes recent developments for modeling entry, descent, and landing (EDL)of spacecraft in support of NASA’s exploration missions. Mission-specific research and model development for entry systems occurs across the Agency (e.g., within flight programs like Artemis/Orion and Mars Sample Return), however the aim of this paper is to discuss the research conducted by NASA’s Entry Systems Modeling (ESM) Project, which serves as the Agency’s only effort dedicated to advancing modeling capabilities that cross-cut multiple technical disciplines, missions and destinations. The ESM portfolio is developed to address the specific needs expressed by a cross-section of NASA stakeholders, including flight and research projects, technical leadership, and subject matter experts. Technology development in ESM is organized and prioritized from a system-level perspective, resulting in four broad technical areas of investment: (1) Thermal Protection System (TPS) material modeling, (2) Shock layer kinetics and radiation, (3) Aerosciences, and (4) Guidance, navigation, and control. In addition to the core technical areas, special topics are rolled into the project portfolio as specific demands arise. Current special topics include TPS Certification by Analysis, improving understanding of woven TPS material performance; Hypersonic Wake Flows, assessing and improving predictions of base flows; and the MEDLI2 Deep Dive, furthering analysis of data obtained during Mars2020 mission’s entry and descent at Mars. Key results from each of these areas are presented in this paper, along with associated references to serve as a roadmap for other EDL researchers to access NASA’s publications.

Aaron M Brandis↗
NASA NTRS2019

Mechanical design and stress analysis challenges overcome to ensure the structural integrity of Europa Clipper's mechanical pumped fluid loop Heat Redistribution System (HRS)

Launching in 2023, NASA’s Europa Clipper mission will place a spacecraft into a long, looping orbit around Jupiter to perform a series of close flyby investigations of its moon Europa. Strong evidence suggests that Europa hosts an ocean of liquid water beneath its icy crust that could harbor conditions favorable for life. The spacecraft is currently under development by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and the Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) and nearing completion of its Detailed Design Phase. A Mechanical Pumped Fluid Loop (MPFL) architecture known as the Heat Redistribution System (HRS) has been baselined to provide power efficient thermal control of the sensitive components within the Avionics, Radio Frequency (RF), and Propulsion Modules. Principally, the HRS harvests waste heat from the onboard dissipating equipment and distributes it to a 1.4 m diameter by 3 m tall cylindrical structure that cocoons and keeps the propulsion subsystem warm. Numerous technical issues had to be resolved in order to securely attach nearly 100 m of HRS tubing to the spacecraft, which is predicted to experience high launch loads. This paper will review the relevant environments and mission constraints as well as outline the stress and fatigue analysis approach taken to verify the detailed mechanical design of the HRS.

Kolenz, Daniel↗
DOE OSTI2026

Computational Modeling of Atmospheric Processes at Texas Southern University

Texas Southern University (TSU) is strengthening its research program in atmospheric chemistry and physics with a climate science emphasis by leveraging partnerships with the U.S. Department of Energy’s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Facility, Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), and the Tracking Aerosol Convection Interactions ExpeRiment (TRACER). This RDPP-supported program focuses on secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) and reactive atmospheric species that influence cloud formation, precipitation processes, and radiative forcing. SOAs play a critical role in cloud microphysics and Earth’s energy balance, yet the chemical and physical mechanisms governing SOA–cloud interactions remain a significant source of uncertainty in predictive climate models. Through computational modeling, observational data analysis, and national laboratory collaboration, this program develops a skilled cohort of students trained in atmospheric science, environmental data analysis, and climate-relevant modeling. These research experiences build technical competencies that are transferable to careers in government laboratories, academia, and industry. By engaging students from historically underrepresented communities in high-impact climate research, TSU expands participation in the atmospheric sciences workforce while contributing meaningful scientific insights to DOE-supported ARM research activities. This partnership strengthens national capacity in climate science and supports the development of the next generation of atmospheric researchers.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1979

Summary report of the Lightning and Static Electricity Committee

Lightning protection technology as applied to aviation and identifying these technology needs are presented. The flight areas of technical needs include; (1) the need for In-Flight data on lightning electrical parameters; (2) technology base and guidelines for protection of advanced systems and structures; (3) improved laboratory test techniques; (4) analysis techniques for predicting induced effects; (5) lightning strike incident data from General Aviation; (6) lightning detection systems; (7) obtain pilot reports of lightning strikes; and (8) better training in lightning awareness. The nature of each problem, timeliness, impact of solutions, degree of effort required, and the roles of government and industry in achieving solutions are discussed.

Plumer, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Lightning hazards overview: Aviation requirements and interests

A ten-year history of USAF lightning incidents is presented along with a discussion of the problems posed by lightning to current aircraft, and the hazards it constitutes to the electrical and electronic subsystems of new technology aircraft. Lightning technical protection technical needs, both engineering and operational, include: (1) in-flight data on lightning electrical parameters; (2) tech base and guidelines for protection of advanced systems and structures; (3) improved laboratory test techniques; (4) analysis techniques for predicting induced effects; (5) lightning strike incident data from general aviation; (6) lightning detection systems; (7) pilot reports on lightning strikes; and (8) better training in lightning awareness.

Corn, P. B.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Launch Vehicle Systems Analysis

This report summaries the key accomplishments of Georgia Tech's Space Systems Design Laboratory (SSDL) under NASA Grant NAG8-1302 from NASA - Marshall Space Flight Center. The report consists of this summary white paper, copies of technical papers written under this grant, and several viewgraph-style presentations. During the course of this grant four main tasks were completed: (1)Simulated Combined-Cycle Rocket Engine Analysis Module (SCCREAM), a computer analysis tool for predicting the performance of various RBCC engine configurations; (2) Hyperion, a single stage to orbit vehicle capable of delivering 25,000 pound payloads to the International Space Station Orbit; (3) Bantam-X Support - a small payload mission; (4) International Trajectory Support for interplanetary human Mars missions.

Olds, John R.↗
NASA NTRS2004

Annual Research Briefs, 2004: Center for Turbulence Research

This report contains the 2004 annual progress reports of the Research Fellows and students of the Center for Turbulence Research in its eighteenth year of operation. Since its inception in 1987, the objective of the CTR has been to advance the physical understanding of turbulent flows and development of physics based predictive tools for engineering analysis and turbulence control. Turbulence is ubiquitous in nature and in engineering devices. The studies at CTR have been motivated by applications where turbulence effects are significant; these include a broad range of technical areas such as planetary boundary layers, formation of planets, solar convection, magnetohydrodynamics, environmental and eco systems, aerodynamic noise, propulsion systems and high speed transportation. Numerical simulation has been the predominant research tool at CTR which has required a critical mass of researchers in numerical analysis and computer science in addition to core disciplines such as applied mathematics, chemical kinetics and fluid mechanics. Maintaining and promoting this interdisciplinary culture has been a hallmark of CTR and has been responsible for the realization of the results of its basic research in applications. The first group of reports in this volume are directed towards development, analysis and application of novel numerical methods for ow simulations. Development of methods for large eddy simulation of complex flows has been a central theme in this group. The second group is concerned with turbulent combustion, scalar transport and multi-phase ows. The nal group is devoted to geophysical turbulence where the problem of solar convection has been a new focus of considerable attention recently at CTR.

Moin, Parviz↗
DOE OSTI2023

Effect of Lateral Conduction in a Rectangular Fuel Plate and Optimum Stripe Widths for the OPAL Reactor

The impetus for this work is the Proliferation Resistance Optimization (PRO-X) program, which was created by the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) of the US Department of Energy (DOE) to provide a framework for developing reactor designs that minimize the production of special nuclear materials while maximizing performance for peaceful uses. The Argentine company INVAP and Argonne National Laboratory collaborated to share knowledge and expertise regarding the thermal analysis of research reactors. Working together, they designed a series of test problems based on the Open Pool Australian Light Water (OPAL) reactor, whose fuel is in the form of flat plates cooled by water flowing through narrow rectangular channels. ANL used their PLTEMP/ANL code. INVAP used their TERMIC code (and its new multi-plate version, TERMIC-MP). Then, INVAP and ANL compared the two sets of results. 1-D models were used during the collaboration since for research reactor analysis, largely 1-D thermal-hydraulics models are commonly used because they are simple to apply and technically defendable. The collaboration between the two organizations aims for improvements in thermal-hydraulic models. Improvements to methods and models can reduce modeling uncertainties and excessive conservatism, allowing greater reactor performance without reducing predicted safety margins. Therefore, these improvements potentially expand the design space, making additional designs feasible, which, in turn, may achieve better fuel utilization and proliferation resistance in the designs. This report provides justification for the lateral node size (stripe width) chosen for the 1-D computer models during the collaboration. The lateral heat conduction in OPAL fuel plates is evaluated using the two-dimensional conduction capability of PLTEMP/ANL to determine a representative hot-stripe width that can be conservatively used for one-dimensional steady-state thermal-hydraulic analysis. Basically, a representative hot-stripe width needs to be selected so that the actual heat flux averaged over this stripe width is greater than or equal to the maximum heat flux obtained by the two-dimensional analysis. Detailed results in this report show that a hot-stripe width of 8.125 mm can be conservatively used for the one-dimensional thermal-hydraulics analysis of all plates. Therefore, eight equal stripes (8.125 mm each) are recommended to be modeled in the MCNP and PLTEMP/ANL full core models of the OPAL reactor.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Anomalous near-equilibrium capillary imbibition induced by nanoscale surface topography

Here, this work reports that the nanoscale surface topography induces a crossover from the classical Lucas–Washburn imbibition dynamics to a long-lived anomalously slow regime observed near thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. A compact analytical model considering the interplay between interfacial wetting, thermal motion, and the nanoscale physical topography accounts for experimental observations for the case of capillary rise of different nonvolatile liquids in simple glass tubes. Analytical predictions supported by topographic analysis via atomic force microscopy indicate that topographic features with a specific range of nanoscale dimensions determine the crossover condition and anomalous imbibition rate. Our findings have important implications for the scientific understanding and technical application of capillary imbibition and suggest strategies to control the adsorption of specific liquids in porous materials with complex surface topography.

Capillary driven imbibition↗
NASA NTRS1985

Probabilistic Structural Analysis Theory Development

The objective of the Probabilistic Structural Analysis Methods (PSAM) project is to develop analysis techniques and computer programs for predicting the probabilistic response of critical structural components for current and future space propulsion systems. This technology will play a central role in establishing system performance and durability. The first year's technical activity is concentrating on probabilistic finite element formulation strategy and code development. Work is also in progress to survey critical materials and space shuttle mian engine components. The probabilistic finite element computer program NESSUS (Numerical Evaluation of Stochastic Structures Under Stress) is being developed. The final probabilistic code will have, in the general case, the capability of performing nonlinear dynamic of stochastic structures. It is the goal of the approximate methods effort to increase problem solving efficiency relative to finite element methods by using energy methods to generate trial solutions which satisfy the structural boundary conditions. These approximate methods will be less computer intensive relative to the finite element approach.

Burnside, O. H.↗
NASA NTRS1997

Technical Report Series on Global Modeling and Data Assimilation: Interannual Variability and Potential Predictability in Reanalysis Products - Volume 13

The Data Assimilation Office (DAO) at Goddard Space Flight Center and the National Center for Environmental Prediction and National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) have produced multi-year global assimilations of historical data employing fixed analysis systems. These "reanalysis" products are ideally suited for studying short-term climatic variations. The availability of multiple reanalysis products also provides the opportunity to examine the uncertainty in the reanalysis data. The purpose of this document is to provide an updated estimate of seasonal and interannual variability based on the DAO and NCEP/NCAR reanalyses for the 15-year period 1980-1995. Intercomparisons of the seasonal means and their interannual variations are presented for a variety of prognostic and diagnostic fields. In addition, atmospheric potential predictability is re-examined employing selected DAO reanalysis variables.

Min, Wei↗
NASA NTRS1986

Cost Risk Analysis Based on Perception of the Engineering Process

In most cost estimating applications at the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC), it is desirable to present predicted cost as a range of possible costs rather than a single predicted cost. A cost risk analysis generates a range of cost for a project and assigns a probability level to each cost value in the range. Constructing a cost risk curve requires a good estimate of the expected cost of a project. It must also include a good estimate of expected variance of the cost. Many cost risk analyses are based upon an expert's knowledge of the cost of similar projects in the past. In a common scenario, a manager or engineer, asked to estimate the cost of a project in his area of expertise, will gather historical cost data from a similar completed project. The cost of the completed project is adjusted using the perceived technical and economic differences between the two projects. This allows errors from at least three sources. The historical cost data may be in error by some unknown amount. The managers' evaluation of the new project and its similarity to the old project may be in error. The factors used to adjust the cost of the old project may not correctly reflect the differences. Some risk analyses are based on untested hypotheses about the form of the statistical distribution that underlies the distribution of possible cost. The usual problem is not just to come up with an estimate of the cost of a project, but to predict the range of values into which the cost may fall and with what level of confidence the prediction is made. Risk analysis techniques that assume the shape of the underlying cost distribution and derive the risk curve from a single estimate plus and minus some amount usually fail to take into account the actual magnitude of the uncertainty in cost due to technical factors in the project itself. This paper addresses a cost risk method that is based on parametric estimates of the technical factors involved in the project being costed. The engineering process parameters are elicited from the engineer/expert on the project and are based on that expert's technical knowledge. These are converted by a parametric cost model into a cost estimate. The method discussed makes no assumptions about the distribution underlying the distribution of possible costs, and is not tied to the analysis of previous projects, except through the expert calibrations performed by the parametric cost analyst.

Dean, Edwin B.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Physical solvents and techno-economic analysis for pre-combustion CO 2 capture: A review

In this manuscript we review the use, development, and economic performance of physical solvents for pre-combustion CO 2 capture from high pressure H 2 rich syngas streams. Commercially available physical solvents are presented, followed by an assessment of the ideal properties that are important for development of novel solvents for CO 2 capture from high-pressure syngas streams. To compare the technical and economic performance of traditional and novel physical solvents, a review of the methods, assumptions and models used in techno-economic analysis (TEA) studies was conducted. It was found that, although some novel solvents show promising technical performance in the laboratory (e.g., high CO 2 absorption capacity and low vapor pressure), other issues (e.g., solvent viscosity and cost) may limit their industrial applications. Process simulations were useful tools for modeling the technical performance of processes using traditional and novel solvents. However, model predictions are most reliable when the methods and correlations used to develop the process simulation are validated with representative experimental data, in particular highly accurate baseline models are required for fair comparison among physical solvents. The key inputs and assumptions in pre-combustion CO 2 capture TEAs have also been summarized. Some studies showed that the promising technical performance of novel physical solvents can be offset by the high and often unknown costs of these solvents. Future development of novel physical solvents for pre-combustion CO 2 capture will benefit from more studies that conduct in-depth techno-economic analysis, specifically with validated process simulations and transparent economic models.

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS1986

Pattern recognition of satellite cloud imagery for improved weather prediction

The major accomplishment was the successful development of a method for extracting time derivative information from geostationary meteorological satellite imagery. This research is a proof-of-concept study which demonstrates the feasibility of using pattern recognition techniques and a statistical cloud classification method to estimate time rate of change of large-scale meteorological fields from remote sensing data. The cloud classification methodology is based on typical shape function analysis of parameter sets characterizing the cloud fields. The three specific technical objectives, all of which were successfully achieved, are as follows: develop and test a cloud classification technique based on pattern recognition methods, suitable for the analysis of visible and infrared geostationary satellite VISSR imagery; develop and test a methodology for intercomparing successive images using the cloud classification technique, so as to obtain estimates of the time rate of change of meteorological fields; and implement this technique in a testbed system incorporating an interactive graphics terminal to determine the feasibility of extracting time derivative information suitable for comparison with numerical weather prediction products.

Gautier, Catherine↗
DOE OSTI2020

Electrical Energy Storage Data Submission Guidelines

Energy storage technologies are positioned to play a substantial role in power delivery systems. They are being touted as an effective new resource to maintain reliability and allow for increased penetration of renewable energy. However, due to their relative infancy, there is a lack of knowledge on how these resources truly operate over time. Data analysis can help ascertain the operational and performance characteristics of these emerging technologies. Rigorous testing and data analysis are important for all stakeholders to ensure a safe, reliable system that performs predictably on a macro level. Standardizing testing and analysis approaches to verifying the performance of energy storage devices, equipment, and systems when integrating them into the grid will improve the understanding and benefit of energy storage over time from technical and economic vantage points. Demonstrating the life-cycle value and capabilities of energy storage systems begins with the data the provider supplies for analysis. After review of energy storage data received from several providers, it has become clear that some of these data are inconsistent and incomplete, raising the question of their efficacy for robust analysis. This report reviews and proposes general guidelines such as sampling rates and data points that providers must supply for robust data analysis to take place. Consistent guidelines are the basis of the proper protocol and ensuing standards to (a) reduce the time it takes data to reach those who are providing analysis; (b) allow them to better understand the energy storage installations; and (c) enable them to provide high-quality analysis of the installations. This report is intended to serve as a starting point for what data points should be provided when monitoring. As battery technologies continue to advance and the industry expands, this report will be updated to remain current.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Electrical Energy Storage Data Submission Guidelines, Version 2

Energy storage technologies are positioned to play a substantial role in power delivery systems. They have the potential to serve as an effective new resource to maintain reliability and allow for increased penetration of renewable energy. However, because of their relative infancy, there is a lack of knowledge about how these resources truly operate over time. A data analysis can help ascertain the operational and performance characteristics of these emerging technologies. Rigorous testing and a data analysis are important for all stakeholders to ensure a safe, reliable system that performs predictably on a macro level. Standardizing testing and analysis approaches to verify the performance of energy storage devices, equipment, and systems when integrating them into the grid will improve the understanding and benefit of energy storage over time from technical and economic vantage points. Demonstrating the life-cycle value and capabilities of energy storage systems begins with the data that the provider supplies for the analysis. After a review of energy storage data received from several providers, some of these data have clearly shown to be inconsistent and incomplete, raising the question of their efficacy for a robust analysis. This report reviews and proposes general guidelines, such as sampling rates and data points, that providers must supply for a robust data analysis to take place. Consistent guidelines are the basis of a proper protocol and ensuing standards to (1) reduce the time that it takes for data to reach those who are providing the analysis; (2) allow them to better understand the energy storage installations; and (3) enable them to provide a high-quality analysis of the installations. The report is intended to serve as a starting point for what data points should be provided when monitoring. Readers are encouraged to use the guidance in the report to develop specifications for new systems, as well as enhance current efforts to ensure optimal storage performance. As battery technologies continue to advance and the industry expands, the report will be updated to remain current.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
NASA NTRS2004

BASS Code Development

The BASS computational aeroacoustic code solves the fully nonlinear Euler equations in the time domain in two-dimensions. The acoustic response of the stator is determined simultaneously for the first three harmonics of the convected vortical gust of the rotor. The spatial mode generation, propagation and decay characteristics are predicted by assuming the acoustic field away from the stator can be represented as a uniform flow with small harmonic perturbations superimposed. The computed field is then decomposed using a joint temporal-spatial transform to determine the wave amplitudes as a function of rotor harmonic and spatial mode order. This report details the following technical aspects of the computations and analysis. 1) the BASS computational technique; 2) the application of periodic time shifted boundary conditions; 3) the linear theory aspects unique to rotor-stator interactions; and 4) the joint spatial-temporal transform. The computational results presented herein are twofold. In each case, the acoustic response of the stator is determined simultaneously for the first three harmonics of the convected vortical gust of the rotor. The fan under consideration here like modern fans is cut-off at +, and propagating acoustic waves are only expected at 2BPF and 3BPF. In the first case, the computations showed excellent agreement with linear theory predictions. The frequency and spatial mode order of acoustic field was computed and found consistent with linear theory. Further, the propagation of the generated modes was also correctly predicted. The upstream going waves propagated from the domain without reflection from the in ow boundary. However, reflections from the out ow boundary were noticed. The amplitude of the reflected wave was approximately 5% of the incident wave. The second set of computations were used to determine the influence of steady loading on the generated noise. Toward this end, the acoustic response was determined with three steady loading conditions: design, low-loading, high-loading. The overall trend showed significant (approximately 10 dB) increases in the generated noise for the highly loaded stator.

Sawyer, Scott↗
NASA NTRS1975

Main principles used for building up a data bank for the long-term storage and retrieval of scientific space data

Methodological, technical, and practical organizational problems are considered of constructing a long term data bank. Data processing flowcharts are presented which are based on an analysis of the tasks which the data bank must fulfill, an estimate of the existing and predicted data flows in the processing center, and the selection of the data storage media and the forms in which the data are presented. Questions related to the use of standard and special hardware and software in the data bank are discussed. Reasons are presented for the adopted structure of the document-fact type information retrieval system which permits the mechanization and automation of various stages in the retrieval and selection of the data.

Zlotin, G. N.↗