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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 109 records · Page 6
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2017

Experimental Hypervelocity Dust Impact in Olivine: FIB/TEM Characterization of Micron-Scale Craters with Comparison to Natural and Laser-Simulated Small-Scale Impact Effects

The space weathering of regoliths on airless bodies and the formation of their exospheres is driven to a large extent by hypervelocity impacts from the high relative flux of micron to sub-micron meteoroids that comprise approximately 90 percent of the solar system meteoroid population. Laboratory hypervelocity impact experiments are crucial for quantifying how these small impact events drive space weathering through target shock, melting and vaporization. Simulating these small scale impacts experimentally is challenging because the natural impactors are both very small and many have velocities above the approximately 8 kilometers-per-second limit attainable by conventional chemical/light gas accelerator technology. Electrostatic "dust" accelerators, such as the one recently developed at the Colorado Center for Lunar Dust and Atmospheric Studies (CCLDAS), allow the experimental velocity regime to be extended up to tens of kilometers-per-second. Even at these velocities the region of latent target damage created by each impact, in the form of microcraters or pits, is still only about 0.1 to 10 micrometers in size. Both field-emission analytical scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and advanced field-emission scanning transmission electron microscopy (FE-STEM) are uniquely suited for characterizing the individual dust impact sites in these experiments. In this study, we have used both techniques, along with focused ion beam (FIB) sample preparation, to characterize the micrometer to nanometer scale effects created by accelerated dust impacts into olivine single crystals. To our knowledge this work presents the first TEM-scale characterization of dust impacts into a key solar system silicate mineral using the CCLDAS facility. Our overarching goal for this work is to establish a basis to compare with our previous results on natural dust-impacted lunar olivine and laser-irradiated olivine.

Christoffersen, R.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Control and Scaling Approach for the Emulation of Dynamic Subscale Torque Loads

Research and development of electrified aircraft propulsion powertrains is moving toward the use electro-mechanical systems to emulate the loads a system imparts on another. Replacing a prime mover with a model driving an electro-mechanical system capable of emulating loads that regulate the system to produce a desired response is a lower risk, lower cost alternative to using the traditional prime mover for control system verification. This paper outlines a control and scaling approach for emulating scaled dynamic torque loads using electric machine (EM) hardware for electrified aircraft propulsion research and development purposes. The approach, known as the Sliding Mode Impedance Controller with Scaling (SMICS), drives a mechanically coupled two-EM system that provides a scaled hardware representation of an electrified turbomachinery shaft. One EM reflects inertial dynamics and load of the shaft under steady-state and transient operation while the second EM represents a motor/generator connected to the shaft. This closed loop system applies impedance and sliding mode control schemes to match desired dynamics in real-time along with parameter scaling to effectively scale full scale torque inputs, a full-scale desired inertia, and sub-scale speed feedback. The result is a sub-scale hardware implementation of a coupled EM system that is command-able by a model and control system designed for a full-scale electrified aircraft propulsion powertrain. The paper elaborates on the need for closed loop control and scaling as well as impedance and sliding mode control theory, shows a derivation of the controller and scaling, its implementation, and presents a comparison of theoretical and actual simulation results acquired during hardware-in-the-loop testing of a partial turboelectric propulsion concept at the NASA Electric Aircraft Testbed (NEAT).

Santino J Bianco↗
DOE OSTI2024

Scale Separation Effects on Simulations of Plasma Turbulence

Abstract Understanding plasma turbulence requires a synthesis of experiments, observations, theory, and simulations. In the case of kinetic plasmas such as the solar wind, the lack of collisions renders the fluid closures such as viscosity meaningless and one needs to resort to higher-order fluid models or kinetic models. Typically, the computational expense in such models is managed by simulating artificial values of certain parameters such as the ratio of the Alfvén speed to the speed of light ( v A / c ) or the relative mass ratio of ions and electrons ( m i / m e ). Although, typically care is taken to use values as close as possible to realistic values within the computational constraints, these artificial values could potentially introduce unphysical effects. These unphysical effects could be significant at sub-ion scales, where kinetic effects are the most important. In this paper, we use the 10-moment fluid model in the Gkeyll framework to perform controlled numerical experiments, systematically varying the ion–electron mass ratio from a small value down to the realistic proton–electron mass ratio. We show that the unphysical mass ratio has a significant effect on the kinetic range dynamics as well as the heating of both plasma species. The dissipative process for both ions and electrons becomes more compressive in nature, although the ions remain nearly incompressible in all cases. The electrons move from being dominated by incompressive viscous-like heating/dissipation to very compressive heating/dissipation dominated by compressions/rarefactions. While the heating change is significant for the electrons, a mass ratio of m i / m e ∼ 250 captures the asymptotic behavior of electron heating.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1992

An energy analysis of crack-initiation and arrest in epoxy

The objective of this work is to study fracture processes such as crack initiation and arrest in epoxy. A compact tension specimen with displacement-controlled loading is employed to observe multiple crack initiations and arrests. The energy release rate at crack initiation is significantly higher than that at crack arrest, as has been observed elsewhere. In this study, the difference between these energy release rates is found to depend on specimen size (scale effect), and is quantitatively related to the fracture surface morphology. The scale effect, similar to that in strength theory, is conventionally attributed to the statistics of defects which control the fracture process. Triangular shaped ripples, deltoids, are formed on the fracture surface of the epoxy during the slow sub-critical crack growth, prior to the smooth mirrorlike surface characteristic of fast cracks. The deltoids are complimentary on the two crack faces which excludes any inelastic deformation from consideration. The deltoids are analogous to the ripples created on a river surface downstream from a small obstacle. However, in spite of the expectation based on this analogy and the observed scale effect, there are no 'defects' at the apex of the deltoids detectable down to the 0.1 micron level. This suggests that the formation of deltoids during the slow process of subcritical crack growth is an intrinsic feature of the fracture process itself, triggered by inhomogeneity of material on a submicron scale. This inhomogeneity may be related to a fluctuation in the cross-link density of the epoxy.

Chudnovsky, A.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Probability of brittle failure

A methodology was developed for collecting statistically representative data for crack initiation and arrest from small number of test specimens. An epoxy (based on bisphenol A diglycidyl ether and polyglycol extended diglycyl ether and cured with diethylene triamine) is selected as a model material. A compact tension specimen with displacement controlled loading is used to observe multiple crack initiation and arrests. The energy release rate at crack initiation is significantly higher than that at a crack arrest, as has been observed elsewhere. The difference between these energy release rates is found to depend on specimen size (scale effect), and is quantitatively related to the fracture surface morphology. The scale effect, similar to that in statistical strength theory, is usually attributed to the statistics of defects which control the fracture process. Triangular shaped ripples (deltoids) are formed on the fracture surface during the slow subcritical crack growth, prior to the smooth mirror-like surface characteristic of fast cracks. The deltoids are complementary on the two crack faces which excludes any inelastic deformation from consideration. Presence of defects is also suggested by the observed scale effect. However, there are no defects at the deltoid apexes detectable down to the 0.1 micron level.

Kim, A.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Effects of scale on supersonic combustor performance

A series of tests has been carried out to investigate the effects of various scale parameters on the direct connect scramjet combustor performance. The calculated combustion efficiency appears to be independent of scale for the same geometry, but tests with more precise scaling of the entire combustor are required to verify this. Combustion, however, can be strongly dependent on geometry for the same scale. It is suggested that the beneficial aspects of certain geometric or scale variations can be combined to improve the overall performance.

Diskin, Glenn S.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Radiation Evaluation of an Advanced 64Mb 3.3V DRAM and Insights into the Effects of Scaling on Radiation Hardness

In this paper, total ionizing dose radiation evaluations of the Micron 64 Mb 3.3 V, fast page mode DRAM and the IBM LUNA-ES 16 Mb DRAM are presented. The effects of scaling on total ionizing dose radiation hardness are studied utilizing test structures and a series of 16 Mb DRAMs with different feature sizes from the same manufacturing line. General agreement was found between the threshold voltage shifts of 16 Mb DRAM test structures and the threshold voltage measured on complete circuits using retention time measurements. Retention time measurement data from early radiation doses are shown that allow internal failure modes to be distinguished.

Radiation Hardness↗
NASA NTRS1927

Method of Correcting Wind Tunnel Data for Omitted Parts of Airplane Models

Wind tunnel models do not have complete similarity to the full scale airplane. Part of the dissimilarity is due to the difference between the stationary model in the artificial wind stream of the tunnel and the moving airplane in still air. There are a number of other reasons for departing from exact geometrical similitude. For reasons of accuracy and economy, all minor parts of the full scale airplane, such as struts, wires, fittings, control horns and other parts whose scale corrections are large are removed from wind tunnel models. By omitting the minor parts of the airplane in the wind tunnel model and adding to the forces and moments of the model those omitted parts measured full scale and properly reduced, the scale effects of such parts disappear from the model data. Scale effects due to major parts of the airplane, particularly the fuselage and wings, can be corrected by omitting the propeller and making the surface of the model as smooth as possible, two further departures from geometrical similitude between model and full scale that add considerably to the accuracy and economy of model tests.

Smith, R H↗
NASA NTRS1972

The foundations of space biology and medicine. Volume 2: Ecological and physiological bases of space biology and medicine. Part 3: Effect on the organism of dynamic flight factors. Chapter 1: Principles of gravitational biology

The physical principles of gravitation are discussed, such as gravitational and intertial forces, weight and mass, weightlessness, size and scale effects, scale limits of gravitational effects, and gravity as a biogenic factor. The behavior of the accelerative force gravitation, is described. This law proposes and quantifies the mutual gravitational attraction existing between all bodies of matter, the force being proportional to the product of masses, and inversely related to the square of the distance separating them. Gravity orientation, chronic acceleration, and hematology are examined. Systematic responses, such as circulation and renal functions, are also considered, along with animal response to a decreased acceleration field and physiology of hyper- and hypodynamic fields.

Smith, A. H.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Landscape composition and configuration have scale-dependent effects on agricultural pest suppression

Increasing landscape heterogeneity (composition and configuration) can enhance natural enemy populations and support pest suppression in agricultural landscapes. Using a network-based data mining approach, we examined independent gradients of landscape composition and configuration at six spatial scales that were associated with pest suppression services measured at 32 sites in Michigan and Wisconsin, USA. We compared the relative effects of landscape composition and configuration across scales with those of local crop type (corn or grassland). We found that multiple gradients of configurational heterogeneity were independent of composition and strongly associated with pest suppression, with different configuration metrics being predictive of pest suppression depending on the spatial scales and regions considered. Landscapes that were more configurationally heterogeneous at smaller spatial scales consistently supported higher pest suppression. In Michigan, pest suppression increased in landscapes with high edge contrast between annual crops and surrounding habitats and high edge density of grassland within 250-500 m radii. In Wisconsin, pest suppression increased with large core area of grassland and high field density within a 250 m radius. The main compositional effect we found was a positive relationship between grassland cover and pest suppression occurring at larger spatial scales (1000-1500 m) and occurring in Wisconsin but not in Michigan. Our findings demonstrate that effects of landscape composition and configuration on pest suppression differ across spatial scales and vary regionally. The network-based data mining techniques used here could be useful for disentangling intercorrelated landscape metrics in a variety of other contexts in landscape ecology.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1975

Internal cowl-separation at high incidence angles

Internal flow separation at large incidence angles is studied on the basis of wind-tunnel pressure data for six axisymmetric inlet geometries. The inlet geometric variables investigated are the angle of incidence, the throat Mach number, the internal lip contraction ratio, 'sharpness' of the external shape, and freestream velocity. It is shown that an increase in lip contraction ratio delays internal flow separation, while an increase in the sharpness of the external profile tends to reduce the angle of incidence at which complete flow separation occurs. It is also shown that inlet flow separation is subject to scale effects associated with the boundary layer on the cowl surface. The scale effects are particularly pronounced at very high throat Mach numbers.

Jakubowski, A. K.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Small scale jet effects and hot gas ingestion investigations at NASA Ames

The Jet Calibration and Hover Test Facility at NASA Ames has been constructed to perform small scale experiments in hot gas ingestion and jet effects for STOVL aircraft. This new facility and how it is employed to examine the problems associated with STOVL configurations hovering in- and out-of-ground effect are presented. Some of the test procedures and results are described.

Hange, C. E.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Paths to circularity for plastics in the United States

In 2019, the United States consumed over 57 million metric tons (MMT) of plastic with less than 7% recovered for reuse. This study provides an updated material flow analysis at national and regional scales for all durable and single-use plastics in the United States. From this material flow analysis, we develop a series of alternative future national plastic flow scenarios that envision a scale-up of recycling technologies, incorporating technical limitations and sorting infrastructure constraints. The results suggest that a maximum of 68% (24 MMT) of plastic waste could be diverted from landfills by scaling up existing commercial recycling technologies. Based on the current technological landscape, reaching near-zero waste is only possible if processes that are operating at pilot and laboratory scales can be effectively scaled and coupled with improved sorting infrastructure. Through these scenarios with increased recycling, the availability of postconsumer resin stocks could increase by 22–43 MMT.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1985

The extent of the local hi halo

Forty-five high-latitude, OB stars have been observed in the Ly alpha and 21 cm lines of HI in an effort to map out the vertical distribution and extent of the local HI halo. The 25 stars for which a reliable HI colum density can be obtained from Ly alpha lie between 60 and 3100 pc from the plane. The principal result is that the total column density of HI at z 1 kpc is, on the average, 5 + or - 3 x 10 the 19th power/sq cm, or 15% of the total sub HI. At relatively low z the data toward some stars suggest a low effective scale height and fairly high average foreground density, while toward others the effective scale height is large and the average density is low. This can be understood as the result of irregularities in the interstellar medium. A model with half of the HI mass in clouds having radii of a few pc and a Gaussian vertical distribution with sigma sub 2 = 135 pc, and half of the mass in an exponential component with a scale height of 500 pc, gives a satisfactory fit to the data. The technique of comparing Ly alpha and 21 cm column densities is also used to discuss the problem of estimating the distance to several possibly subluminous stars.

Lockman, F. J.↗
NASA NTRS1986

The extent of the local H I halo

Forty-five high-latitude, OB stars have been observed in the Ly alpha and 21 cm lines of HI in an effort to map out the vertical distribution and extent of the local HI halo. The 25 stars for which a reliable HI column density can be obtained from Ly alpha lie between 60 and 3100 pc from the plane. The principal result is that the total column density of HI at an absolute value of z greater than 1 kpc is, on the average, 5 + or - 3 x 10 to the 19th power/sq cm, or 15 percent of the total sub HI. At relatively low z the data toward some stars suggest a low effective scale height and fairly high average foreground density, while toward others the effective scale height is large and the average density is low. This can be understood as the result of irregularities in the interstellar medium. A model with half of the HI mass in clouds having radii of a few pc and a Gaussian vertical distribution with sigma sub 2 = 135 pc, and half of the mass in an exponential component with a scale height of 500 pc, gives a satisfactory fit to the data. The technique of comparing Ly alpha and 21 cm column densities is also used to discuss the problem of estimating the distance to several possibly subluminous stars.

Lockman, F. J.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Effects of scaled heatshield tile misalignment on Orbiter boundary-layer transition

The article addresses the problem of assessing the sensitivity of the heat transfer rate of a Space Orbiter windward surface and boundary-layer transition data to surface features, or 'roughness elements', characteristic of randomly misaligned heat shield tiles. Selected heat shield tiles were precision-formed on the surface of a 0.0175-scale Orbiter model. Selective electroless plating and selective electrochemical etching techniques were employed. Effects of roughness on the location of boundary-layer transition were markedly influenced by the wall-to-total temperature ratios, according to wind-tunnel test results.

Goodrich, W. D.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Comparative study with two reduced test facilities for air-cooled RCCS scaling law

Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) and Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) conducted steady-state tests at constant heat flux conditions to investigate the scale effect on heat removal behavior of the air-cooled Reactor Cavity Cooling System (RCCS). Two differently scaled-down test facilities were used in this study, KAERI’s ¼ scale with 4.0-m cavity height, and ANL’s ½ scale with 6.8-m cavity height. Two scaling laws were proposed to simulate the radiation across the cavity and the buoyancy-driven duct flow in the riser, respectively. The test matrix for KAERI and ANL test facilities focused on the scaling effect of the heated riser length with constant heat flux at the PMR200 RCCS design. The test results showed that mixed convection in the riser duct is an important factor for accurately extrapolating the thermo-fluid behavior in the prototype from the test results in the scale-down facilities. The system analysis code, GAMMA+, with improved heat transfer models predicted fairly well the air-cooled RCCS test data from two facilities. GAMMA+ analysis results showed that the predicted radiation fractions on the heated plate in the scale-down test conditions were larger than those on the reactor vessel in the prototype. The scaling law for air-cooled RCCS was improved by considering the mixed convection in the riser duct and the same radiation fraction on the heated plate. The mixed convection effect was calculated by the height ratio. The same radiation fraction provided a conservative extrapolation from the scale-down test results.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
NASA NTRS1985

Development and usage of a small-scale V/STOL ground effects simulator

A small scale ground effects simulator for V/STOL aircraft design testing has been built by an American university in association with NASA-AMES. The simulator is used to measure pressures and forces on a wide variety of V/STOL model configurations including generic models which do not represent any particular aircraft. The modes of operation and instrumentation of the simulator are described, and a survey of some recent test results are presented. The basic simulator consists of two parts, an aluminum disk ground plane and a model support. Instrumentation consists of pressure transducers, scanivalves, thermocouples and hot wire anemometers. Test results are presented for single and twin nozzle configurations; a generic V/STOL design, and the Harrier and Grumman 698 combat aircraft models. A black and white photograph of the simulator is provided.

Lord, P. A.↗