Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “scatter correction”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 109 records · Page 6
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1993

Radar properties of several fluidized ejecta blankets on Venus

Magellan SAR imagery, altimetry, and radiometry are being analyzed to characterize the radar properties of the fluidized ejecta blankets (FEB's) that are associated with over 40 percent of the impact craters on Venus. The FEB flows and plains units surrounding the craters Isabella (175 km), Addams (90 km), Seymore (65 km), and a crater located at 4 S, 155.5 E (70 km) are examined here using the MIT-produced ARCDR and GxDR data. Individual orbital footprints obtained from the ARCDR's have been classified according to their dominant simple geologic unit (e.g., plains, FEB flows). This permits average values of reflectivity (corrected for diffuse scattering), rms meter-scale slopes, emissivity, and SAR backscatter to be calculated for each unit. GxDR images provide a means of visualizing the spatial relations between the various data sets. Variability of radar properties within the FEB's and relative to surrounding regions may have implications concerning the genesis and possible emplacement mechanisms of fluidized ejecta.

Johnson, J. R.↗
NASA NTRS1994

An IUE survey of interstellar H I Ly alpha absorption. 1: Column densities

We measure Galactic interstellar neutral hydrogen column densities by analyzing archival interstellar Ly alpha absorption line data toward 554 B2 and hotter stars observed at high resolution with the IUE satellite. This study more than doubles the number of lines of sight with measures of N(H I) based on Ly alpha. We have included the scattered light background correction algorithm of Bianchi and Bohlin in our data reduction. We use the correlation between the Balmer discontinuity (c sub 1) index and the stellar Ly alpha absorption in order to assess the effects of stellar Ly alpha contamination. Approximately 40% of the B stars with measured (c sub 1) index, exhibit serious stellar Ly alpha contamination. One table contains the derived values of the interstellar N(H I) for 393 stars with at most small amounts of stellar contamination. Another lists the observed values of total N(H I) for 161 stars with suspected stellar Ly alpha contamination and/or uncertain stellar parameters.

Diplas, Athanassios↗
NASA NTRS1999

Backscatter-to-Extinction Ratios in the Top Layers of Tropical Mesoscale Convective Systems and in Isolated Cirrus from LITE Observations

Cloud-integrated attenuated backscatter from observations with the Lidar In-Space Technology Experiment (LITE) was studied over a range of cirrus clouds capping some extensive mesoscale convective systems (MCSS) in the Tropical West Pacific. The integrated backscatter when the cloud is completely attenuating, and when corrected for multiple scattering, is a measure of the cloud particle backscatter phase function. Four different cases of MCS were studied. The first was very large, very intense, and fully attenuating, with cloud tops extending to 17 km and a maximum lidar pulse penetration of about 3 km. It also exhibited the highest integrated attenuated isotropic backscatter, with values in the 532-nm channel of up to 2.5 near the center of the system, falling to 0.6 near the edges. The second MCS had cloud tops that extended to 14.8 km. Although MCS2 was almost fully attenuating, the pulse penetration into the cloud was up to 7 km and the MCS2 had a more diffuse appearance than MCS1. The integrated backscatter values were much lower in this system but with some systematic variations between 0.44 and 0.75. The third MCS was Typhoon Melissa. Values of integrated backscatter in tt-ds case varied from 1.64 near the eye of the typhoon to between 0.44 and 1.0 in the areas of typhoon outflow and in the 532-nm channel. Mean pulse penetration through the cloud top was 2-3 km, the lowest penetration of any of the systems. The fourth MCS consisted of a region of outflow from Typhoon Melissa. The cloud was semitransparent for more than half of the image time. During that time, maximum cloud depth was about 7 km. The integrated backscatter varied from about 0.38 to 0.63 in the 532-nm channel when the cloud was fully attenuating. In some isolated cirrus between the main systems, a plot of integrated backscatter against one minus the two-way transmittance gave a linear dependence with a maximum value of 0.35 when the clouds were fully attenuating. The effective backscatter-to-extinction ratios, when allowing for different multiple-scattering factors from space, were often within the range of those observed with ground-based lidar. Exceptions occurred near the centers of the most intense convection, where values were measured that were considerably higher than those in cirrus observed from the surface. In this case, the values were more compatible with theoretical values for perfectly formed hexagonal columns or plates. The large range in theoretically calculated back- scatter-to-extinction ratio and integrated multiple-scattering factor precluded a closer interpretation in terms of cloud microphysics.

Platt, C. M. R.↗
NASA NTRS2003

A New Measurement of the Absolute Spectral Reflectance of the Moon

The spectral reflectance of the Moon is an important property for studies of lunar geology, quantitative physical modeling of the moon, and in-flight calibration of spacecraft sensors. Previous studies have claimed that telescopic absolute reflectance values for the Moon are greater than laboratory reflectance measurements by a factor of two. In order to confirm these results, we performed ground-based observations of the lunar surface using a visible/near-infrared spectroradiometer and compared the measured lunar surface radiance to solar radiance corrected for atmospheric scattering and absorption. These data were compared to previously obtained laboratory reflectance measurements from Apollo soil samples.

Lawrence, S. J.↗
NASA NTRS1994

High-Resolution Gamma-Ray Imaging Measurements Using Externally Segmented Germanium Detectors

Fully two-dimensional gamma-ray imaging with simultaneous high-resolution spectroscopy has been demonstrated using an externally segmented germanium sensor. The system employs a single high-purity coaxial detector with its outer electrode segmented into 5 distinct charge collection regions and a lead coded aperture with a uniformly redundant array (URA) pattern. A series of one-dimensional responses was collected around 511 keV while the system was rotated in steps through 180 degrees. A non-negative, linear least-squares algorithm was then employed to reconstruct a 2-dimensional image. Corrections for multiple scattering in the detector, and the finite distance of source and detector are made in the reconstruction process.

spectroscopy gamma ray germanium sensor nucleosynt↗
NASA NTRS2009

Enhancement of the MODIS Daily Snow Albedo Product

The MODIS daily snow albedo product is a data layer in the MOD10A1 snow-cover product that includes snow-covered area and fractional snow cover as well as quality information and other metadata. It was developed to augment the MODIS BRDF/Albedo algorithm (MCD43) that provides 16-day maps of albedo globally at 500-m resolution. But many modelers require daily snow albedo, especially during the snowmelt season when the snow albedo is changing rapidly. Many models have an unrealistic snow albedo feedback in both estimated albedo and change in albedo over the seasonal cycle context, Rapid changes in snow cover extent or brightness challenge the MCD43 algorithm; over a 16-day period, MCD43 determines whether the majority of clear observations was snow-covered or snow-free then only calculates albedo for the majority condition. Thus changes in snow albedo and snow cover are not portrayed accurately during times of rapid change, therefore the current MCD43 product is not ideal for snow work. The MODIS daily snow albedo from the MOD10 product provides more frequent, though less robust maps for pixels defined as "snow" by the MODIS snow-cover algorithm. Though useful, the daily snow albedo product can be improved using a daily version of the MCD43 product as described in this paper. There are important limitations to the MOD10A1 daily snow albedo product, some of which can be mitigated. Utilizing the appropriate per-pixel Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Functions (BRDFs) can be problematic, and correction for anisotropic scattering must be included. The BRDF describes how the reflectance varies with view and illumination geometry. Also, narrow-to-broadband conversion specific for snow on different surfaces must be calculated and this can be difficult. In consideration of these limitations of MOD10A1, we are planning to improve the daily snow albedo algorithm by coupling the periodic per-pixel snow albedo from MCD43, with daily surface ref|outanoom, In this paper, we compare a daily version of MCD43B3 with the daily albedo from MOD10A1. and MCD43B3 with a 16-day average of MOD10A1, over Greenland. We also discuss some near-future planned enhancements to MOD10A1.

Hall, Dorothy K.↗
NASA NTRS2012

Retrieval of Aerosol Absorption Properties from Satellite Observations

The Angstrom Absorption Exponent (AAE) is a parameter commonly used to characterize the wavelength-dependence of aerosol absorption optical depth (AAOD). It is closely related to aerosol composition. Black carbon (BC) containing aerosols yield AAE values near unity whereas Organic carbon (OC) aerosol particles are associated with values larger than 2. Even larger AAE values have been reported for desert dust aerosol particles. Knowledge of spectral AAOD is necessary for the calculation of direct radiative forcing effect of aerosols and for inferring aerosol composition. We have developed a satellitebased method of determining the spectral AAOD of absorbing aerosols. The technique uses multi-spectral measurements of upwelling radiation from scenes where absorbing aerosols lie above clouds as indicated by the UV Aerosol Index. For those conditions, the satellite measurement can be explained, using an approximations of Beer's Law (BL), as the upwelling reflectance at the cloud top attenuated by the absorption effects of the overlying aerosol layer. The upwelling reflectance at the cloud-top in an aerosol-free atmospheric column is mainly a function of cloud optical depth (COD). In the proposed method of AAE derivation, the first step is determining COD which is retrieved using a previously developed color-ratio based approach. In the second step, corrections for molecular scattering effects are applied to both the observed ad the calculated cloud reflectance terms, and the spectral AAOD is then derived by an inversion of the BL approximation. The proposed technique will be discussed in detail and application results making use of OMI multi-spectral measurements in the UV-Vis. will be presented.

Torres, Omar↗
NASA NTRS2016

A Method for Improving Hotspot Directional Signatures in BRDF Models Used for MODIS

The semi-empirical, kernel-driven, linear RossThick-LiSparseReciprocal (RTLSR) Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) model is used to generate the routine MODIS BRDFAlbedo product due to its global applicability and the underlying physics. A challenge of this model in regard to surface reflectance anisotropy effects comes from its underestimation of the directional reflectance signatures near the Sun illumination direction; also known as the hotspot effect. In this study, a method has been developed for improving the ability of the RTLSR model to simulate the magnitude and width of the hotspot effect. The method corrects the volumetric scattering component of the RTLSR model using an exponential approximation of a physical hotspot kernel, which recreates the hotspot magnitude and width using two free parameters (C(sub 1) and C(sub 2), respectively). The approach allows one to reconstruct, with reasonable accuracy, the hotspot effect by adjusting or using the prior values of these two hotspot variables. Our results demonstrate that: (1) significant improvements in capturing hotspot effect can be made to this method by using the inverted hotspot parameters; (2) the reciprocal nature allow this method to be more adaptive for simulating the hotspot height and width with high accuracy, especially in cases where hotspot signatures are available; and (3) while the new approach is consistent with the heritage RTLSR model inversion used to estimate intrinsic narrowband and broadband albedos, it presents some differences for vegetation clumping index (CI) retrievals. With the hotspot-related model parameters determined a priori, this method offers improved performance for various ecological remote sensing applications; including the estimation of canopy structure parameters.

airborne measurements↗
NASA NTRS2001

A Hydrodynamic Theory for Spatially Inhomogeneous Semiconductor Lasers: Numerical Results - 2

We present numerical results of the diffusion coefficients (DCs) in the coupled diffusion model derived in the preceding paper for a semiconductor quantum well. These include self and mutual DCs in the general two-component case, as well as density- and temperature-related DCs under the single-component approximation. The results are analyzed from the viewpoint of free Fermi gas theory with many-body effects incorporated. We discuss in detail the dependence of these DCs on densities and temperatures in order to identify different roles played by the free carrier contributions including carrier statistics and carrier-LO phonon scattering, and many-body corrections including bandgap renormalization and electron-hole (e-h) scattering. In the general two-component case, it is found that the self- and mutual- diffusion coefficients are determined mainly by the free carrier contributions, but with significant many-body corrections near the critical density. Carrier-LO phonon scattering is dominant at low density, but e-h scattering becomes important in determining their density dependence above the critical electron density. In the single-component case, it is found that many-body effects suppress the density coefficients but enhance the temperature coefficients. The modification is of the order of 10% and reaches a maximum of over 20% for the density coefficients. Overall, temperature elevation enhances the diffusive capability or DCs of carriers linearly, and such an enhancement grows with density. Finally, the complete dataset of various DCs as functions of carrier densities and temperatures provides necessary ingredients for future applications of the model to various spatially inhomogeneous optoelectronic devices.

Li, Jianzhong↗
NASA NTRS1990

Optical depth measurements and atmospheric correction of remotely sensed data for FIFE

Data derived from an airborne tracking-sun photometer are used to provide quantitative corrections for atmospheric effects in remotely sensed data. The atmospheric correction involves the validation of radiometric and atmospheric measurements and the application of single scattering approximation which permits the separation of Rayleigh scattering from aerosol scattering. Sun-photometer data are used to generate plots of spectral optical depths, aerosol size distributions, aerosol phase functions, and aerosol single-scattering albedos. The atmospheric correction model and the atmospheric optical properties are incorporated into a program which is applied to two flightlines of data. Atmospheric corrections tested on remotely sensed data permitted the removal of limb brightening, although the results require verification by means of ground measurements.

Wrigley, R. C.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Nonadiabatic, momentum-dependent, and energy-dependent corrections in the effective-potential description for low-energy scattering of spinless systems - Their relations and validity

In the effective-potential description for low-energy scattering involving a spinless complex (a body with internal structure), the nonadiabatic corrections are sometimes disguised in momentum-dependent terms. These are distinct from energy-dependent corrections. A general procedure is given here by which all the momentum-dependent corrections can be converted into nonadiabatic corrections in truly local form. Circumstances under which an expansion of the effective potential, in terms of the adiabatic term plus nonadiabatic and energy-dependent corrections is allowed and forbidden, are discussed. An example for the latter is in the case of near degeneracy in the spectrum of the complex or in the extrapolation of the effective potential to short-distance behavior. This indicates that certain claims of 'saturation effect' at short distances in low-energy electron-atom scattering are invalid.

Au, C. K.↗
NASA NTRS2001

Integration of Atmospheric, Laboratory, and Satellite Data to Estimate Biospheric Sources of Oxygenated Organic Compounds

For this study, we intend to use a long time series of coarse resolution (8 km and quarter degree) vegetation leaf area index (LAI) and fraction of absorbed PAR (FAPAR) derived from AVHRR data for the time period July 1981 through Dec 2001. The Global Inventory Monitoring and Modeling Studies (GIMMS) data set of AVHRR channel reflectances currently was developed by Dr. Tucker at NASA Goddard. The spatial resolution of the data is 8 km, and a 15-day maximum Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) composite time series for the period July 1981 through December 1999 has been produced. The data processing included improved navigation, calibration for intra- and inter-sensor variations, partial atmospheric correction for gaseous absorption and scattering. Stratospheric aerosol effects associated with volcanic eruptions were corrected using a combination of the methods for the data from the period April 1982 - December 1984 (El Chichon) and June 1991 - December 1993 (Mt. Pinatubo).

Myneni, Ranga B.↗
NASA NTRS2016

Atmospheric Correction for Satellite Ocean Color Radiometry

This tutorial is an introduction to atmospheric correction in general and also documentation of the atmospheric correction algorithms currently implemented by the NASA Ocean Biology Processing Group (OBPG) for processing ocean color data from satellite-borne sensors such as MODIS and VIIRS. The intended audience is graduate students or others who are encountering this topic for the first time. The tutorial is in two parts. Part I discusses the generic atmospheric correction problem. The magnitude and nature of the problem are first illustrated with numerical results generated by a coupled ocean-atmosphere radiative transfer model. That code allow the various contributions (Rayleigh and aerosol path radiance, surface reflectance, water-leaving radiance, etc.) to the topof- the-atmosphere (TOA) radiance to be separated out. Particular attention is then paid to the definition, calculation, and interpretation of the so-called "exact normalized water-leaving radiance" and its equivalent reflectance. Part I ends with chapters on the calculation of direct and diffuse atmospheric transmittances, and on how vicarious calibration is performed. Part II then describes one by one the particular algorithms currently used by the OBPG to effect the various steps of the atmospheric correction process, viz. the corrections for absorption and scattering by gases and aerosols, Sun and sky reflectance by the sea surface and whitecaps, and finally corrections for sensor out-of-band response and polarization effects. One goal of the tutorial-guided by teaching needs- is to distill the results of dozens of papers published over several decades of research in atmospheric correction for ocean color remote sensing.

MODIS↗
NASA NTRS1991

A simple method for correcting spatially resolved solar intensity oscillation observations for variations in scattered light

A measurement of the intensity distribution in an image of the solar disk will be corrupted by a spatial redistribution of the light that is caused by the earth's atmosphere and the observing instrument. A simple correction method is introduced here that is applicable for solar p-mode intensity observations obtained over a period of time in which there is a significant change in the scattering component of the point spread function. The method circumvents the problems incurred with an accurate determination of the spatial point spread function and its subsequent deconvolution from the observations. The method only corrects the spherical harmonic coefficients that represent the spatial frequencies present in the image and does not correct the image itself.

Jefferies, S. M.↗
DOE OSTI2026

Resonance contributions to radiative corrections in charged-current elastic (anti)neutrino-nucleon scattering at GeV energies

We present the first evaluation of virtual resonance contributions to the charged-current elastic (anti)neutrino-nucleon scattering at GeV energies, focusing on the dominant Δ(1232) resonance. We approximate the vector part of the N → Δ transition by the leading magnetic dipole term. Our results for the cross-section corrections at fixed neutrino energy indicate the permille-level contribution of resonance intermediate states to the elastic and radiative scattering cross sections. This calculation exhibits the expected infrared behavior of the invariant amplitudes and unpolarized cross sections. Our findings provide important insights into inelastic excitations in the charged-current elastic (anti)neutrino-nucleon scattering at GeV energies.

Electroweak interaction↗
NASA NTRS2023

Multiple Scattering Theory for Modeling Sonic Booms in Atmospheric Turbulence

Sonic booms are often modeled using Burgers equations accounting for dominant propagation effects. Scattering effects of turbulence, however, have not been incorporated into such equations, although these effects are ubiquitous in measured sonic booms. This paper formulates the mean scattering effects, including backscattering, using multiple scattering theory and ensemble averaging. It obtains an acousto-turbulence interaction energy representing the interaction of an acoustic wave field with a turbulence field. The interaction energy gives rise to a scattering wavenumber, a complex-valued correction to the free-space wavenumber. The scattering wavenumber leads to a dispersion and attenuation of the mean waveform due to backscattering, and can be obtained from a derived exact solution. An existing Burgers equation is extended to include the scattering effects of turbulence as an additional linear term. Numerical simulations of an N-wave and a low boom show that the mean scattering effects lead to shock thickening in the mean waveforms as well as reduce the peak amplitudes and total energy contents. The energy reduction is less severe in the low boom than in the N-wave and is dependent on the variance, correlation length, and thickness of the turbulence field.

sonic booms↗
NASA NTRS2011

Multiangle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC):: Radiative Transfer Basis and Look-up Tables - 1

This paper describes a radiative transfer basis of the algorithm MAIAC which performs simultaneous retrievals of atmospheric aerosol and bidirectional surface reflectance from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The retrievals are based on an accurate semianalytical solution for the top-of-atmosphere reflectance expressed as an explicit function of three parameters of the Ross-Thick Li-Sparse model of surface bidirectional reflectance. This solution depends on certain functions of atmospheric properties and geometry which are precomputed in the look-up table (LUT). This paper further considers correction of the LUT functions for variations of surface pressure/height and of atmospheric water vapor, which is a common task in the operational remote sensing. It introduces a new analytical method for the water vapor correction of the multiple ]scattering path radiance. It also summarizes the few basic principles that provide a high efficiency and accuracy of the LUT ]based radiative transfer for the aerosol/surface retrievals and optimize the size of LUT. For example, the single-scattering path radiance is calculated analytically for a given surface pressure and atmospheric water vapor. The same is true for the direct surface-reflected radiance, which along with the single-scattering path radiance largely defines the angular dependence of measurements. For these calculations, the aerosol phase functions and kernels of the surface bidirectional reflectance model are precalculated at a high angular resolution. The other radiative transfer functions depend rather smoothly on angles because of multiple scattering and can be calculated at coarser angular resolution to reduce the LUT size. At the same time, this resolution should be high enough to use the nearest neighbor geometry angles to avoid costly three ]dimensional interpolation. The pressure correction is implemented via linear interpolation between two LUTs computed for the standard and reduced pressure levels. A linear mixture and a modified linear mixture methods are used to represent different aerosol types in the aerosol/surface retrievals from several base models of the fine and coarse aerosol fractions. In summary, the developed LUT algorithm allows fast high-accuracy simulations of the outgoing radiance with full variability of the atmospheric and surface bidirectional reflectance properties for the aerosol/surface remote sensing.

Lyapustin, Alexei↗