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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 109 records · Page 6

Furthering Advancement to Address Tough Problems Facing the Solar Energy Industry, Spurring the Next Wave of Solar Technology Innovations through Three Progressive Challenges and Cash Incentives (Final Report)

The American-Made Solar Prize is a prize competition from the U.S. Department of Energy that is designed to revitalize U.S. solar manufacturing. The competition aims to support the growth of U.S. solar manufacturing and reenergize American energy innovation by tapping into American's competitive spirit and the nation's unparalleled innovation ecosystem leveraging national labs, incubators, facilities and more. National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL) will provide technical and business advisement to the noted Solar Prize finalists. The CRADA Participant is in the process of developing a new continuous process for making silicon wafers for solar cells in a novel approach to horizontal ribbon growth. Under this CRADA, NREL will characterize the chemical, electrical, and crystallographic properties of the as-produced wafers to and work with the CRADA Participant to improve and modify processing conditions.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

High Performing Inverted Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells via Solution Phase Deposition of Yttrium-Doped SnO 2 Directly on Perovskite

Solution processing of flexible perovskite solar cells (f-PSCs) provides an avenue for scalable, high-throughput printing of lightweight, scalable, and cost-effective flexible solar cells. However, the deposition of fully solution-processed metal oxide charge transport layers on perovskites has been limited by solvent incompatibilities and high processing temperatures for metal oxide nanoparticles. In this study, we present high-performance, inverted f-PSCs from the direct deposition of yttrium doped SnO 2 nanoparticles functionalized with acetate on top of perovskite as an ink in anhydrous ethanol via blade coating. Yttrium doping improved device performance by improving the charge extraction leading with a decreased series resistance leading to improvements in the open-circuit voltage and fill factor. Furthermore, the champion power conversion efficiency for 0.1 cm 2 devices increased from 14.3% for undoped SnO 2 to 18.2% with 2% Y:SnO 2 doping, which is unprecedented for f-PSCs on ITO-PET substrate employing SnO 2 as an ETL.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Cybersecurity Assessment for a Behind-the-Meter Solar PV System: A Use Case for the DER-CF

The world's energy production is shifting toward lower-cost, cleaner, more efficient, and sustainable sources. The increasing numbers of distributed energy resources (DERs) are allowing for the rapid transformation of electric grids toward achieving the goal of energy decarbonization. Along with cleaner and more efficient energy, however, we must also aim for a secure energy future. Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are an important part of this transition. This paper discusses a cybersecurity risk assessment for behind-the-meter DERs using a solar PV system as a use case of the Distributed Energy Resource Cybersecurity Framework (DER-CF) developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. This poster presents a conference paper on the risk assessment processes and summarizes the DER-CF's use case recommendations to strengthen the cybersecurity posture of the electric grid.

cybersecurity↗

Expanding Solar Access: State Community Solar Landscape (2022)

This report supports the NCSP 2025 goal by documenting existing state-level community solar policies and programs. Although the purpose of this report is to present the existing market and policy status for community solar, with increasing attention on expanding access to solar energy for LMI customers, we also discuss key considerations for incorporating energy justice into community solar policies.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

India Solar Resource Data: National Solar Radiation Database (NSRDB)

The National Solar Radiation Database (NSRDB) provides high-resolution solar radiation data for long periods of time, which allows user to have a clear understanding of the spatial and temporal correlation of the data to determine the true impact of solar variability on the grid. This fact sheet specifically outlines solar resource data for India included in NSRDB.

energy systems↗

Solar Modulation of Cosmic Nuclei over a Solar Cycle: Results from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer

We report the properties of precision time structures of cosmic nuclei He, Li, Be, B, C, N, and O fluxes over an 11-year solar cycle from May 2011 to November 2022 in the rigidity range from 1.92 to 60.3 GV. The nuclei fluxes show similar but not identical time variations with amplitudes decreasing with increasing rigidity. In particular, below 3.64 GV the Li, Be, and B fluxes, and below 2.15 GV the C, N, and O fluxes, are significantly less affected by solar modulation than the He flux. We observe that these differences in solar modulation are linearly correlated with the differences in the spectral indices of the cosmic nuclei fluxes. This shows, in a model-independent way, that solar modulation of galactic cosmic nuclei depends on their spectral shape. In addition, solar modulation differences due to nuclei velocity dependence on the mass-to-charge ratio (𝐴/𝑍) are not observed.

cosmic ray composition & spectra↗

First observations of solar halo gamma rays over a full solar cycle

We analyze 15 years of Fermi-LAT data and produce a detailed model of the Sun’s inverse-Compton scattering emission (solar halo), which is powered by interactions between ambient cosmic-ray electrons and positrons with sunlight. By developing a novel analysis method to analyze moving sources, we robustly detect the solar halo at energies between 31.6 MeV and 100 GeV, and angular extensions up to 45° from the Sun, providing new insight into spatial regions where there are no direct measurements of the Galactic cosmic-ray flux. The large statistical significance of our signal allows us to subdivide the data and provide the first 𝛾-ray probes into the time variation and azimuthal asymmetry of the solar modulation potential, finding time-dependent changes in solar modulation both parallel and perpendicular to the ecliptic plane. Our results are consistent with (but with independent uncertainties from) local cosmic-ray measurements, unlocking new probes into astrophysical processes near the solar surface.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Solar mirrors and methods of making solar mirrors having improved properties

A solar reflective mirror includes a parting film between solar reflecting sublayers to improve optics and stability of the solar mirror. The coating stack of the solar reflector mirror is encapsulated to increase the useable life of the solar mirror, and to eliminate the need for a permanent protection overcoat. Omission of the PPO film which is electrically non-conductive makes the coating stack electrically conductive eliminating the need for a two layer encapsulant when the encapsulant is e-coated.Another feature of the invention is applying the base coat of the encapsulant over the marginal edges of the PPO film leaving a center section without coverage and adding the top coating of the encapsulant over the base coat and the uncoated area.

Medwick, Paul A.↗

Concentrated solar power generation using solar receivers

Inventive concentrated solar power systems using solar receivers, and related devices and methods, are generally described. Low pressure solar receivers are provided that function to convert solar radiation energy to thermal energy of a working fluid, e.g., a working fluid of a power generation or thermal storage system. In some embodiments, low pressure solar receivers are provided herein that are useful in conjunction with gas turbine based power generation systems.

Anderson, Bruce N.↗

Investigation of the Selectivity of Carrier Transport Layers in Wide-Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cells

Excellent contact passivation and selectivity are prerequisites to realize the full potential of high-material-quality perovskite solar cells, first to maximize the internal voltage (or quasi-Fermi-level separation) iV within the absorber, then to translate this high internal voltage into a high external voltage V. Experimental quantification of contact passivation and selectivity is, thus, key to improving device performance. Here, open-circuit measurements of iV oc and V oc , combined with surface photovoltage measurements, are used to systematically quantify the passivation—using iVoc as a metric—and the selectivity—defined as Soc=V oc /iV oc —of a range of common carrier transport layers to wide-bandgap (1.67 eV) perovskite absorbers. The resulting solar cells suffer from large voltage deficits, particularly when NiO x is used as the hole transport layer, even though it provides better passivation than its polymer-based counterparts (PTAA and PTAA/PFN). This indicates a poor selectivity of NiO x (Soc<0.81 for NiO x -based devices), whereas devices using polymer-based hole transport layers exhibit high selectivity (S oc =0.94–0.95). In agreement with recent reports, this low selectivity is attributed to the formation of an interlayer of non-perovskite material with high resistance to holes at the perovskite/NiO x interface. These measurements also imply that the selectivity of the C60-based electron transport layers is relatively good.

carrier transport layers↗

Band Bending at CdTe Solar Cell Contacts: Correlating Electro‐Optical and X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Analyses of Thin Film Solar Cells

With the semiconductor bulk properties reaching target values for highly efficient solar cells, efforts are applied to reduce losses at solar cell interfaces and contacts. Advances in understanding back contacts in thin‐film polycrystalline CdTe solar cells, a leading thin‐film PV technology, are reported. By using X‐Ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Kelvin probe spectroscopy, time‐ and energy‐resolved photoluminescence, defects at the back contact are analyzed. Densities of recombination centers and charged defects that induce near‐back‐contact band bending, both resulting in recombination losses, were estimated. Electro‐optical and surface analysis results are integrated into a device model, simulating the performance of CdSeTe/CdTe solar cells with 902 mV open circuit voltage.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

The WRF-Solar Ensemble Prediction System to Provide Solar Irradiance Probabilistic Forecasts

In this study, we introduce the recently developed WRF-Solar Ensemble System (WRF-Solar EPS) and a calibration method. The performances of forecast models are evaluated using the National Solar Radiation Data Base (NSRDB) observational analysis for day-ahead solar irradiance predictions. The results demonstrate that the ensemble forecast improves the quality of the forecasts by taking into account the uncertainty of each ensemble member. The Analog Ensemble (AnEn) calibration contributed to the reduction of positive bias and an overall improvement in the probabilistic attributes such as reliability and statistical consistency.

analog ensemble↗

Mapping Current Collection in Cross Section: The Case of Copper-Doped CdTe Solar Cells

For decades, copper has been used to improve the performance of cadmium telluride thin film solar cells. However, it has also been shown to be the main cause of metastability in CdTe. Recently a low activation energy has been reported for the thermal diffusion of Cu in CdTe explaining the ease of motion that it has under moderate temperatures. The community consensus is that copper segregates to the absorber grain boundaries, where it's either beneficial or detrimental to device performance depending on its concentration. Using nanoscale X-ray micrsocopy and a two-dimensional drift-diffusion model we present a preliminary correlation between local copper distribution and electrical performance of a single-junction CdTe/CdS solar cell.

CdTe↗

Creep-fatigue Behavior and Damage Accumulation of a Candidate Structural Material for Concentrating Solar Power Solar Thermal Receiver (Final Technical Report)

Creep-fatigue deformation is an important consideration for a thermal receiver in Concentrating Solar Power systems due to the constant static stress or pressure, diurnal cycling, and elevated service temperatures required for efficient operation. An accurate description of the creep-fatigue behavior, not available for five of the six candidate materials, is important for assessment of preliminary designs. This project has provided a detailed analysis of the creep-fatigue behavior and damage accumulation of Alloy 740H, a candidate structural material for a CSP solar thermal receiver to address a critical knowledge barrier for receiver designs identified in the CSP Gen3 Demonstration Roadmap. This project was divided in to three tasks, split between two general categories: Experimental and design methodology. Tasks 1 and 3, relating to the collection of data on Alloy 740H plate and sheet forms, respectively, were performed at the Idaho National Laboratory and used as input to Task 2, the development of design methodology performed at Argonne National Laboratory. Experimental work covered limited tensile and creep testing to fill gaps in available data that is currently available and to demonstrate how the plate of Alloy 740H tested in this work compared to historical data. A more substantial testing program for fatigue and creep-fatigue was performed, with particular emphasis on creep-fatigue as there is little available data and it is necessary to understand the creep-fatigue interaction and develop related design models. This effort includes the development of rules for the design of solar receiver components against high temperature creep-fatigue and ratcheting failure modes. The ASME Code rules for high temperature nuclear components was used to the basis of the method but adjustments will be made to reflect the generally shorter, diurnal operating cycles of thermal receivers and the relative consequences of failure, comparing nuclear to solar components. This work has provided guidance for the design of components for concentrating power facilities operating at high temperatures and undergoing high, secondary thermal stresses relative to the applied primary pressure stress. The design rules were developed for the design of Generation 3 CSP tubular receivers manufactured from Alloy 740H, but are generally applicable to a wide range of component types undergoing similar loads. Procedural design rules for components to be used in conjunction with the 2019 edition of the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code and the corresponding design data for Alloy 740H have been developed. A commentary describing the rationale behind the design rules and the data underlying the design material properties, as well as an extensive set of worked sample problems detailing the application of the rules to CSP components were developed as a part of this project, with a separate report covering these aspects in detail and included in the Appendix of this report.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Inclusive Shared Solar: The State Policy Landscape and Select Community Solar Project Profiles

This report provides an overview of the LMI community solar landscape to help State Energy Offices, LIHEAP offices, and other key stakeholders understand and take advantage of opportunities to expand the reach and impact of community solar programs. It discusses common LMI community solar policy and program considerations and profiles four projects in three different states to show how state policy decisions can impact community solar program design and implementation.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Community Planning for Solar: Conducting Focus Groups for Solar Planning

This guide is designed to assist community officials, volunteers, and regional planning agency staff in conducting preliminary community meetings to learn about attitudes towards solar energy in your community. The guide will provide the key steps, timelines, facilitators' guide, and tips for hosting successful focus groups. Focus groups are meetings with a small group that represent a diversity of perspectives in your community. These differ from an open meeting in that focus groups include very specific questions that are prepared in advance, and all participants are given time to respond and understand various perspectives about solar energy. The guide concludes with a suggested template for reporting the results of your focus group or community meeting to your community more broadly. Holding community focus groups is part of assessing community preferences, as part of the Community Planning for Solar toolkit (ag.umass.edu/solarplanning). This guide is designed to help municipalities in Massachusetts and other states proactively plan for solar development in their communities. For more information, visit the UMass Clean Energy Extension (CEE) website (ag.umass.edu/clean-energy).

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Wind and Structural Loads on Parabolic Trough Solar Collectors at Nevada Solar One

Wind loading is a main contributor to structural design costs of Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) collectors, such as heliostats and parabolic troughs. These structures must resist the mechanical forces generated by turbulent wind. At the same time, the reflector surfaces must exhibit the necessary rigidity to maintain their optimal optical performance in windy conditions. Over two years, NREL conducted comprehensive field measurements of the atmospheric turbulent wind conditions and the resulting structural wind loads on parabolic troughs at the Nevada Solar One (NSO) plant. The measurement set-up included meteorological masts and structural load sensors on four trough rows. Additionally, we commissioned a lidar scanning the horizontal plane over the trough field. This data set catalogs the high-resolution data set characterizing the complex flow field and resulting structural loads on parabolic trough collectors. By providing this first-of-its-kind data set to the CSP community, we aim to enhance the community's understanding of wind-loading experienced by CSP collector structures. This data set will also help design next-generation solar collectors and photovoltaic trackers.

Array↗

Energy Spotlight: Advances in Solar Cells and Solar Fuels

Our editorial advisory board members Kai Zhu, Dongling Ma, and Shannon W. Boettcher provide highlights of three articles published in the August issue. They highlight new advances in solar cells and solar fuels that include phenethylammonium iodide treatment on suppressing ion migration in perovskite solar cells, nitride heterostructures for water splitting, and three-dimensional electrode (Si microarray) for CO 2 reduction.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗