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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 109 records · Page 6
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Quick Talk: Resilient Communities, Maryland

Groundswell, Inc., in partnership with the Maryland Energy Administration (MEA), Ayika Solutions, the National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL), and the Baltimore Office of Sustainability, is advancing a vision for resilient, community-centered energy systems in Maryland. This effort aligns with Groundswell's commitment to a clean energy economy that equitably benefits all communities, closing gaps in representation, wages, and access to wealth generation, savings, and local jobs within a diverse energy supply chain. Project Vision and Objectives The project emphasizes "energy resilience," defined as a community’s capacity to anticipate, adapt to, and swiftly recover from power disruptions through inclusive planning and technical solutions. The approach centers on Resilience Hubs—designated community facilities equipped to support residents before, during, and after power-related disruptions. These hubs offer emergency resources, coordinate communications, and deliver essential services while reducing carbon emissions, ultimately enhancing residents' quality of life. Additionally, Resilience Hubs foster social connections, support disaster preparedness, and provide spaces for community programming and everyday use. The goals of Resilient Communities Maryland include: Developing a replicable framework for community energy resilience, applicable beyond Maryland. Defining community-led indicators of social impact and resilience. Establishing equitable decision-making processes in project design and implementation. Informing MEA of practical, community-based resilience strategies to shape future state initiatives. Approach Groundswell and its partners prioritize collaborative engagement with local stakeholders, ensuring that solutions are responsive to each community's unique needs. By integrating feedback from residents, local organizations, and government entities, the team has developed a holistic model for resilience that balances immediate benefits, such as improved emergency response, with long-term gains in social equity and environmental sustainability. Key Outcomes This initiative has produced valuable resources and insights, including: A Community Energy Resilience Framework: Designed to guide other communities in establishing energy resilience strategies tailored to their specific needs. Case Studies: Documenting best practices and lessons learned from pilot projects to serve as models for future resilience efforts. Community-Driven Impact Metrics: Highlighting the positive social impacts that resilience initiatives can bring, such as improved social connectedness and local decision-making power. Recommendations for MEA: Offering evidence-based insights to inform policies and funding opportunities that support resilient energy infrastructure in vulnerable communities. Next Steps Groundswell's final report will detail findings, including the potential for scaling resilience hubs across Maryland and other regions, with a focus on equitable access and community-driven outcomes. This project underscores the importance of aligning energy resilience with social equity, reinforcing community agency, and building systems that withstand and recover from future challenges effectively and sustainably.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Factors influencing mode choice of adults with travel-limiting disability

Introduction: Despite the plethora of research devoted to analyzing the impact of disability on travel behavior, not enough studies have investigated the varying impact of social and environmental factors on the mode choice of people with disabilities that restrict their ability to use transportation modes efficiently. This research gap can be addressed by investigating the factors influencing the mode choice behavior of people with travel-limiting disabilities, which can inform the development of accessible and sustainable transportation systems. Additionally, such studies can provide insights into the social and economic barriers faced by this population group, which can help policymakers to promote social inclusion and equity. Method: This study utilized a Random Parameters Logit model to identify the individual, trip, and environmental factors that influence mode selection among people with travel-limiting disabilities. Here, using the 2017 National Household Travel Survey data for New York State, which included information on respondents with travel-limiting disabilities, the analysis focused on a sample of 8,016 people. In addition, climate data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration were integrated as additional explanatory variables in the modeling process. Results: The results revealed that people with disabilities may be inclined to travel longer distances walking in the absence of suitable accommodation facilities for other transportation modes. Furthermore, people were less inclined to walk during summer and winter, indicating a need to consider weather conditions as a significant determinant of mode choice. Moreover, low-income people with disabilities were more likely to rely on public transport or walking. Conclusion: Based on this study’s findings, transportation agencies could design infrastructure and plan for future expansions that is more inclusive and accessible, thus catering to the mobility needs of people with travel-limiting disabilities.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Transforming Energy Through Computational Excellence: A View From NREL

At the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)—a U.S. Department of Energy laboratory—computational science, high-performance computing, applied mathematics, advanced computer science, visualization, and data play a pivotal role in advancing energy abundance, affordability, security, and reliability. From fundamental scientifc discovery to systems engineering and analysis, NREL researchers tackle market-relevant challenges to develop solutions for an independent energy system that is reliable, resilient and secure. Collaborative partnerships with industry, government, and academia ensure that our research remains cutting edge, impactful, applicable, and aligned with real-world energy needs. This special issue of Computing in Science & Engineering highlights exemplary NREL projects where computational tools and methodologies drive discovery and accelerate innovation in scalable and integrated energy systems. The featured articles explore the role of computational modeling, high-performance computing, generative AI, and adaptive computing in advancing independent energy solutions, optimizing sustainability research, and enhancing decision-making for energy solutions using a broad mix of energy technologies. Here, these contributions demonstrate how NREL’s computational research bridges the gap between theoretical advancements and practical implementation, emphasizing interdisciplinary collaboration and a commitment to innovation, with a focus on translating computational excellence into real-world impact, thus accelerate progress toward national energy goals. By showcasing cutting-edge research at the intersection of computational science and energy systems, this issue aims to inspire and inform researchers, practitioners, and policymakers dedicated to shaping a more reliable energy future.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Editorial: Advances in observations and modeling of snow, forest-snow processes and snow hydrology

Seasonal snowpack plays a pivotal role in the regional water cycle. In Western mountainous regions, where precipitation predominantly occurs as snow during winter and is limited in the summer months when water demand peaks, snowpack serves as a critical water source essential for sustaining water supply, ecosystems, agriculture, and industries. Additionally, snowpack dynamically influences extreme events, such as floods, droughts, and wildfires, through intricate land-atmosphere feedback. Nevertheless, significant knowledge gaps persist within this field due to data limitations and the complexity of the physics involved in modeling snow and snow hydrology (i.e., snow acts as a critical upstream hydrological process). Here, this research topic presents a collection of manuscripts that address some of these important research gaps.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

A Survey on Sustainable Software Ecosystems to Support Experimental and Observational Science at Oak Ridge National Laboratory

In the search for a sustainable approach for software ecosystems that supports experimental and observational science (EOS) across Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), we conducted a survey to understand the current and future landscape of EOS software and data. This paper describes the survey design we used to identify significant areas of interest, gaps, and potential opportunities, followed by a discussion on the obtained responses. The survey formulates questions about project demographics, technical approach, and skills required for the present and the next five years. The study was conducted among 38 ORNL participants between June and July of 2021 and followed the required guidelines for human subjects training. We plan to use the collected information to help guide a vision for sustainable, community-based, and reusable scientific software ecosystems that need to adapt effectively to: i) the evolving landscape of heterogeneous hardware in the next generation of instruments and computing (e.g. edge, distributed, accelerators), and ii) data management requirements for data-driven science using artificial intelligence.

Bernholdt, David↗
DOE OSTI2023

Experiential findings for sustainable software ecosystems to support experimental and observational science

In the search for a sustainable approach for software ecosystems that supports experimental and observational science (EOS) across Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), we conducted a survey to understand the current and future landscape of EOS software and data. This paper describes the survey design we used to identify significant areas of interest, gaps, and potential opportunities, followed by a discussion on the obtained responses. The survey formulates questions about project demographics, technical approach, and skills required for the present and the next five years. Here, the study was conducted among 38 ORNL participants between June and July of 2021 and followed the required guidelines for human subjects training. We plan to use the collected information to help guide a vision for sustainable, community-based, and reusable scientific software ecosystems that need to adapt effectively to: (i) the evolving landscape of heterogeneous hardware in the next generation of instruments and computing (e.g. edge, distributed, accelerators), and (ii) data management requirements for data-driven science using artificial intelligence.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Cyber Resilience and Social Equity: Twin Pillars of a Sustainable Energy Future

This paper examines the intersection of security and accessibility within energy systems amidst the rise of grid modernization and digitization, especially considering the regulatory changes and the imperatives of inclusive energy strategies. It addresses the dual need for secure, resilient infrastructure and a commitment to mitigate energy poverty while maintaining equitable access to energy. Amid escalating cybersecurity and physical threats, the paper advocates for sustainable energy delivery systems that ensure robust defenses without compromising the goals of reducing energy poverty and ensuring energy security. This paper identifies the pressing need for Cyber-Informed Engineering (CIE) and Secure-by-Design (SbD) principles, highlighting how these strategies can protect critical infrastructure and democratize access to secure energy, particularly for disadvantaged communities. The analysis underscores the challenges presented by the expansion of attack surfaces, interoperability requirements, and grid-edge analytics, offering innovative solutions that leverage advanced technologies and data-driven insights. Furthermore, this paper addresses the workforce development gap, emphasizing the necessity for public-private partnerships and vendor engagement in creating a skilled cybersecurity workforce. This paper has a dual focus on both the technological aspect of cybersecurity and the social dimension of equity within the context of sustainable energy development. It suggests a comprehensive examination of how these two critical elements interact and support the overarching goal of a sustainable energy future.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2025

A Design for Remanufacturing Framework Incorporating Identification, Evaluation, and Validation: A Case Study of Hydraulic Manifold

In recent years, academic researchers and engineers in the industry have widely recognized the necessity of integrating remanufacturing considerations into product design iterations to advance sustainability objectives. Acknowledging the importance of design for remanufacturing (DfRem), efforts were made to develop tools and guidelines that could be implemented in practice. However, such methods largely rely upon experiential insights and qualitative assessments, leaving a gap in the ability to quantitatively assess the economic and environmental impacts of design choices. To bridge this gap, we investigate existing efforts and present a framework for DfRem that integrates established design and remanufacturing practices into a cohesive workflow with quantitative assessments. To demonstrate its efficacy for making practical design changes for remanufacturing, we apply the framework to a hydraulic manifold in a transmission system for heavy-duty tractors. Through this industry-relevant case study, we focus on showcasing the practical utility of our framework. Based on the identified design modifications from remanufacturability analysis, we estimate the reductions in life cycle costs, energy consumption, and emissions. Afterward, the modifications are tested using physical experiments with plans for integration into future iterations of the hydraulic manifold design and production. Here, we anticipate this framework can illustrate the process of remanufacturing that ensures improvements in sustainability while maintaining performance and reliability standards.

design for X↗
DOE OSTI2024

An Integrated Electrochemical Approach to the Precision Synthesis of Sustainable Catalyst Materials

There is a pressing need to replace critical materials such as platinum group elements (PGE) in applications related to energy. This work responds to the need for fundamental principles of materials design to replace these metals by addressing a gap in the understanding of how to precisely control the surface structure of nanoscale materials. Electrochemical nanomaterials synthesis, such as techniques developed in the PI’s research group, expands the toolbox of available synthetic handles to include both electrochemical and chemical parameters, providing access to control over synthetic conditions in ways that are not possible in purely chemical nanoparticle growth. However, electrochemical materials synthesis (electrodeposition) is inherently serial, limiting throughput and preventing widespread implementation. Initial efforts in the short period of this award resulted in an innovative, high throughput, parallel approach to synthetic discovery for the electrodeposition of shaped metal nanoparticles that overcomes this limitation. Looking ahead, this work establishes an important capability that will enable researchers to push boundaries in the shape control of nanoparticles composed of non-PGE such as copper, iron, nickel, or cobalt.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Catalytic Approaches to C–O Activation in Biorenewable Feedstocks

The carbon present in biomass (the largest renewable source on the planet) continues to tempt us as a possible replacement for the carbon we currently obtain from fossil fuels. As we have recently reviewed, the challenges of extracting chemically useful feedstocks from biorenewables, and, especially, cellulosics, is largely under-developed relative to the maturity of the technologies for deriving industrially useful chemicals from petroleum. This ultimately boils down to problems in functionalization catalysis (for oil) versus defunctionalization (for cellulosics). The technology gap for achieving the selective defunctionalization of cellulosic feedstocks is much larger than it is for petroleum functionalization. This assessment suggests that the problem is not that bio-renewable feedstocks are fundamentally flawed from an economic and chemical sustainability perspective, but that we lack the technologies for deoxygenating cellulosic to more valuable chemicals. Bozell and Petersen have argued that integrated biorefineries will require a suite of products for viability (in analogy to an integrated petroleum refinery). These products will range from low-value high-volume energy related products (i.e. fuels) to high-value low-volume compounds focused on specialty markets and pharmaceuticals. The latter, although less impactful in terms of volume, is a critical economic component of the future integrated biorefinery. Our review was stimulated by their assessment of the state of the biorefinery and focused on the available chemistries for achieving low-volume high-value outcomes. To help fill this technology gap, we seek new catalytic technologies for synthesizing high-value chemicals from cellulosics and take the view that the inherent chirality of C 6 O 6 feedstocks will provide valuable materials for specialty and pharmaceutical applications, but only if one can achieve site-selective reactions that don’t denude the stereochemistry inherent to the sugars. Eliminative methods are less desirable as this deoxygenation scheme removes multiple stereocenters. The research plan outlined herein seeks methods for site-selective deoxygenation reactions that lead to high value specialty/pharma products.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Digital Twin Applications in the Water Sector: A Review

As cities develop and resource demands rise, the water sector faces crucial challenges to deliver reliable, sustainable, and efficient services. Digital Twins (DTs), virtual replicas of physical systems, offer a promising tool to transform how we manage water infrastructure. Originally developed in the aerospace industry, DTs are now gaining traction in the water sector, enabling real-time monitoring, simulation, and predictive control of water and wastewater treatment, collection and distribution networks, and water reclamation and reuse systems. While still emerging in the water sector, DTs have shown potential to enhance operational efficiency, reduce environmental impacts, and support smarter, more resilient water management. This review study provides a comprehensive overview of current DT applications in the water sector, highlighting successful case studies, technical challenges, and knowledge gaps. It also explores how DTs can help bridge the water–energy nexus by optimizing resources utilized across interconnected systems. By synthesizing recent advances and identifying future research directions, this paper illustrates how DTs can play a central role in building sustainable, adaptive, and digitally-enabled water infrastructure.

digital twin↗
DOE OSTI2024

Assessing the complex influences of water management on hydrological drought characteristics in Texas

The state of Texas in the United States is highly susceptible to drought. Its major rivers are subject to extensive water management (WM) activities in order to sustain multisectoral water demands, particularly during drought conditions. However, the impact of WM on the propagation dynamics and characteristics of hydrological drought (HD) in Texas remains unclear. To fill this gap, this study quantifies the influence of WM across 32 streamflow gauges along the mainstems of seven major rivers in Texas by comparing a variety of drought metrics under natural and managed conditions. Notably, we leveraged an extensive, naturalized streamflow dataset constructed by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, paired with gauge observations of managed conditions. Results indicate that at the multi-decadal scale, WM significantly reduced HD frequency across all seven rivers and at 81% of the gauges analyzed. Additionally, it increased the response timescale of HD across Texas’ major rivers by a median of 2.5 months. Conversely, the average-event duration and severity increased in most locations. Temporal analysis reveals that the WM impact on HD varied seasonally, with attenuation effects during mid-summer and early fall and intensification effects during late winter and spring. Additionally, WM was found to greatly increase the spatial variability of HD characteristics across the region. These findings emphasize the complexity of WM effects on HD and the necessity for nuanced strategies in managing HD under WM influences.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Science of Scale-Up: Accelerating chemical manufacturing technology development workshop report

The Science of Scale-Up: Accelerating chemical manufacturing technology development workshop report outlines key insights and actionable recommendations for accelerating the scale-up of disruptive chemical manufacturing technologies. Convened in October 2024, the workshop brought together approximately fifty experts from academia, industry, national laboratories, and government agencies to address the barriers and solutions for maturing technologies from proof-of-concept to commercialization. The report identifies seven critical themes for enabling faster scale-up. These themes were explored through general discussions and breakout sessions focused on three specific chemical manufacturing technologies—electrochemical, thermochemical, and biological conversion processes. The findings emphasize the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration, robust funding mechanisms, and shared resources to overcome technical barriers and accelerate technology deployment. The report also highlights technology-specific challenges and opportunities, including the need for advanced materials, scalable manufacturing processes, and integrated testing environments. For electrochemical manufacturing processes, durability and material optimization are key priorities, while thermochemical processes require novel reactor designs and better supply chain integration. Biological conversion processes face hurdles in strain engineering, reactor design, and process integration. Across all technologies, the workshop emphasized the importance of leveraging computational tools, standardized protocols, and collaborative networks to address knowledge gaps and technical barriers. By acting on these insights, stakeholders can reduce the timeline for scaling up critical chemical manufacturing technologies, ensuring their timely impact on manufacturing competitiveness, and environmental sustainability.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Sustainable recovery of critical metals from spent lithium-ion batteries through gluconic acid-based bioleaching: Techno-economic analysis, life cycle assessment and process optimization

Recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LIB) could potentially bridge the ever increasing supply and demand gap for critical metals and simultaneously facilitate the management of hazardous battery waste. This study investigated the optimization of gluconic acid-based bioleaching technology through design of experiments (DOE), combined with techno-economic analysis (TEA), and life cycle assessment (LCA) with the aim of maximizing the net present value (NPV) and minimizing global warming impacts of the process. Biolixiviant containing predominantly gluconic acid produced by the genetically engineered (ΔpstS, P 112 :mgdh) Gluconobacter oxydans B58 through fermentation using non-recyclable paper as a growth substrate was used for the LIB leaching. At optimal bioleaching conditions of gluconic acid (160 mM), leaching time (2.5 h), reducing agent FeSO 4 to metal, i.e., cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni) and manganese (Mn), mole ratio (0.88), temperature (55 °C) and pulp density (2.5 %), the leaching efficiency was 87 % 72 %, 94 %, and 88 % for Co, Ni, Mn and lithium (Li), respectively. TEA analysis confirmed that bioleaching plant with an annual black mass processing capacity of 10,000 metric tons and plant life of 30 years would be economically viable with an NPV and profit margin of $136 million and 11 %, respectively. The predicted carbon footprint of gluconic acid-based bioleaching for recovering 1 kg of Co (13.2 kg of CO 2 eq.) is lower compared to that of most state-of-the-art leaching technologies. Moreover, gluconic acid-based bioleaching effectively recovered target metals when tested for different black mass chemistries.

Bioleaching↗
DOE OSTI2023

Microalgae Hydrothermal Liquefaction and Biocrude Upgrading: 2022 State of Technology

A preliminary techno-economic analysis (TEA) was developed for the fiscal year (FY) 2022 state of technology (SOT) assessment to evaluate the benefits and risks of using demonstrated, high-productivity algae strains for fuels generation, including sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). In 2022, the marine algal strain, Picochlorum celeri, which demonstrated the highest outdoor biomass productivities reported to date in the DOE-funded open-pond raceway testbed at the Arizona Center for Algae Technology and Innovation (AzCATI), was tested for continuous hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) processing at PNNL. HTL testing results demonstrated a biocrude yield of 0.33 g/g algae on an ash-free dry weight (AFDW) basis from P. celeri. The hydrotreatment testing of the HTL biocrude from P. celeri was also conducted to investigate the production of jet fuel from marine algal biomass. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of jet fuel production from autotrophically grown marine algal biomass. The current hydrotreating testing demonstrated approximately 22.7 wt% of the hydrotreated oil within the typical boiling-point range of jet fuel (150–250 °C). Initial testing of the jet fuel cut (JFC) showed that the physical properties under investigation were within typical ranges for petroleum-based jet fuels. The experimental work of this study closes the gap between outdoor algae cultivation and algae conversion to critical transportation fuels using the same algae strain for both cultivation and conversion testing. The continuous HTL and the upgrading testing described herein demonstrate the potential of producing sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) from algae cultivated in open-pond systems using the primary inputs of sunlight and carbon dioxide.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Modeling of multi-component precipitation and crystallization for zero-liquid-discharge desalination

This study proposes novel ZLD treatment trains that integrate multi-component chemical precipitation and multi-effect evaporative crystallization for efficient brine management. The methodology emphasizes sustainability by integrating CO₂ for chemical precipitation and reducing environmental impact, exemplified with two case studies: produced water that includes industrial waste heat utilization by adopting the emerging vacuum air-gapped membrane distillation (VAGMD) technology, and brackish groundwater that is abundant in sulphate which undergoes treatment by low-salt-rejection reverse osmosis (LSRRO) with interstage chemical precipitation. Here, this study is the first of its kind to simultaneously account for reducing risk of mineral scaling and effective recovery of valuable solids when incorporating VAGMD and LSRRO in ZLD treatment trains. Using Reaktoro and WaterTAP, both Python-based, open-source platforms, we model the recovery of high-purity magnesium, calcium, and sodium salts while optimizing energy consumption and operational efficiency in proposed ZLD pathways for case studies of produced water and brackish desalination brine management. Validation with experimental and reference data confirms the reliability of the models used. In both case studies, the optimized ZLD process achieves recovery rates of 97%, 99%, and 90% for Mg, Ca, and Na, with purities exceeding 99%, and brine volume reduced to less than 4% of the initial feed flow.

3D CT scans↗
DOE OSTI2022

Exploring acute weather resilience: Meeting resilience and renewable goals

We report the United States is affected by an average of almost seven severe weather events a year, often resulting in billions of dollars in physical and economic damages, a subset of which are related to grid outages. There is a need for power and energy system stakeholders to better understand and implement the strategies that help reduce net-economic and societal consequences associated with grid outages by improving the resilience of their systems. In addition, there are incentives to reduce emissions and meet climate goals, several pathways of which include resilient technologies. Including resilience constraints and metrics in energy system planning models may help inform the design of more resilient systems that are also more renewable and sustainable. This paper reviews qualitative definitions of resilience, quantitative approaches to resilience, recent examples of the inclusion of resilience in energy system models with respect to acute climatological threats, and the gaps in fully articulating resilience in current modeling tools. We then outline steps to effectively improve resilience considerations against such threats into energy sector modeling tools. Based on the findings, the authors propose a novel framework for energy system resilience assessment and future areas of research to bridge the current modeling gaps.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2022

4.2.1.31 Integrated Life Cycle Sustainability Analysis

This project provides the Department of Energy's Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO) with strategic decision-support for the evaluation of its R&D portfolio by developing, validating, and applying a coherent methodology and consistent model framework to quantify the net effects of an expanding US bioeconomy. The framework fills an analysis gap previously identified by Peer Review and supports a related milestone in BETO's Multi-Year Program Plan. The framework was scoped with inputs from practitioners in academia, national laboratories, and federal agencies. The model is a top-down, economy-wide framework using a coherent methodology to compute environmental and socio-economic metrics. It is purposefully complementary to existing bottom-up, process-based techno-economic and life cycle assessment BETO tools and uses their data as inputs. Presently, the model covers several commercial and near-commercial biofuel routes and an emerging pathway for plastics upcycling. It covers temporal detail across four time-steps and is currently being expanded with a prospective modeling capability. The model has provided analyses for the Third Triennial Report to Congress (RtC3) on the environmental impacts of the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2), among others. As part of this project, NREL also provides scientific support to BETO in the International Energy Agency's Technology Collaboration Program on Bioenergy (IEA Bioenergy) Task 45 on Sustainability. Here, NREL evaluates and synthesizes activities that develop, compare, or apply metrics, methods, and tools to quantify sustainability effects of bioeconomy products. NREL also coordinates related national lab involvement and a BETO Working Group on Sustainable Land Management.

bioeconomy↗