Site H - PNNL Surface Flux Station / Raw Data
Raw time series of fast response wind and virtual sonic temperature data (nominal 20Hz) for calculation of the turbulent fluxes; measured at 4 mAGL
17 WIND ENERGY↗
SEARCH · Search NASA
Results for “temperature data”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Mass calibration of DES Year-3 clusters via SPT-3G CMB cluster lensing
We measure the stacked lensing signal in the direction of galaxy clusters in the DarkEnergy Survey Year 3 (DES Y3) redMaPPer sample, using cosmic microwave background (CMB)temperature data from SPT-3G, the third-generation CMB camera on the South PoleTelescope (SPT). Here, we estimate the lensing signal using temperature maps constructed fromthe initial 2 years of data from the SPT-3G 'Main' survey, covering 1500 deg$^{2}$ of the Southernsky. We then use this lensing signal as a proxy for the mean cluster mass of the DES sample. Thethermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (tSZ) signal, which can contaminate the lensing signal if notaddressed, is isolated and removed from the data before obtaining the mass measurement. In thiswork, we employ three versions of the redMaPPer catalogue: a Flux-Limited sample containing 8865clusters, a Volume-Limited sample with 5391 clusters, and a Volume&Redshift-Limited sample with4450 clusters. For the three samples, we detect the CMB lensing signal at a significance of12.4σ, 10.5σ and 10.2σ and find the mean cluster masses to be M$_{200m}$ = 1.66±0.13 [stat.]± 0.03 [sys.], 1.97±0.18 [stat.]± 0.05 [sys.],and 2.11±0.20 [stat.]± 0.05 [sys.]×10$^{14}$ M$_{⊙}$, respectively. Thisis a factor of ∼ 2 improvement relative to the precision of measurements with previousgenerations of SPT surveys and the most constraining cluster mass measurements using CMB clusterlensing to date. Overall, we find no significant tensions between our results and masses given byredMaPPer mass-richness scaling relations of previous works, which were calibrated using CMBcluster lensing, optical weak lensing, and velocity dispersion measurements from variouscombinations of DES, SDSS and Planck data. We then divide our sample into 3 redshift and 3richness bins, finding no significant discrepancies with optical weak-lensing calibrated masses inthese bins. We forecast a 5.7% constraint on the mean cluster mass of the DES Y3 sample withthe complete SPT-3G surveys when using both temperature and polarization data and including anadditional ∼ 1400 deg$^{2}$ of observations from the 'Extended' SPT-3G survey.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
Comparison of pyrometry and thermography for thermal analysis of thermite reactions
This article examines the thermal behavior of a laser ignited thermite composed of aluminum and bismuth trioxide. Temperature data were collected during the reaction using a four-color pyrometer and a high-speed color camera modified for thermography. The two diagnostics were arranged to collect data simultaneously, with similar fields of view and with similar data acquisition rates, so that the two techniques could be directly compared. Results show that at initial and final stages of the reaction, a lower signal-to-noise ratio affects the accuracy of the measured temperatures. Both diagnostics captured the same trends in transient thermal behavior, but the average temperatures measured with thermography were about 750 K higher than those from the pyrometer. This difference was attributed to the lower dynamic range of the thermography camera’s image sensor, which was unable to resolve cooler temperatures in the field of view as well as the photomultiplier tube sensors in the pyrometer. Overall, while the camera could not accurately capture the average temperature of a scene, its ability to capture peak temperatures and spatial data make it the preferred method for tracking thermal behavior in thermite reactions.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Variable wildfire impacts on the seasonal water temperatures of western US streams: A retrospective study
Recent increases in the burn area and severity of wildfires in the western US have raised concerns about the impact on stream water temperature–a key determinant of cold-water fish habitats. However, the effect on seasonal water temperatures of concern, including winter and summer, are not fully understood. In this study, we assessed the impact of wildfire burns at Boulder Creek (Oregon), Elk Creek (Oregon), and Gibbon River (Wyoming) watersheds on the downstream winter and summer water temperatures for the first three post-fire years. To obtain results independent of the choice of the analytical method, we evaluated the consequence of each burn using three different statistical approaches that utilize local water temperature data. Our results from the three approaches indicated that the response of water temperatures to wildfire burns varied across seasons and sites. Wildfire burns were associated with a median increase of up to 0.56°C (Standard Error; S.E. < 0.23°C) in the summer mean water temperatures (MWT) and 62 degree-day Celsius (DDC; S.E. < 20.7 DDC) in the summer accumulated degree days (ADD) for the three subsequent years across studied stream sites. Interestingly, these burns also corresponded to a median decrease of up to 0.49°C (S.E. < 0.45°C) in the winter MWT and 39 DDC (S.E. < 40.5 DDC) in the winter ADD for the same period across sites. Wildfire effects on the downstream water temperatures diminished with increasing site distance from the burn perimeter. Our analyses demonstrated that analytical methods that utilize local watershed data could be applied to evaluate fire effects on downstream water temperatures.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Prediction of annual soil respiration from its flux at mean annual temperature
Accurately scaling soil respiration (SR, the soil-to-atmosphere flow of CO2) across time and space is important to constrain and understand ecosystem to global scale SR, a major terrestrial carbon flux to the atmosphere. Year-round SR measurements are however expensive and sometimes impossible to perform. Bahn et al. (2010) developed an approach to estimate annual SR (SRannual) from the flux measured at mean soil temperature (SRMAST), but the robustness of this approach needs to be evaluated in diverse ecosystem types and climatic conditions globally. We used a global soil respiration database (SRDB-V4, with 823 SR observations worldwide) to test the capability of SRMAST to predict SRannual. SRMAST estimated using a variety of methods all showed clear relationships with annual SRannual. Two single-rate methods (i.e., using the single SR rate most close to mean annual soil temperature, or the single SR rate most close to mean annual air temperature) showed the most pronounced divergence from the true SRannual, but errors significantly decreased when using multiple SR rates within 1 ? of the mean annual soil temperature to estimate SRMAST. SRannual was most closely correlated with SRMAST estimated via a Q10 relationship, but this method has a potential autocorrelation issue that we explore and discuss. Air temperature data are much more widely available than is soil temperature, and we found that SR at mean annual air temperature (SRMAAT) can be used to predict SRannual as well. This study builds on Bahn et al. (2010) to demonstrate that SR measured at both annual mean soil and air temperature can be used to predict annual SR, with well-quantified errors. This capability could be used to reduce SR measurement frequency required for estimating SRannual and greatly decrease cost, factors that are generally important but especially in lower-income countries and cold, inaccessible regions.
Soil respiration, temperature, modeling↗
Bayesian parameter estimation and evaluation of the K -ω shear stress transport model for plane impinging jets
Numerical simulations with semi-empirical turbulence models are commonly used to model impinging jets, often used for cooling solid surfaces. In this work, the constants in the k-ω shear stress transport model in ANSYS FLUENT are calibrated to experimental velocity and heat transfer data for a plane turbulent impinging air jet to determine if Kennedy-O'Hagan calibration (Kennedy and O'Hagan 2001 J. R. Stat. Soc. B 63 425–64) can improve predictions of near-surface velocities and surface Nusselt numbers for similar flows. Impinging jets have been proposed to cool the target plates of the divertor in future magnetic fusion energy reactors, where simulations are used to estimate divertor performance. The flat-plate divertor (Wang et al 2009 Fusion Sci. Technol .56 1023–7) uses a plane jet of helium issuing from a B = 0.5 mm slot to cool a surface with radius of curvature of 44 B at a distance 4 B from the slot. Predictions from the calibrated numerical model are compared with independent experimental data at different flow conditions, as well as surface temperature data for a flat plate divertor test section. The contribution of this work is evaluation of the accuracy of a calibrated turbulence model for modest extrapolations in flow geometry and flow conditions for a plane impinging jet.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Giant kelp genetic monitoring before and after disturbance reveals stable genetic diversity in Southern California
Given the impacts of climate change and other anthropogenic stressors on marine systems, there is a need to accurately predict how species respond to changing environments and disturbance regimes. The use of genetic tools to monitor temporal trends in populations gives ecologists the ability to estimate changes in genetic diversity and effective population size that may be undetectable by traditional census methods. Although multiple studies have used temporal genetic analysis, they usually involve commercially important species, and rarely sample before and after disturbance. In this study, we run a temporal analysis of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera , genetic diversity over the scope of 10 years (2008-2018) using the same microsatellite marker panel to assess the genetic consequences of disturbance in several populations of giant kelp ( Macrocystis pyrifera ) in the Southern California Bight. The study is a rare pre- and post-disturbance microsatellite analysis that included declines to giant kelp caused by the 2015/16 El Nino Southern Oscillation event. We used canopy biomass estimated by remote sensing (Landsat) to quantify the extent of disturbance to kelp beds, and sea surface temperature data to understand how kelp was pushed towards its temperature limits during this period. Despite prolonged periods with decreased canopy at several sites, no changes in genetic structure and allelic richness were observed. We argue that giant kelp in the region is best described as a “patchy population” system where true extinctions are rare. We discuss how deep refugia of subsurface sporophytes and cryptic microscopic life stages could have kept genetic diversity through disturbance. Given the increasing effects of climate change and uncertainty in modeling impacts of species with cryptic life history stages, we suggest further investigation to reveal the role such stages play in species resilience. Genetic monitoring studies of sites selected by remote census demographic and climate surveys should be continued in the future given the predicted impacts of climate change.
Klingbeil, III, William H.↗
Wetting Properties of Molten Salts
Wettability is a key piece of information in understanding the behavior of molten salts at material interfaces. Wettability is most easily characterized by contact angle which is measurable using the sessile drop method. A modified sessile drop method was used to measure the contact angle of the LiCl-KCl eutectic at varying temperatures on Nickel 200, Hastelloy C276, Glassy Carbon, and MACOR machinable ceramic. The contact angle was used with existing surface temperature data to find the work of adhesion at various temperatures. Finally, problems encountered during the experiment are listed and possible improvements are provided.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
CACO Site - PNNL Surface Flux Station at 4m / Raw Data
This dataset contains raw time series of fast response wind and virtual sonic temperature data (nominal 20Hz) for calculation of the turbulent fluxes; measured at 4 mAGL.
17 WIND ENERGY↗
CACO Site - PNNL Surface Flux Station at 10m / Raw Data
This dataset contains raw time series of fast response wind and virtual sonic temperature data (nominal 20Hz) for calculation of the turbulent fluxes; measured at 10 mAGL.
17 WIND ENERGY↗
RHOD Site - PNNL Surface Flux Station at 4m / Raw Data
This dataset contains raw time series of fast response wind and virtual sonic temperature data (nominal 20Hz) for calculation of the turbulent fluxes; measured at 4 mAGL.
17 WIND ENERGY↗
FMX – the Frontier Microfocusing Macromolecular Crystallography Beamline at the National Synchrotron Light Source II
Two new macromolecular crystallography (MX) beamlines at the National Synchrotron Light Source II, FMX and AMX, opened for general user operation in February 2017 [Schneider et al. (2013). J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 425 , 012003; Fuchs et al. (2014). J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 493 , 012021; Fuchs et al. (2016). AIP Conf. Proc. SRI2015 , 1741 , 030006]. FMX, the micro-focusing Frontier MX beamline in sector 17-ID-2 at NSLS-II, covers a 5–30 keV photon energy range and delivers a flux of 4.0 × 10 12 photons s −1 at 1 Å into a 1 µm × 1.5 µm to 10 µm × 10 µm (V × H) variable focus, expected to reach 5 × 10 12 photons s −1 at final storage-ring current. This flux density surpasses most MX beamlines by nearly two orders of magnitude. The high brightness and microbeam capability of FMX are focused on solving difficult crystallographic challenges. The beamline's flexible design supports a wide range of structure determination methods – serial crystallography on micrometre-sized crystals, raster optimization of diffraction from inhomogeneous crystals, high-resolution data collection from large-unit-cell crystals, room-temperature data collection for crystals that are difficult to freeze and for studying conformational dynamics, and fully automated data collection for sample-screening and ligand-binding studies. FMX's high dose rate reduces data collection times for applications like serial crystallography to minutes rather than hours. With associated sample lifetimes as short as a few milliseconds, new rapid sample-delivery methods have been implemented, such as an ultra-high-speed high-precision piezo scanner goniometer [Gao et al. (2018). J. Synchrotron Rad. 25 , 1362–1370], new microcrystal-optimized micromesh well sample holders [Guo et al. (2018). IUCrJ , 5 , 238–246] and highly viscous media injectors [Weierstall et al. (2014). Nat. Commun. 5 , 3309]. The new beamline pushes the frontier of synchrotron crystallography and enables users to determine structures from difficult-to-crystallize targets like membrane proteins, using previously intractable crystals of a few micrometres in size, and to obtain quality structures from irregular larger crystals.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
High Temperature Component and Data Link Evaluation
Evaluation of high temperature (HT) microcontrollers for Geothermal applications. The goal was to evaluate the limited microcontrollers capable of operating above 200 degrees Celsius. The knowledge obtained from this research has been documented for contributing to future development of high temperature geothermal tools. Along with this research, a HT data link for communications was developed and evaluated, also for HT geothermal tools.
15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
Thermal Analysis of the SIRIUS3 Nuclear Propulsion Fuel Calibration Experiment
NASA is considering Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (NTP) for long range extraterrestrial missions; these engines eject hot hydrogen gas heated by a nuclear reactor for rocket thrust. To economize the use of hydrogen to the greatest extent possible, the NTP engines will be expected to, in a very short time (i.e., on the order of a minute or less), go from warm$(\sim 300 K)$ zero power conditions to full operational power, with a coolant outlet temperature on the order of 2700–3000 K \cite{en15176181}. These conditions will introduce significant thermomechanical stresses on the NTP fuel. The objective of the SIRIUS series of experiments is to examine the performance of candidate NTP fuel materials when subjected to temperature ramp rates that are prototypical of NTP system startup and operation. The SIRIUS experiments are a series of experiments that will be irradiated in the TREAT reactor and are subjected to power ramps and cycles that are prototypical for NTP operation. The experiments will be accomplished by executing a series of shaped transients on the SIRIUS specimens while collecting in situ specimen temperature data. These tests will determine whether operational startup ramps and peak temperatures will result in detrimental fuel performance phenomena (i.e. fuel deformation, fragmentation and cracking) To this end, INL has been evaluating a number of SIRIUS experiments, and these evaluations include thermal analysis of the SIRIUS experiments. Thermal analysis were performed for the calibration irradiation of the SIRIUS-3 experiment, and the focus of this memo is to document the results from the calibration irradiation thermal analysis. The thermal analysis reveals that radiation heat emission of the outer fuel elements and conduction to different metal components such as the molybdenum element tubes remove significant quantities of heat from the fuel element specimen, and future experiment designs need to consider these heat transfer mechanics. This paper begins with a brief experiment overview with a discussion of the fuel sample and experiment configuration. The experiment and model description section is followed by a set of results with a brief discussion, and finally the memo concludes with suggestion for future work.
22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
A flexible class of priors for orthonormal matrices with basis function-specific structure
Statistical modeling of high-dimensional matrix-valued data motivates the use of a low-rank representation that simultaneously summarizes key characteristics of the data and enables dimension reduction. Low-rank representations commonly factor the original data into the product of orthonormal basis functions and weights, where each basis function represents an independent feature of the data. However, the basis functions in these factorizations are typically computed using algorithmic methods that cannot quantify uncertainty or account for basis function correlation structure a priori. While there exist Bayesian methods that allow for a common correlation structure across basis functions, empirical examples motivate the need for basis function-specific dependence structure. We propose a prior distribution for orthonormal matrices that can explicitly model basis function-specific structure. The prior is used within a general probabilistic model for singular value decomposition to conduct posterior inference on the basis functions while accounting for measurement error and fixed effects. We discuss how the prior specification can be used for various scenarios and demonstrate favorable model properties through synthetic data examples. Finally, we apply our method to two-meter air temperature data from the Pacific Northwest, enhancing our understanding of the Earth system’s internal variability.
97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
Tides on South Mill Apartment Complex
This dataset includes data from the building management system for a large multi-family rental property located in Tempe, Arizona. The name of this rental property is “Tides on South Mill” and it is owned by the FCP which is a real-estate investment company based in Maryland with a large portfolio of rental properties that spreads out throughout the U.S. FCP’s portfolio includes large multi-family housing and commercial buildings. The property is split into four quadrants. Each quadrant has roughly 130 apartments. The total floor area of each Quadrant is about 94,000 sq. ft. The campus of Solara spreads over 27 acres. The mechanical system consists of a 2-pipe system that runs chilled or hot water thru individual Fan Coil Units depending upon the season. The gas-fired boiler will supply hot water when seasonal change-over will take place. This dataset spans October to December 2021 and includes time-series measurements corresponding electricity meter data (Cooling Tower Fan, Pumps, Chillers,) with 1-minute resolution, chilled water temperature data and outside air data with 5-minute resolution etc. as CSV files. In addition to the measurements, a metadata .json file, and a .pdf dataset description file are also included.
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
The solubility of thorium in carbonate-bearing solutions at hydrothermal conditions
Thorium mineralization is frequently hosted in carbonate-bearing rocks, and thorium commonly substitutes into the structures of carbonate-bearing minerals that have precipitated from or been modified by hydrothermal fluids. Given this common association, it is reasonable to consider the hypothesis that the presence of carbonate ligands in hydrothermal solutions promotes the transport of Th through the formation of stable aqueous complexes. Our ability to evaluate this hypothesis, however, is hindered by the lack of experimental data for Th-carbonate species at conditions beyond ambient. The low-temperature data indicate that carbonate is a strong complexing agent for Th. In this contribution, we investigate the solubility of Th in carbonate-bearing fluids relevant to natural systems (0.05–0.5 m NaHCO 3 /Na 2 CO 3 ; pH T ~ 7.8–9.8) at elevated temperature (175–250 °C). We demonstrate that, in contrast to the behavior of Th at low temperature, the stability of Th-carbonate complexes is not sufficient for them to predominate at these conditions. Instead, the solubility of Th is governed by hydrolysis reactions. Under the experimental conditions investigated, the predominant hydroxyl complexes are Th(OH) 4 0 and Th(OH) 5 -. Furthermore, thermodynamic formation constants were derived for these species at the temperatures considered in our experiments (log β 4 = 43.34 and 44.31 at 175 and 200 °C, respectively, and log β 5 = 46.15 and 47.9 at 225 and 250 °C, respectively) to permit forward modeling of Th mobility in natural systems. Our study indicates that carbonate ions are unlikely to play a role in transporting Th in hydrothermal fluids. Summarizing the results of this study and our previous studies of the solubility of Th in hydrothermal fluids, we conclude that SO 4 2- is the primary ligand responsible for the hydrothermal transport of Th.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Plutonium-238 Loadout Calorimeter Return To Service
The calorimeter in the transfer area in Building 7920 at the US Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory is used to measure the amount of 238 Pu in the Plutonium Heat Source Oxide. The calorimetry measurement is taken after the oxide is packaged in an ORISC (Oak Ridge Inner Shipping Capsule)/FSO (Fuel Storage Outer) assembly before loading into the Containment Vessel and shipping container. The equipment is used in three specific configurations: zero measurement (nothing in the sample cup), FSO measurement (actual measurement of 238 Pu), and reference calibration measurement (using the reference FSO as a known heat source). System checks were performed in July 2023 in preparation for scheduled material loadout. During these checks, personnel discovered that the reference FSO had experienced an electrical short in the heater cable and was no longer functional. The calorimeter was in the reference calibration measurement configuration at this time. Facility management was notified when the damage was discovered. The data from the Yokogawa recorder were pulled and analyzed for a span of time between September 2022 and July 2023. An unusual spike was found in the sample cup temperature data that started on October 19, 2022, and ended on October 20, 2022. The sample cup reached a temperature of 191.1°C. The maximum allowable temperature for the calorimeter thermopile to reach is 220°C based on the manufacturer statement provided in Appendix B of this report [1]. The calorimeter thermopile and the sample cup thermocouple are physically close to each other; therefore, the data suggest that the calorimeter itself never saw a temperature in excess of 191.1°C. Physical damage present on the cable, tape, and insulation suggests that the temperature reached a higher value in some locations within the sample cup than the data shows. Because of this discrepancy, testing of the calorimeter was required to confirm that the calorimeter is functioning the same as it was before the electrical short. The intent of this report is to assess the functionality of the calorimeter and determine if it is acceptable to use for 238 Pu loadout material measurement. Testing showed that the calorimeter is functionally equivalent to the initial calibration that was performed in the summer of 2021, and thus, the calorimeter was cleared to be used for its intended purposes.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗