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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,081 records · Page 60
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Numerical simulation of involute-plate research reactor flow behavior using RANS, LES and DNS

This paper investigates the flow behavior of involute-plate research reactors by performing Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes simulation (RANS), Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) of the channel flow between fuel plates. By modeling turbulence with different numerical approaches, this study provides data with three levels of fidelity. For the RANS simulation, three widely used turbulence models, i.e., k-ε, k-ω, Reynolds Stress Turbulence model (RST) are applied by using the commercial CFD code STAR-CCM +. For LES and DNS, the open-source CFD code, Nek5000, is used given its outstanding scalability on High Performance Computer (HPC) and high-order technique. The results from RANS simulations are compared with that from LES and DNS for benchmarking. Both macroscale parameters and turbulence statistics, such as velocity magnitude, lateral velocity and turbulence kinetic energy, are presented and analyzed. The results from RANS simulation achieve good agreement with LES and DNS on velocity and turbulence kinetic energy prediction. The RST turbulence model predicts the most similar flow pattern of lateral velocity as compared to LES and DNS. The Lambda-2 (λ2) criterion with a reasonable threshold is used to demonstrate the instantaneous vortices distribution in the involute channel from both LES and DNS calculation. The DNS simulation captures more detailed turbulence especially near the corner, which explains the discrepancy between LES and DNS results near the corner. The normalized RMS error are defined and calculated to assess the performance of those turbulence models. The RST model captures the anisotropic feature of turbulence, which enable it to outperform other turbulence models for predicting the flow behavior in an involute channel. Although some discrepancies are found between LES and DNS results in the corner, the overall deviations between LES and DNS are found to be small. In conclusion, given that the computational cost of DNS calculation is an order of magnitude higher, using LES data for benchmarking RANS model is a cost-effective approach.

DNS↗
DOE OSTI2025

All-alumina quarter-wave plate coatings fabricated by glancing angle deposition using serial bideposition

Anisotropic phase retarders, used in high power laser facilities to perform polarization smoothing, can be obtained by the glancing angle deposition (GLAD) coating process. Due to its high laser resistance, the coatings are mainly made of silica. Therefore, limited attention has been given to other dielectric materials. Here we present a study on alumina GLAD anisotropic coatings; a material with high laser resistance, higher birefringence and lower environmental sensitivity than silica. Since the anisotropy is related to the coatings microstructure through the deposition angle, samples were coated at angles varying from ± 68° to ± 82° using the serial bideposition technique. They were characterized by ellipsometry, polarimetry, spectrophotometry and electron microscopy. We showed that the highest birefringence is obtained at a deposition angle of ± 76° with an in-plane value of 0.053. Based on these results, a quarter-wave plate at 351 nm was designed as a multilayer with seven pairs of anisotropic layers deposited at ± 76° and isotropic layers deposited at 0°. The fabricated coating exhibited a uniform retardance of 88.51 ± 0.45 nm. The alumina GLAD wave plates presented here, open the door to new possibilities in the laser field and especially in the field of fusion energy.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Elucidating mechanisms of Li plating on Li anodes of lithium-based batteries

Lithium metal is known as a very promising anode material for lithium-based batteries possessing a quite high theoretical capacity. But it has been kept away from practical applications due to its extreme reactivity and potential safety hazards led by serious dendrite growth. The origins of dendrite formation may be associated with the mechanisms of Li plating and with the mode of charge transfer during Li reduction or oxidation at the anode-electrolyte interface. Here, density functional theory (DFT) calculations are conducted to analyze the electron transfer between Li (100) and Li cations located in the proximity of the surface in several simulation models. The study includes two common used solvents: ethylene carbonate and dimethoxyethane (EC and DME), and a LiPF 6 salt, that surround the Li cation over perfect, defect-containing, and Li 2 CO 3 -passivated Li (100) surfaces. Our calculations demonstrate that the Li cation is easily reduced when bonding to DME rather than EC and its preferred deposition site is the hollow site on both perfect and defective Li (100). Additionally, a compact Li 2 CO 3 layer inhibits the charge transfer from Li metal to Li cations, thus modifying Li plating. It is concluded that the extreme reactivity of the Li metal surface induces a strongly inhomogeneous electron distribution upon deposition of a cation on the surface. This strong charge inhomogeneity may promote uneven Li nucleation and growth, eventually resulting in dendritic behavior.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

An arbitrary Lagrange-Eulerian investigation of HRAM shallow jet pre-spurt formation and time sensitivities to impact plate dynamics

With dry bay fires persisting as a significant contributor to aircraft vulnerability despite chronicled developments in survivability technologies, an accurate fire prediction capability remains paramount for credible vulnerability assessments. Physics based modeling of the hydrodynamic ram (HRAM) fluid deposition process is a key component of such capability, wherein capturing the first instance of fluid spurt, referred to herein as shallow jet spurts, is a core focus. Such pre-spurts as they have been formerly identified have only been witnessed sporadically in HRAM spurt experiments. In this work, ALE3D, a first-principles multi-physics code was employed to model the shallow jet spurt phenomenon with spherical projectiles impacting water-filled tanks faced with aluminum panels, such that the underlying physics and sensitivities could be explored. Development and verification of the 2D axisymmetric model is described relative to trends observed in a prior experimental campaign. Results from the verified model suggest shallow jet spurts have at least a quadratic sensitivity to the fundamental vibrational mode of the impact plate across impact velocities 610–1829 m/s (2000–6000 ft/s). It is further explained how shallow jet spurts are arrested for impacts at the two extremes of plate rigidity. This research constitutes the first fluid-structure modeling of shallow jet spurts which future three-dimensional analyses will expound upon.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Biaxial steel plated concrete constitutive models for composite structures: Implementation and validation

The Steel-plated Concrete (SC) technique is an alternative construction technique with faster onsite construction speed, reduced construction time, and increased structural performance. Aiming to predict the force transfer mechanism of SC elements, an innovative constitutive model package is proposed by implementing experimental-based biaxial steel plate concrete models into the nonlinear finite element (FE) model “Membrane Model of SC (MM-CS).” First, the formulation and implementation of the MM-SC is illustrated in detail, including the equilibrium and compatibility equations and the implementation of constitutive models. Next, various experimental data of SC members are selected and simulated using the proposed MM-SC model. In this research, two types of structures, SC panels and framed SC shear walls, and three types of loading conditions, including uniaxial compression, pure shear, and combined axial-flexural-shear tests, are analyzed respectively. Good agreements were obtained between the reported results and the FE simulation results in terms of yield capacity and ultimate capacity, proving the reliability of the implemented analytical constitutive material models and the biaxial membrane model formulations.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2017

Effect of Ag additions on the lengthening rate of Ω plates and formation of σ phase in Al-Cu-Mg alloys during thermal exposure

Effect of Ag additions on the mechanical properties and microstructures of the peak-aged Al-Cu-Mg alloys during prolonged thermal exposure at 150 °C, was investigated by tensile testing, conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The results showed that after exposure for 500 h, > 85% of the peak strength remained. Microstructure observations indicated that increasing the Ag content from 0.14 to 0.57% promoted the precipitation of a fine and uniform Ω phase and suppressed the formation of the θ′ phase, leading to a notable improvement of the strength properties and thermal stability of the studied alloys. Quantitative TEM analysis showed that the coarsening of Ω phase was predominated by plate lengthening rather than thickening, while its lengthening rate was independent of various Ag additions during exposure at 150 °C. In addition, an increase of Ag also facilitated the formation of a cubic σ phase, which was further supported by STEM results. - Highlights: •Increasing Ag improved strength properties and thermal stability of the alloys. •After exposure for 500 h, > 85% of the peak strength remained. •The lengthening rate of Ω plates remained constant as Ag increased at 150 °C. •Increasing Ag content facilitated the formation of σ phase.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Tracking rare-isotope beams with microchannel plates

A system of two microchannel-plate detectors has been successfully implemented for tracking projectile-fragmentation beams. The detectors provide interaction positions, angles, and arrival Limes of ions at the reaction target. Furthermore, the current design is an adaptation of an assembly used for low-energy beams (~1.4 MeV/nucleon). In order to improve resolution in tracking high-energy heavy-ion beams, the magnetic field strength between the secondary-electron accelerating foil and the microchannel plate had to be increased substantially. Results from an experiment using a 37-MeV/nucleon 56 Ni beam show that the tracking system can achieve sub-nanosecond timing resolution and a position resolution of ~1 mm for beam intensities up to 5 x 10 5 pps.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Radon daughter plate-out measurements at SNOLAB for polyethylene and copper

We report that polyethylene and copper samples were exposed to the underground air at SNOLAB for approximately three months while several environmental factors were monitored. Predictions of the radon-daughter plate-out rate are compared to the resulting surface activities, obtained from high-sensitivity measurements of alpha emissivity using the XIA UltraLo-1800 spectrometer at Southern Methodist University. From these measurements, we determine an average 210 Pb plate-out rate of 249 and 423 atoms/day/cm 2 for polyethylene and copper, respectively, when exposed to radon activity concentration of 135 Bq/m 3 at SNOLAB. Finally, a time-dependent model of alpha activity is discussed for these materials placed in similar environmental conditions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Sphere-plate Casimir interaction in (D + 1)-dimensional spacetime

In this paper, we derive the formula for the Casimir interaction energy between a sphere and a plate in (D + 1)-dimensional Minkowski spacetime. It is assumed that the scalar field satisfies the Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions on the sphere and the plate. As in the D = 3 case, the formula is of TGTG type. One of our main contributions is deriving the translation matrices which express the change of bases between plane waves and spherical waves for general D. Using orthogonality of Gegenbauer polynomials, it turns out that the final TGTG formula for the Casimir interaction energy can be simplified to one that is similar to the D = 3 case. To illustrate the application of the formula, both large separation and small separation asymptotic behaviors of the Casimir interaction energy are computed. The large separation leading term is proportional to L{sup −D+1} if the sphere is imposed with Dirichlet boundary condition, and to L{sup −D−1} if the sphere is imposed with Neumann boundary condition, where L is distance from the center of the sphere to the plane. For the small separation asymptotic behavior, it is shown that the leading term is equal to the one obtained using proximity force approximation. The next-to-leading order term is also computed using perturbation method. It is shown that when the space dimension D is larger than 5, the next-to-leading order has sign opposite to the leading order term. Moreover, the ratio of the next-to-leading order term to the leading order term is linear in D, indicating a larger correction at higher dimensions.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2014

Broadband asymmetric acoustic transmission by a plate with quasi-periodic surface ridges

In this paper, an acoustic system with broadband asymmetric transmission is designed and fabricated, which consists of a water-immersed aluminum plate engraved with quasi-periodically-patterned ridges on single surface. It demonstrates that when the acoustic waves are launched into the system from the structured side, they can couple into the Lamb modes in the plate efficiently and attain a high transmission; on the contrary, when the waves are incident from the opposite flat side, the coupling is weak, and the transmission is low. Superior to systems with periodic patterning, this quasi-periodically-patterned system has a broad working frequency range due to the collective contributions from the multiple diffractions specific to the structure.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2014

Image plate characterization and absolute calibration to low kilo-electron-volt electrons

We report on the characterization of an image plate and its absolute calibration to electrons in the low keV energy range (1–30 keV). In our case, an Agfa MD4.0 without protection layer was used in combination with a Fuji FLA7000 scanner. The calibration data are compared to other published data and a consistent picture of the sensitivity of image plates to electrons is obtained, which suggests a validity of the obtained calibration up to 100 keV.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2014

Control design and robustness analysis of a ball and plate system by using polynomial chaos

In this paper, we present a mathematical model of a ball and plate system, a control law and analyze its robustness properties by using the polynomial chaos method. The ball rolls without slipping. There is an auxiliary robot vision system that determines the bodies' positions and velocities, and is used for control purposes. The actuators are to orthogonal DC motors, that changes the plate's angles with the ground. The model is a extension of the ball and beam system and is highly nonlinear. The system is decoupled in two independent equations for coordinates x and y. Finally, the resulting nonlinear closed loop systems are analyzed by the polynomial chaos methodology, which considers that some system parameters are random variables, and generates statistical data that can be used in the robustness analysis.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Near-field radiative heat transfer between two parallel SiO{sub 2} plates with and without microcavities

Near-to-far-field radiative heat transfer between two macroscopic SiO{sub 2} plates—with and without microcavities—was observed using a highly precise and accurate optical gap-measurement method. The experiments, conducted near 300 K, measured heat transfer as a function of gap separation from 1.0 μm to 50 μm and also as a function of temperature differences between 4.1 and 19.5 K. The gap-dependent heat flux was in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. Furthermore, the effects of microcavities on the plate surfaces were clearly observed and significant enhancement of near-field radiative heat transfer was confirmed between gold-coated microcavities with narrow vacuum separation.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

High magnetic-refrigeration performance of plate-shaped La{sub 0.5}Pr{sub 0.5}Fe{sub 11.4}Si{sub 1.6} hydrides sintered in high-pressure H{sub 2} atmosphere

La(Fe, Si){sub 13} hydride is regarded as one of the most promising room-temperature refrigerants. However, to use the alloys in an active magnetic regenerator machine, it is vital to prepare thin refrigerants. In this work, a high H{sub 2} gas pressure of 50 MPa was employed to suppress the desorption of hydrogen atoms during the sintering process of plate-shaped La{sub 0.5}Pr{sub 0.5}Fe{sub 11.4}Si{sub 1.6} hydrides. At 330 K, a high-density sintered thin plate shows a large magnetic-entropy change ΔS{sub m} of 15.5 J/kg K (106 mJ/cm{sup 3 }K) for a field change of 2 T. The volumetric ΔS{sub m} is almost twice as large as that of bonded La(Fe,Si){sub 13} hydrides. Favorably, hysteresis is almost absent due to the existence of micropores with a porosity of 0.69% which has been analyzed with high-resolution X-ray microtomography.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Mo layer thickness requirement on the ion source back plate for the HNB and DNB ion sources in ITER

All the inner surfaces of the ion sources and the upstream surface of the plasma grid of the ITER neutral beam ion sources are proposed to be coated with molybdenum. This is done to avoid sputtering of the base material (Cu or CuCrZr) by the ions in the source plasma (D{sup +}, D{sub 2}{sup +}, D{sub 3}{sup +} or H{sup +}, H{sub 2}{sup +}, H{sub 3}{sup +}). The sputtering of Mo by the ions in the source plasma is low compared to that from Cu, and the threshold energy for sputtering ∼80 eV) is high compared to the energy of the ions in the source. However the D{sub 2}{sup +}, H{sub 2}{sup +} and D{sup +}, H{sup +} ions backstreaming from the accelerators will have energies that substantially exceed that threshold and it is important that the Mo layer is not eroded such that the base material is exposed to the source plasma. In the case of the HNB, the backstreaming ion power is calculated to be in the order of ∼1 MW, and the average energy of the backstreaming ions is calculated to be ∼300 keV. The ion sources in the HNB beam lines, 40 A 1 MeV D and 46 A 870 keV H beams, are supposed to operate for a period of 2 x 10{sup 7} s. For the DNB, 60 A 100 keV H beams, the corresponding number is 1.4 × 10{sup 6} s considering a beam duty cycle of 3s ON/20s OFF with 5 Hz modulation. The Mo layer on the ion source back plate should be thick enough to survive this operational time. Thickness estimation has been carried out taking into account the sputtering yields (atoms/ion), the energy spectrum of the backstreaming ions and the estimated profiles on the ion source back plate.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Spatial resolution of imaging plate with flash X-rays and its utilization for radiography

A flash X-ray source developed using pulsed electron accelerator with electron energy range of 400keV to 1030keV and a field emission cathode is characterized using X-ray imaging plates. Spatial resolution of the imaging system is measured using edge spread function fitted to data obtained from radiograph of Pb step wedge. A spatial resolution of 150±6 µm is obtained. The X-ray beam size is controlled by the anode-cathode configuration. Optimum source size of ∼13±2 mm diameter covering an area with intensity of ∼27000 PSL/mm{sup 2} is obtained on the imaging plate kept at a distance of ∼200 mm from the tip of the anode. It is used for recording radiographs of objects like satellite cable cutter, aero-engine turbine blade and variety of pyro-devices used in aerospace industry.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

Magnetized sheath near positively biased wall between two permanent magnetic plates

The characteristics of magnetized electron sheath near a positively biased conducting wall parallel to magnetic field formed between two permanent magnetic plates were experimentally investigated in a double plasma device. The magnetic field strength between the magnetic plates is about 1200 G which is sufficient to magnetize the plasma such that the ion gyroradius is comparable to the electron Debye length. A virtual cathode (or potential dip) structure was found between the electron-rich sheath and bulk plasma. For a given neutral gas pressure, the potential minimum (dip position) remains almost the same for different positive biases on the wall. For a given bias on the wall, however, the electron sheath thickness and the potential drop from the bulk plasma to the dip decrease with the increase of the neutral gas pressure. In addition, the electron sheath and potential dip appear to be wider and deeper in the downstream side of the wall.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

Optical and acoustic sensing using Fano-like resonances in dual phononic and photonic crystal plate

We perform a theoretical study based on the transmissions of optical and acoustic waves normally impinging to a periodic perforated silicon plate when the embedded medium is a liquid and show the existence of Fano-like resonances in both cases. The signature of the resonances appears as well-defined asymmetric peaks in the phononic and photonic transmission spectra. We show that the origin of the Fano-like resonances is different with respect to the nature of the wave. In photonic, the origin comes from guided modes in the photonic plate while in phononic we show that it comes from the excitation of standing waves confined inside the cavity coming from the deformation of the water/silicon edges of the cylindrical inclusion. We finally use these features for sensing and show ultra-sensitivity to the light and sound velocities for different concentrations of analytes.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗