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At least 1,081 records · Page 60

Inverse-kinematics one-neutron pickup with fast rare-isotope beams

Measurements and reaction model calculations are reported for single-neutron pickup reactions onto a fast {sup 22}Mg secondary beam at 84 MeV per nucleon. Measurements made on both carbon and beryllium targets, having very different structures, were used to investigate the likely nature of the pickup reaction mechanism. The measurements involve thick reaction targets and {gamma}-ray spectroscopy of the projectile-like reaction residue for final-state resolution, which permit experiments with low incident beam rates compared to traditional low-energy transfer reactions. From measured longitudinal momentum distributions we show that the {sup 12}C({sup 22}Mg,{sup 23}Mg+{gamma})X reaction largely proceeds as a direct two-body reaction, with the neutron transfer producing bound {sup 11}C target residues. The corresponding reaction on the {sup 9}Be target seems to largely leave the {sup 8}Be residual nucleus unbound at excitation energies high in the continuum. We discuss the possible use of such fast-beam one-neutron pickup reactions to track single-particle strength in exotic nuclei and also their expected sensitivity to neutron high-l (intruder) states, which are often direct indicators of shell evolution and the disappearance of magic numbers in the exotic regime.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Quantum mechanical tunneling of composite particle systems: Linkage to sub-barrier nuclear reactions

A variety of physical phenomena have at their foundation the quantum tunneling of particles through potential barriers. Many of these phenomena can be associated with the tunneling of single inert particles. The tunneling of composite systems is more complex than for single particles due to the coupling of the tunneling coordinate with the internal degrees of freedom of the tunneling system. Reported here are the results of a study for the tunneling of a two-component projectile incident on a potential energy system which differs for the two components. A specific linkage is made to sub-Coulomb nuclear reactions.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

{alpha}-decay and fusion phenomena in heavy ion collisions using nucleon-nucleon interactions derived from relativistic mean-field theory

Nucleus-nucleus potentials are determined in the framework of the double-folding model for a new microscopic nucleon-nucleon (NN) interaction relativistic mean field-3-Yukawa (R3Y) derived from the popular relativistic mean-field theory Lagrangian, and the results are compared for the use of Michigan-3-Yukawa (M3Y) effective NN interactions. The double-folding potentials so obtained are further taken up in the context of the preformed cluster model (PCM) of Gupta and collaborators and the barrier penetration model to study respectively the ground-state (g.s.) {alpha}-decay and low-energy fusion reactions. In this paper, using PCM, we deduce empirically the {alpha} preformation probability P{sub 0}{sup {alpha}(emp)} from experimental data on a few g.s. {alpha} decays in the trans-lead region. For fusion reactions, two projectile-target systems {sup 12}C+{sup 208}Pb and {sup 16}O+{sup 208}Pb are selected for calculating the barrier energies as well positions, fusion cross sections ({sigma}{sub fus}), and fusion barrier distribution [D(E{sub c.m.})]. The barrier energies and positions change for the R3Y NN interactions in comparison with those of the M3Y NN interactions. We find that in the {alpha}-decay studies the values of P{sub 0}{sup {alpha}(emp)}(R3Y) are similar to those of P{sub 0}{sup {alpha}(emp)}(M3Y). Further, both NN interactions give similar {sigma}{sub fus} values using the Wong formula specifically when the R3Y NN interaction calculated {sigma}{sub fus} values are reduced by 1.5 times, and the results are in agreement with the experimental data for both the systems, especially for the higher energies. Results for D(E{sub c.m.}) are also quite similar for both choices of NN interaction.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Fusion of {sup 6}Li with {sup 159}Tb at near-barrier energies

Complete and incomplete fusion cross sections for {sup 6}Li + {sup 159}Tb have been measured at energies around the Coulomb barrier by the {gamma}-ray method. The measurements show that the complete fusion cross sections at above-barrier energies are suppressed by {approx}34% compared to coupled-channel calculations. A comparison of the complete fusion cross sections at above-barrier energies with the existing data for {sup 11,10}B + {sup 159}Tb and {sup 7}Li + {sup 159}Tb shows that the extent of suppression is correlated with the {alpha} separation energies of the projectiles. It has been argued that the Dy isotopes produced in the reaction {sup 6}Li + {sup 159}Tb at below-barrier energies are primarily due to the d transfer to unbound states of {sup 159}Tb, while both transfer and incomplete fusion processes contribute at above-barrier energies.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Application of the Bruyeres Jeukenne-Lejeune-Mahaux model potential to composite nuclei with a single-folding approach

A single-folding (SF) model analysis has been performed for {alpha} and deuteron elastic scattering from {sup 58}Ni, {sup 90}Zr, {sup 116}Sn, and {sup 208}Pb at incident energies between 10 and 100 MeV/nucleon with the Lane-consistent Bruyeres Jeukenne-Lejeune-Mahaux model nucleon-nucleus potential. The energy dependence of a set of only three potential parameters was derived, and the resulting global optical model potentials were found to account well for {alpha} and deuteron elastic scattering within their studied energy ranges. The energy dependence of a real potential form factor is found to be important for describing {alpha}-nucleus scattering within large energy ranges. Corrections due to the compositeness of projectiles to the SF potentials were studied and were compared with theoretical estimations through the renormalization factor. Systematic differences in renormalization factors between {alpha} particles and deuterons were observed.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Isobaric yield ratios in heavy-ion reactions, and symmetry energy of neutron-rich nuclei at intermediate energies

The isobaric yield ratios of the fragments produced in the neutron-rich {sup 48}Ca and {sup 64}Ni projectile fragmentation are analyzed in the framework of a modified Fisher model. The correlations between the isobaric yield ratios (R) and the energy coefficients in the Weiszaecker-Beth semiclassical mass formula (the symmetry-energy term a{sub sym}, the Coulomb-energy term a{sub c}, and the pairing-energy term a{sub p}) and the difference between the chemical potentials of the neutron and proton ({mu}{sub n}-{mu}{sub p}) are investigated. Simple correlations between ({mu}{sub n}-{mu}{sub p})/T, a{sub c}/T, a{sub sym}/T, and a{sub p}/T (where T is the temperature), and lnR are obtained. It is suggested that ({mu}{sub n}-{mu}{sub p})/T, a{sub c}/T, a{sub sym}/T, and a{sub p}/T of neutron-rich nuclei can be extracted using isobaric yield ratios for heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Elastic scattering and total reaction cross sections for the {sup 8}B, {sup 7}Be, and {sup 6}Li +{sup 12}C systems

Angular distributions for the elastic scattering of {sup 8}B, {sup 7}Be, and {sup 6}Li on a {sup 12}C target have been measured at E{sub lab}=25.8, 18.8, and 12.3 MeV, respectively. The analyses of these angular distributions have been performed in terms of the optical model using Woods-Saxon and double-folding type potentials. The effect of breakup in the elastic scattering of {sup 8}B+{sup 12}C is investigated by performing coupled-channels calculations with the continuum discretized coupled-channel method and cluster-model folding potentials. Total reaction cross sections were deduced from the elastic-scattering analysis and compared with published data on elastic scattering of other weakly and tightly bound projectiles on {sup 12}C, as a function of energy. With the exception of {sup 4}He and {sup 16}O, the data can be described using a universal function for the reduced cross sections.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Formation of the isomeric pair {sup 194}Ir{sup m,g} in interactions of {alpha} particles with {sup 192}Os

Cross sections were measured by the activation technique for the nuclear processes {sup 192}Os({alpha},d+pn+np){sup 194}Ir{sup m,g} up to {alpha}-particle energies of 39 MeV. From the measured data the isomeric cross-section ratio was deduced as a function of projectile energy. The present experimental data as well as those for the {sup 194}Pt(n,p){sup 194}Ir{sup m,g} reaction, given in the literature, were compared with the results of nuclear model calculations using the code talys, which combines the statistical, precompound, and direct interactions. In general, the experimental data were reproduced well by the model calculations, which were done using relatively low values of {eta} (i.e., {Theta}{sub eff}/{Theta}{sub rigid}). The results provide more evidence for the mass dependence of {eta}. The level density parameter for {sup 194}Ir was determined unambiguously.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Role of break-up processes in the fusion of the {sup 12}C+ {sup 52}Cr system

We present the results and analysis of our investigation of the role of break-up processes on the fusion of a {sup 12}C{sup 6+} beam with a {sup 52}Cr target near, at, and above the Coulomb barrier. In this experiment the excitation functions of evaporation residues produced via ({sup 12}C, 2n), ({sup 12}C, pxn), ({sup 12}C, {alpha}xn), and ({sup 12}C, {alpha}pxn) channels in a {sup 12}C + {sup 52}Cr reaction were measured at several beam energies ranging from {approx_equal}51 to 87 MeV by employing the recoil catcher technique followed by off-line {gamma}-ray spectrometry. The measured excitation functions were compared with theoretical values obtained using the pace4 statistical model code. Further, for a ({sup 12}C, p2n) channel the measured excitation function was compared with the predictions of the alice-91 code, which was chosen as it takes into account pre-equilibrium emissions. For non-{alpha}-emitting channels, the experimentally measured excitation functions--after correcting them for possible contributions from higher charge isobaric precursor decays--were, in general, found to be in good agreement with theoretical predictions. However, for {alpha}-emitting channels, the measured excitation functions had significantly more production cross sections than what pace4 predicted. This enhancement may be attributed to incomplete fusion processes. An attempt was made to estimate the incomplete fusion fraction in order to compare the relative importance of complete and incomplete fusion processes. The incomplete fusion fraction was found to be sensitive to the projectile energy and mass asymmetry of the entrance channel. We also discuss the results in terms of the impact of the frozen {alpha}-cluster structure of the {sup 12}C isotope on various fusion reactions.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Fluid dynamical prediction of changed v{sub 1} flow at energies available at the CERN Large Hadron Collider

Substantial collective flow is observed in collisions between lead nuclei at Large Hadron Collider (LHC) as evidenced by the azimuthal correlations in the transverse momentum distributions of the produced particles. Our calculations indicate that the global v{sub 1}-flow, which at RHIC peaked at negative rapidities (named third flow component or antiflow), now at LHC is going to turn toward forward rapidities (to the same side and direction as the projectile residue). Potentially this can provide a sensitive barometer to estimate the pressure and transport properties of the quark-gluon plasma. Our calculations also take into account the initial state center-of-mass rapidity fluctuations, and demonstrate that these are crucial for v{sub 1} simulations. In order to better study the transverse momentum flow dependence we suggest a new ''symmetrized''v{sub 1}{sup S}(p{sub t}) function, and we also propose a new method to disentangle global v{sub 1} flow from the contribution generated by the random fluctuations in the initial state. This will enhance the possibilities of studying the collective Global v{sub 1} flow both at the STAR Beam Energy Scan program and at LHC.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

{sup 7,9,10}Be elastic scattering and total reaction cross sections on a {sup 12}C target

Elastic scattering angular distributions for {sup 7}Be, {sup 9}Be, and {sup 10}Be isotopes on {sup 12}C target were measured at laboratory energies of 18.8, 26.0, and 23.2 MeV, respectively. The analysis was performed in terms of optical model potentials using Woods-Saxon and double-folding form factors. Also, continuum discretized coupled-channels calculations were performed for {sup 7}Be and {sup 9}Be + {sup 12}C systems to infer the role of breakup in the elastic scattering. For the {sup 10}Be + {sup 12}C system, bound states coupled-channels calculations were considered. Moreover, total reaction cross sections were deduced from the elastic scattering analysis and compared with published data on other weakly and tightly bound projectiles elastically scattered on the {sup 12}C target, as a function of energy.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Reduced quasifission competition in fusion reactions forming neutron-rich heavy elements

Measurements of mass-angle distributions (MADs) for Cr + W reactions, providing a wide range in the neutron-to-proton ratio of the compound system, (N/Z) CN , have allowed for the dependence of quasifission on the (N/Z) CN to be determined in a model-independent way. Previous experimental and theoretical studies had produced conflicting conclusions. The experimental MADs reveal an increase in contact time and mass evolution of the quasifission fragments with increasing (N/Z) CN , which is indicative of an increase in the fusion probability. The experimental results are in agreement with microscopic time-dependent Hartree-Fock calculations of the quasifission process. Here the experimental and theoretical results favor the use of the most neutron-rich projectiles and targets for the production of heavy and superheavy nuclei.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Evidence for x -dependent proton color fluctuations in p A collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider

The centrality dependence of forward jet production in pA collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has been found to grossly violate the Glauber model prediction in a way that depends on the x in the proton. In this paper, we argue that this modification pattern provides the first experimental evidence for x-dependent proton color fluctuation effects. On average, parton configurations in the projectile proton containing a parton with large x interact with a nuclear target with a significantly smaller than average cross section and have smaller than average size. We implement the effects of fluctuations of the interaction strength and, using the ATLAS analysis of how hadron production at backward rapidities depends on the number of wounded nucleons, make quantitative predictions for the centrality dependence of the jet production rate as a function of the x-dependent interaction strength σ(x). We find that σ(x) ~ 0.6(σ) gives a good description of the data at x = 0.6. Finally, these findings support an explanation of the European Muon Collaboration effect as arising from the suppression of small-size nucleon configurations in the nucleus.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Nuclear annihilation by antinucleons

We examine the momentum dependence of $\bar{p}$p and $\bar{n}$p annihilation cross sections by considering the transmission through a nuclear potential and the $\bar {p}$p Coulomb interaction. Compared to the $\bar{n}$p annihilation cross section, the $\bar{p}$p annihilation cross section is significantly enhanced by the Coulomb interaction for projectile momenta below p lab < 500 MeV/c, and the two annihilation cross sections approach the Pomeranchuk's equality limit [JETP 30, 423 (1956)] at p lab ~500 MeV/c. Using these elementary cross sections as the basic input data, the extended Glauber model is employed to evaluate the annihilation cross sections for $\bar{n}$ and $\bar{p}$ interaction with nuclei and the results compare well with experimental data.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Magnetic moment and lifetime measurements of Coulomb-excited states in Cd 106

The Cd isotopes are well studied, but experimental data for the rare isotopes are sparse. At energies above the Coulomb barrier, higher states become accessible. Remeasure and supplement existing lifetimes and magnetic moments of low-lying states in 106 Cd. Methods: In an inverse kinematics reaction, a 106 Cd beam impinging on a 12 C target was used to Coulomb excite the projectiles. The high recoil velocities provide a unique opportunity to measure g factors with the transient-field technique and to determine lifetimes from lineshapes by using the Doppler-shift-attenuation method. Large-scale shell-model calculations were carried out for 106 Cd. As a result, the g factors of the 2 + 1 and 4 + 1 states in 106 Cd were measured to be g(2 + 1 ) = +0.398(22) and g(4 + 1 ) = +0.23(5). A lineshape analysis yielded lifetimes in disagreement with published values. The new results are τ( 106 Cd; 2 + 1 ) = 7.0(3) ps and τ( 106 Cd; 4 + 1 ) = 2.5(2) ps. The mean life τ( 106 Cd; 2 + 2 ) = 0.28(2) ps was determined from the fully-Doppler-shifted γ line. Mean lives of τ( 106 Cd; 4 + 3 ) = 1.1(1) ps and τ( 106 Cd; 3 – 1 ) = 0.16(1) ps were determined for the first time. In conclusion, the newly measured g(4 + 1 ) of 106 Cd is found to be only 59% of the g(2 + 1 ). This difference cannot be explained by either shell-model or collective-model calculations.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Uncertainty quantification for optical model parameters

Although uncertainty quantification has been making its way into nuclear theory, these methods have yet to be explored in the context of reaction theory. For example, it is well known that different parameterizations of the optical potential can result in different cross sections, but these differences have not been systematically studied and quantified. The purpose of our work is to investigate the uncertainties in nuclear reactions that result from fitting a given model to elastic-scattering data, as well as to study how these uncertainties propagate to the inelastic and transfer channels. We use statistical methods to determine a best fit and create corresponding 95% confidence bands. A simple model of the process is fit to elastic-scattering data and used to predict either inelastic or transfer cross sections. In this initial work, we assume that our model is correct, and the only uncertainties come from the variation of the fit parameters. Here, we study a number of reactions involving neutron and deuteron projectiles with energies in the range of 5–25 MeV/u, on targets with mass A=12–208. We investigate the correlations between the parameters in the fit. The case of deuterons on 12 C is discussed in detail: the elastic-scattering fit and the prediction of 12 C(d,p) 13 C transfer angular distributions, using both uncorrelated and correlated χ 2 minimization functions. The general features for all cases are compiled in a systematic manner to identify trends. This work shows that, in many cases, the correlated χ 2 functions (in comparison to the uncorrelated χ 2 functions) provide a more natural parameterization of the process. These correlated functions do, however, produce broader confidence bands. Further optimization may require improvement in the models themselves and/or more information included in the fit.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

First determination of ground state electromagnetic moments of Fe 53

Here, the hyperfine coupling constants of neutron deficient 53 Fe were deduced from the atomic hyperfine spectrum measured using the bunched-beam collinear laser spectroscopy technique. The low-energy 53 Fe beam was produced by projectile-fragmentation reactions followed by gas stopping, and used for the first time for laser spectroscopy. Ground state magnetic-dipole and electric-quadrupole moments were determined as μ= –0.65(1)μ N and Q=+35(15)e 2 fm 2 , respectively. The multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock method was used to calculate the electric field gradient to deduce Q from the quadrupole hyperfine coupling constant, since the quadrupole coupling constant has not been determined for any Fe isotopes. Both experimental values agree well with nuclear shell model calculations using the GXPF1A effective interaction performed in a full fp shell model space, which support the soft nature of the 56 Ni nucleus.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗