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NASA NTRS1987

Non-linear unsteady wing theory, part 1. Quasi two-dimensional behavior: Airfoils and slender wings

The initial phases of a study of the large-amplitude unsteady aerodynamics of wings in severe maneuver are reported. The research centers on vortex flows, their initiation at wing surfaces, their subsequent convection, and interaction dynamically with wings and control surfaces. The focus is on 2D and quasi-2D aspects of the problem and features the development of an exact nonlinear unsteady airfoil theory as well as an approach to the crossflow problem for slender wing applications including leading-edge separation. The effective use of interactive on-line computing in quantifying and visualizing the nonsteady effects of severe maneuver is demonstrated. Interactive computational work is now possible, in which a maneuver can be initiated and its effects observed and analyzed immediately.

Mccune, J. E.↗

NASA NTRS1990

ISOLEV - A level surface cutting plane program for fluid flow data

A computer program, ISOLEV, allows interactive visualization of CFD scalar and vector functions by means of user-specified sections of the data. The application is based on table lookups which govern both isosurface generation on hexahedral grid cells and recursive subdivision of the cells. The program supports Gouraud-shaded color maps of the data, surface-on-surface maps, and deformation surfaces of vector fields. The execution of the code for animated sweeps is improved by resorting to the cells in the database and maintaining an active set of cells to be rendered.

Kerlick, G. David↗

NASA NTRS1991

High performance computing system for flight simulation at NASA Langley

The computer architecture and components used in the NASA Langley Advanced Real-Time Simulation System (ARTSS) are briefly described and illustrated with diagrams and graphs. Particular attention is given to the advanced Convex C220 processing units, the UNIX-based operating system, the software interface to the fiber-optic-linked Computer Automated Measurement and Control system, configuration-management and real-time supervisor software, ARTSS hardware modifications, and the current implementation status. Simulation applications considered include the Transport Systems Research Vehicle, the Differential Maneuvering Simulator, the General Aviation Simulator, and the Visual Motion Simulator.

Cleveland, Jeff I., II↗

NASA NTRS2001

Microarthroscopy System With Image Processing Technology Developed for Minimally Invasive Surgery

In a joint effort, NASA, Micro Medical Devices, and the Cleveland Clinic have developed a microarthroscopy system with digital image processing. This system consists of a disposable endoscope the size of a needle that is aimed at expanding the use of minimally invasive surgery on the knee, ankle, and other small joints. This device not only allows surgeons to make smaller incisions (by improving the clarity and brightness of images), but it gives them a better view of the injured area to make more accurate diagnoses. Because of its small size, the endoscope helps reduce physical trauma and speeds patient recovery. The faster recovery rate also makes the system cost effective for patients. The digital image processing software used with the device was originally developed by the NASA Glenn Research Center to conduct computer simulations of satellite positioning in space. It was later modified to reflect lessons learned in enhancing photographic images in support of the Center's microgravity program. Glenn's Photovoltaic Branch and Graphics and Visualization Lab (G-VIS) computer programmers and software developers enhanced and speed up graphic imaging for this application. Mary Vickerman at Glenn developed algorithms that enabled Micro Medical Devices to eliminate interference and improve the images.

Steele, Gynelle C.↗

NASA NTRS2006

The Virtual Space Physics Observatory: Quick Access to Data and Tools

The Virtual Space Physics Observatory (VSPO; see http://vspo.gsfc.nasa.gov) has grown to provide a way to find and access about 375 data products and services from over 100 spacecraft/observatories in space and solar physics. The datasets are mainly chosen to be the most requested, and include most of the publicly available data products from operating NASA Heliophysics spacecraft as well as from solar observatories measuring across the frequency spectrum. Service links include a "quick orbits" page that uses SSCWeb Web Services to provide a rapid answer to questions such as "What spacecraft were in orbit in July 1992?" and "Where were Geotail, Cluster, and Polar on 2 June 2001?" These queries are linked back to the data search page. The VSPO interface provides many ways of looking for data based on terms used in a registry of resources using the SPASE Data Model that will be the standard for Heliophysics Virtual Observatories. VSPO itself is accessible via an API that allows other applications to use it as a Web Service; this has been implemented in one instance using the ViSBARD visualization program. The VSPO will become part of the Space Physics Data Facility, and will continue to expand its access to data. A challenge for all VOs will be to provide uniform access to data at the variable level, and we will be addressing this question in a number of ways.

Cornwell, Carl↗

NASA NTRS2012

Improving Balance Function Using Low Levels of Electrical Stimulation of the Balance Organs

Crewmembers returning from long-duration space flight face significant challenges due to the microgravity-induced inappropriate adaptations in balance/ sensorimotor function. The Neuroscience Laboratory at JSC is developing a method based on stochastic resonance to enhance the brain s ability to detect signals from the balance organs of the inner ear and use them for rapid improvement in balance skill, especially when combined with balance training exercises. This method involves a stimulus delivery system that is wearable/portable providing imperceptible electrical stimulation to the balance organs of the human body. Stochastic resonance (SR) is a phenomenon whereby the response of a nonlinear system to a weak periodic input signal is optimized by the presence of a particular non-zero level of noise. This phenomenon of SR is based on the concept of maximizing the flow of information through a system by a non-zero level of noise. Application of imperceptible SR noise coupled with sensory input in humans has been shown to improve motor, cardiovascular, visual, hearing, and balance functions. SR increases contrast sensitivity and luminance detection; lowers the absolute threshold for tone detection in normal hearing individuals; improves homeostatic function in the human blood pressure regulatory system; improves noise-enhanced muscle spindle function; and improves detection of weak tactile stimuli using mechanical or electrical stimulation. SR noise has been shown to improve postural control when applied as mechanical noise to the soles of the feet, or when applied as electrical noise at the knee and to the back muscles.

Bloomberg, Jacob↗

NASA NTRS2012

NASA Tech Briefs, October 2012

Topics discussed include: Detection of Chemical Precursors of Explosives; Detecting Methane From Leaking Pipelines and as Greenhouse Gas in the Atmosphere; Onboard Sensor Data Qualification in Human-Rated Launch Vehicles; Rugged, Portable, Real-Time Optical Gaseous Analyzer for Hydrogen Fluoride; A Probabilistic Mass Estimation Algorithm for a Novel 7-Channel Capacitive Sample Verification Sensor; Low-Power Architecture for an Optical Life Gas Analyzer; Online Cable Tester and Rerouter; A Three-Frequency Feed for Millimeter-Wave Radiometry; Capacitance Probe Resonator for Multichannel Electrometer; Inverted Three-Junction Tandem Thermophotovoltaic Modules; Fabrication of Single Crystal MgO Capsules; Inflatable Hangar for Assembly of Large Structures in Space; Mars Aqueous Processing System; Hybrid Filter Membrane; Design for the Structure and the Mechanics of Moballs; Pressure Dome for High-Pressure Electrolyzer; Cascading Tesla Oscillating Flow Diode for Stirling Engine Gas Bearings; Compact, Low-Force, Low-Noise Linear Actuator; Ultra-Compact Motor Controller; Extreme Ionizing-Radiation-Resistant Bacterium; Wideband Single-Crystal Transducer for Bone Characterization; Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting of Live Versus Dead Bacterial Cells and Spores; Nonhazardous Urine Pretreatment Method; Laser-Ranging Transponders for Science Investigations of the Moon and Mars; Ka-Band Waveguide Three-Way Serial Combiner for MMIC Amplifiers; Structural Health Monitoring with Fiber Bragg Grating and Piezo Arrays; Low-Gain Circularly Polarized Antenna with Torus-Shaped Pattern; Stereo and IMU- Assisted Visual Odometry for Small Robots; Global Swath and Gridded Data Tiling; GOES-R: Satellite Insight; Aquarius iPhone Application; Monitoring of International Space Station Telemetry Using Shewhart Control Charts; Theory of a Traveling Wave Feed for a Planar Slot Array Antenna; Time Manager Software for a Flight Processor; Simulation of Oxygen Disintegration and Mixing With Hydrogen or Helium at Supercritical Pressure; A Superfluid Pulse Tube Refrigerator Without Moving Parts for Sub-Kelvin Cooling; Sapphire Viewports for a Venus Probe; The Mobile Chamber; Electric Propulsion Induced Secondary Mass Spectroscopy; and Radiation-Tolerant DC-DC Converters.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS2016

Up Periscope! Designing a New Perceptual Metric for Imaging System Performance

Modern electronic imaging systems include optics, sensors, sampling, noise, processing, compression, transmission and display elements, and are viewed by the human eye. Many of these elements cannot be assessed by traditional imaging system metrics such as the MTF. More complex metrics such as NVTherm do address these elements, but do so largely through parametric adjustment of an MTF-like metric. The parameters are adjusted through subjective testing of human observers identifying specific targets in a set of standard images. We have designed a new metric that is based on a model of human visual pattern classification. In contrast to previous metrics, ours simulates the human observer identifying the standard targets. One application of this metric is to quantify performance of modern electronic periscope systems on submarines.

imaging↗

NASA NTRS2016

Hybrid Reality Lab Capabilities - Video 2

Our Hybrid Reality and Advanced Operations Lab is developing incredibly realistic and immersive systems that could be used to provide training, support engineering analysis, and augment data collection for various human performance metrics at NASA. To get a better understanding of what Hybrid Reality is, let's go through the two most commonly known types of immersive realities: Virtual Reality, and Augmented Reality. Virtual Reality creates immersive scenes that are completely made up of digital information. This technology has been used to train astronauts at NASA, used during teleoperation of remote assets (arms, rovers, robots, etc.) and other activities. One challenge with Virtual Reality is that if you are using it for real time-applications (like landing an airplane) then the information used to create the virtual scenes can be old (i.e. visualized long after physical objects moved in the scene) and not accurate enough to land the airplane safely. This is where Augmented Reality comes in. Augmented Reality takes real-time environment information (from a camera, or see through window, and places digitally created information into the scene so that it matches with the video/glass information). Augmented Reality enhances real environment information collected with a live sensor or viewport (e.g. camera, window, etc.) with the information-rich visualization provided by Virtual Reality. Hybrid Reality takes Augmented Reality even further, by creating a higher level of immersion where interactivity can take place. Hybrid Reality takes Virtual Reality objects and a trackable, physical representation of those objects, places them in the same coordinate system, and allows people to interact with both objects' representations (virtual and physical) simultaneously. After a short period of adjustment, the individuals begin to interact with all the objects in the scene as if they were real-life objects. The ability to physically touch and interact with digitally created objects that have the same shape, size, location to their physical object counterpart in virtual reality environment can be a game changer when it comes to training, planning, engineering analysis, science, entertainment, etc. Our Project is developing such capabilities for various types of environments. The video outlined with this abstract is a representation of an ISS Hybrid Reality experience. In the video you can see various Hybrid Reality elements that provide immersion beyond just standard Virtual Reality or Augmented Reality.

Delgado, Francisco J.↗

NASA NTRS2017

Medical Optimization Network for Space Telemedicine Resources

INTRODUCTION: Long-duration missions beyond low Earth orbit introduce new constraints to the space medical system. Beyond the traditional limitations in mass, power, and volume, consideration must be given to other factors such as the inability to evacuate to Earth, communication delays, and limitations in clinical skillsets. As NASA develops the medical system for an exploration mission, it must have an ability to evaluate the trade space of what resources will be most important. The Medical Optimization Network for Space Telemedicine Resources (MONSTR) was developed over the past year for this reason, and is now a system for managing data pertaining to medical resources and their relative importance when addressing medical conditions. METHODS: The MONSTR web application with a Microsoft SQL database backend was developed and made accessible to Tableau v9.3 for analysis and visualization. The database was initially populated with a list of medical conditions of concern for an exploration mission taken from the Integrated Medical Model (IMM), a probabilistic model designed to quantify in-flight medical risk. A team of physicians working within the Exploration Medical Capability Element of NASA's Human Research Program compiled a list diagnostic and treatment medical resources required to address best- and worst-case scenarios of each medical condition using a terrestrial standard of care and entered this data into the system. This list included both tangible resources (e.g. medical equipment, medications) and intangible resources (e.g. clinical skills required to perform a procedure). The physician team then assigned criticality values to each instance of a resource, representing the importance of that resource to diagnosing or treating its associated condition(s). Medical condition probabilities of occurrence during a Mars mission were pulled from the IMM and imported into the MONSTR database for use within a resource criticality-weighting algorithm. DISCUSSION: The MONSTR tool is a novel approach to assess the relative value of individual resources needed for the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions. Future work will add resources for prevention and long term care of these conditions. Once data collection is complete, MONSTR will provide the operational and research communities at NASA with information to support informed decisions regarding areas of research investment, future crew training, and medical supplies manifested as part of any exploration medical system.

Rubin, D.↗

NASA NTRS2017

The Importance of Earth Observations and Data Collaboration within Environmental Intelligence Supporting Arctic Research

Within the IARPC Collaboration Team activities of 2016, Arctic in-situ and remote earth observations advanced topics such as :1) exploring the role for new and innovative autonomous observing technologies in the Arctic; 2) advancing catalytic national and international community based observing efforts in support of the National Strategy for the Arctic Region; and 3) enhancing the use of discovery tools for observing system collaboration such as the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Arctic Environmental Response Management Application (ERMA) and the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Arctic Collaborative Environment (ACE) project geo reference visualization decision support and exploitation internet based tools. Critical to the success of these earth observations for both in-situ and remote systems is the emerging of new and innovative data collection technologies and comprehensive modeling as well as enhanced communications and cyber infrastructure capabilities which effectively assimilate and dissemination many environmental intelligence products in a timely manner. The Arctic Collaborative Environment (ACE) project is well positioned to greatly enhance user capabilities for accessing, organizing, visualizing, sharing and producing collaborative knowledge for the Arctic.

Casas, Joseph↗

NASA NTRS2017

Online Visualization and Value Added Services of MERRA-2 Data at GES DISC

NASA climate reanalysis datasets from MERRA-2, distributed at the Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC), have been used in broad research areas, such as climate variations, extreme weather, agriculture, renewable energy, and air quality, etc. The datasets contain numerous variables for atmosphere, land, and ocean, grouped into 95 products. The total archived volume is approximately 337 TB ( approximately 562K files) at the end of October 2017. Due to the large number of products and files, and large data volumes, it may be a challenge for a user to find and download the data of interest. The support team at GES DISC, working closely with the MERRA-2 science team, has created and is continuing to work on value added data services to best meet the needs of a broad user community. This presentation, using aerosol over Asia Monsoon as an example, provides an overview of the MERRA-2 data services at GES DISC, including: How to find the data? How many data access methods are provided? What are the best data access methods for me? How do download the subsetted (parameter, spatial, temporal) data and save in preferred spatial resolution and data format? How to visualize and explore the data online? In addition, we introduce a future online analytic tool designed for supporting application research, focusing on long-term hourly time-series data access and analysis.

Shen, Suhung↗

NASA NTRS2020

An Update on Global Satellite-Based Precipitation Products and Services at NASA GES DISC

The NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC) is home to major NASA satellite precipitation measurement missions including the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) as well as other NASA projects. Accurate and timely available global and regional precipitation products play an important role in research and applications around the world. The GES DISC provides near-real-time, near-global precipitation products (e.g.IMERG) to support a wide variety of interdisciplinary research and operational activities including flood modeling, landslides, crop monitoring and assessment, vector-borne diseases, etc. Climate data record products (e.g.GPCP3) are essential for climate research, assessment, model evaluation and applications. To facilitate data access and exploration, the GES DISC has developed data services such asGiovanni, an online visualization and analysis tool for easy access to over 2000 satellite- and model-based variables. Established in the mid 1980s, the GES DISC also distributes data in other disciplines including hydrology, atmospheric chemistry, atmospheric dynamics, etc. In this presentation, we will present an update on global precipitation products and data services including the new IMERG V06B suite, the latest version of GPCP (Version 3) and value-added data subsetting services (L34RS, L2S).

Liu, Zhong↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

GeneLab: Current and Future Omics Data Integration Between Space Biology and HRP

For the past five years, the Biological and Physical Sciences Division has pioneered Open Science in Space Biology by funding the NASA GeneLab project. Along with the Ames Life Sciences Data Archive, GeneLab has quickly become the world leader in archiving and scientifically curating spaceflight and spaceflight relevant multi-omics data. Specifically, the GeneLab Data System has become a full enterprise solution providing advanced mining capabilities, several application programming interfaces for data federation and machine learning approaches, and delivering to the world an analytical and visualization platform which has enabled collaboration within the scientific community. Over the past three years, large meta-analysis and modeling studies have been published by the GeneLab Analysis Working Groups (AWGs), which are comprised of ~200 volunteer scientists. One natural extension of GeneLab data reuse has recently turned towards linking animal data with human data, which is the next necessary step to further validate animal models for inferring biological risks to humans conducting LEO, lunar or Martian missions. As such, data from the Human Research Program are an essential component of GeneLab and ALSDA. At the moment, simulated space radiation experiments conducted at Brookhaven National Laboratory make the most of HRP GeneLab data, and the scientific community has been eager to also link their animal spaceflight results to actual Astronaut data and human analog data. We will discuss further the current status of knowledge and future approaches to accelerate our basics understanding of the impact of space stressors on humans using latest omics technology.

omics↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Bhutan Agriculture II: Creating a Graphical User Interface, Crop Mask, and Data Collection Protocol for Analysis of Rice Crop in Bhutan Using Remotely Sensed Data

Agriculture is an important sector in Bhutan, accounting for 19.63% of Bhutan’s GDP in 2020 (World Bank) while also providing livelihoods for approximately 57% of the population (World Bank, 2017). The Department of Agriculture (DoA) in Bhutan still relies on in-field reporting for crop monitoring, which is time-consuming and labour intensive. To promote efficiency in these efforts, the team partnered with the DoA, the Bhutan Foundation, and the Ugyen Wangchuck Institute of Conservation and Environmental Research (UWICER). The team, with the help of the science advisors from NASA SERVIR, expanded the crop mask created in the previous term to the whole country of Bhutan and streamlined the sampling protocols for applicability to any available crop data. The team also created a graphical user interface (GUI) which provided a visual representation of current trends and rice distribution across Bhutan. The team utilized NASA Earth observations, including Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM), Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI), and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), as well as other Earth observations including Sentinel-1 C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (C-SAR). This project refined the previous term’s methodology to help supplement crop monitoring and increase the frequency of data collected to aid decision-making processes with the use of remote sensing data.

Wangdrak Dorji↗

NASA NTRS1990

ATS displays: A reasoning visualization tool for expert systems

Reasoning visualization is a useful tool that can help users better understand the inherently non-sequential logic of an expert system. While this is desirable in most all expert system applications, it is especially so for such critical systems as those destined for space-based operations. A hierarchical view of the expert system reasoning process and some characteristics of these various levels is presented. Also presented are Abstract Time Slice (ATS) displays, a tool to visualize the plethora of interrelated information available at the host inferencing language level of reasoning. The usefulness of this tool is illustrated with some examples from a prototype potable water expert system for possible use aboard Space Station Freedom.

Selig, William John↗

DOE OSTI2023

IsoMatchMS : Open-Source Software for Automated Annotation and Visualization of High Resolution MALDI-MS Spectra

Due to its speed, accuracy, and adaptability to various sample types, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) has become a popular method to identify molecular isotope profiles from biological samples. Often MALDI-MS data do not include tandem MS fragmentation data, and thus the identification of compounds in samples requires external databases so that the accurate mass of detected signals can be matched to known molecular compounds. Most relevant MALDI-MS software tools developed to confirm compound identifications are focused on small molecules (e.g., metabolites, lipids) and cannot be easily adapted to protein data due to their more complex isotopic distributions. Here, we present an R package called IsoMatchMS for the automated annotation of MALDI-MS data for multiple datatypes: intact proteins, peptides, and glycans. This tool accepts already derived molecular formulas or, for proteomics applications, can derive molecular formulas from a list of input peptides or proteins including proteins with post-translational modifications. In conclusion, visualization of all matched isotopic profiles is provided in a highly accessible HTML format called a trelliscope display, which allows users to filter and sort by several parameters such as match scores and the number of peaks matched. IsoMatchMS simplifies the annotation and visualization of MALDI-MS data for downstream analyses.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

NASA NTRS1975

Application of ERTS-1 and multiplexed SLAR imagery for the study of flooded shorelines

The major purpose of this study is to determine the accuracy of visual interpretations of data from two different sensors (ERTS-1; ERIM's multiplexed SLAR) for the study of flooded shorelines. Uncomplicated and primarily visual interpretation techniques are employed. These methods are considered most readily available to officials of local and small regional organizations who may need rapid reconnaissance mapping and information for the organization of disaster relief. Assumptions concerning the timely receipt of such remotely sensed data by those directing the relief have been made. Generally, it is determined that ERTS-1 and SLAR data are complementary, especially with respect to the interpretation of urban or built-up areas which are flooded, and together they can provide the necessary information for guiding relief operations.

Bryan, M. L.↗