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At least 1,099 records · Page 61

Addressing Human and Organizational Factors In Nuclear Industry Modernization: A Sociotechnically-Based Strategic Framework

The modernization of nuclear power plants will require an advanced concept of operations, involving an integrated set of tightly coupled systems in which all stakeholders act in a coordinated manner. For this modernization effort to be enabled, we developed a human and organizational factors approach, based on a broad sociotechnical framework. Starting from core human factors principles, we conducted a literature review of the methods and approaches relevant to the modernization problem. These included core disciplines such as cognitive systems engineering, systems theoretic accident modeling and processes (STAMP), human systems integration, resilience engineering, and macroergonomics but also related topics of safety culture and organizational change. From this literature, we developed a conceptual framework centered around the work system with its four interacting components: people, technology, process, and governance. In an effective work system, these four components are jointly optimized according to three systems criteria: efficiency, effectiveness, and safety. System failure may result from excessive emphasis on any one criterion. The actual work of attaining joint optimization in a given work system can be accomplished by utilizing three high level functions: knowledge elicitation, knowledge representation, and cross-functional integration. We illustrated the utility of this approach by applying it to practical problems and case studies. The complete report is available in [1]; this paper is a description of our approach and report contents.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

U.S. department of energy safety design strategy review and approval beyond critical decision 3 for the high-level waste facility - 15525

The Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP) in Hanford, Washington, is the nation's largest environmental remediation construction project. In 2012, at the WTP's High-Level Waste (HLW) Facility, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of River Protection (ORP) restricted construction work at the Hazard Category 2 nuclear facility because of unresolved technical issues associated with the facility and of misalignment of the design and nuclear safety basis. By 2013, as additional issues were discovered, ORP limited HLW design and procurement activities. Addressing the technical issues and the misalignment of the design basis with the Preliminary Documented Safety Analysis (PDSA) is a priority for ORP. A proposal was developed to use the concept of a safety design strategy (SDS), as documented in DOE-STD-1189-2008, Integration of Safety into the Design Process, as a planning mechanism to support facility design and PDSA alignment. The standard provides the processes to develop an SDS that will ensure safety is integrated into design early in the project, by the start of preliminary design. Ultimately, as design progresses, an SDS is intended to support development of the project's PDSA. However, in this unique case, the HLW Facility design and construction phase has progressed beyond Critical Decision 3 and DOE-STD-1189-2008 was issued in 2008; 6 years after ORP approved the first WTP PDSA. In July 2013, ORP and the contractor recognized that the unresolved technical issues and design - safety basis misalignment should be addressed through a renewed look at nuclear safety requirements, and agreed that developing an SDS tailored to the criteria in DOE-STD-1189-2008 provided the best path forward to better integrate design and safety. Development of the SDS for the HLW Facility was one of many goals ORP established in a plan that describes how ORP will determine whether, and under what conditions, the contractor should be authorized to proceed with production engineering, procurement, and construction activities for the HLW Facility. Over the next several months, the contractor developed the draft SDS, identifying design basis accidents and control strategies for those accidents. ORP monitored progress and, when appropriate, provided recommendations. In April 2014, the contractor provided a draft SDS to ORP for initial review by an independent DOE Review Team. The Review Team was comprised of representatives from nuclear safety, criticality safety, engineering, fire protection, the Office of Environmental Management, the Assistant Manager WTP, and the DOE Chief of Nuclear Safety. A unique draft document review and interactive review process, facilitated through work sessions and continuous communication with the contractor, culminated in the development of 147 technical comments on topics varying from SDS implementation to hydrogen deflagration in vessels. Comment resolution sought to improve project clarity, delineation of control strategies, and, holistically, facilitate integration of safety into design in the SDS, as it will guide the restart of the HLW Facility production engineering and limited procurement and construction activities. All comments were resolved in support of a contractor submission of the final SDS to ORP at the end of June 2014. Successful resolution of these comments was achieved by continuing the real-time response and incorporation interaction with the contractor to ensure that mutual objectives were satisfied. The response times were facilitated through telephone, E-mail, and a shared file server accessible to contractor and DOE reviewers across the DOE complex. As a measure of success of this process, the Safety Basis Approval Authority (ORP Manager) and the WTP Federal Project Director approved the SDS on August 1, 2014, with no conditions of approval. DOE and the contractor recognized that it would be difficult to implement the SDS without changes to the existing contractor's engineering and nuclear safety processes. Accordingly, the contractor developed or revised a significant number of engineering and nuclear safety plans and procedures to implement the SDS into the design process. Over the coming year, the contractor will conduct a gap analysis between the SDS and the presently approved PDSA to incorporate the design basis accidents and preferred control strategies developed from the SDS into the PDSA. In addition, ORP will conduct an assessment of the contractor's implementation of the SDS into the design process at the appropriate stage of implementation, within 6 to 12 months of approval. Although the SDS was developed late in the HLW project timeline, the document will facilitate alignment of design and the safety basis, and is a key step in the return to full production engineering for the HLW Facility. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Sustainable aviation fuels from biomass and biowaste via bio- and chemo-catalytic conversion: Catalysis, process challenges, and opportunities

Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) production from biomass and biowaste streams is an attractive option for decarbonizing the aviation sector, one of the most-difficult-to-electrify transportation sectors. Despite ongoing commercialization efforts using ASTM-certified pathways (e.g., lipid conversion, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis), production capacities are still inadequate due to limited feedstock supply and high production costs. New conversion technologies that utilize lignocellulosic feedstocks are needed to meet these challenges and satisfy the rapidly growing market. Combining bio- and chemo-catalytic approaches can leverage advantages from both methods, i.e., high product selectivity via biological conversion, and the capability to build C-C chains more efficiently via chemical catalysis. Herein, conversion routes, catalysis, and processes for such pathways are discussed, while key challenges and meaningful R&D opportunities are identified to guide future research activities in the space. Bio and chemo-catalytic conversion primarily utilize the carbohydrate fraction of lignocellulose, leaving lignin as a waste product. This makes lignin conversion to SAF critical in order to utilize whole biomass, thereby lowering overall production costs while maximizing carbon efficiencies. Thus, lignin valorization strategies are also reviewed herein with vital research areas identified, such as facile lignin depolymerization approaches, highly integrated conversion systems, novel process configurations, and catalysts for the selective cleavage of aryl C–O bonds. The potential efficiency improvements available via integrated conversion steps, such as combined biological and chemo-catalytic routes, along with the use of different parallel pathways, are identified as key to producing all components of a cost-effective, 100% SAF.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

Janus: A Python Package for Agent-Based Modeling of Land Use and Land Cover Change

Janus is an open source Python package for agent-based modeling (ABM) of land use and land cover change (LULCC). Many ABMs of LULCC have been created across platforms, some of which are not ideal for large scale, high resolution scenarios. This model provides a simple object-oriented framework for creating ABMs specific to LULCC. The organizational philosophy of the modeling framework is to create software objects (agents) that are associated with specific and contextual attributes which are isolated from where those agents exist in the spatial setting of the model, yet provide clear linkages between the agent, their environment, and other agents in the simulation. In this way, the framework allows for assembly of LULCC ABMs with low (programmatic) overhead, making the models extensible and providing clear mechanisms for integrating them with process-oriented biophysical models. Provided with Janus is a suite of geospatial data preprocessing tools that can use arbitrary land cover products as an input. Crop choice decisions are based on potential crop prices, these can be created synthetically, or drawn from integrated human-Earth systems models such as the GCAM. Janus is publicly accessible through GitHub and provides an example dataset for testing.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Verification and validation of the open-source plasma fluid code: Zapdos

Zapdos is an open-source finite element plasma fluid solver based on the MOOSE multiphysics framework. This paper outlines Zapdos verification, benchmarking, and validation efforts for 1D and 2D RF capacitively coupled plasma discharge models for mid-range pressures (0.1 - 1 Torr). The verification process involved using the method of manufactured solutions to assess Zapdos spatial and temporal error convergence. L2 errors ranged from 10 -2 to 10 -4 , while the convergence’s slope were in agreement with the predicted slopes for the tested variable and time integration orders. The benchmarking process involved comparisons to previously results from the validated finite element code, LSODI. These works included 1D and 2D simulations for a range of plasma parameters (densities, temperatures, voltage, etc.). For the 1D cases, Zapdos and LSODI results were in very good agreement. In the 2D cases, variable behaviors matched, with slight discrepancies in peak values. The validation process involved comparisons to experimental works including electron density measurements by microwave interferometry and metastable density measurements by planar laser-induced fluorescence imaging. Results shown reasonable agreement at higher pressure, with results starting to diverge at low pressures. Furthermore, probable causes for this diverges are the limitation of the fluid assumption for plasmas at low pressure, or the need for more robust boundary conditions. Overall, Zapdos shown reasonable results for the verification, benchmarking, and validation efforts, and Zapdos can be downloaded at https://github.com/shannon-lab/zapdos.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Engineering Ultrathin Polyaniline in Micro/Mesoporous Carbon Supercapacitor Electrodes Using Oxidative Chemical Vapor Deposition

In this work, oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD) is demonstrated to enable the integration of nanometer-thin polyaniline (PANI) that significantly improves charge storage capacity of supercapacitors utilizing carbide-derived carbon (CDC) with a bimodal (micro/mesoporous) pore size distribution. To our knowledge, this work is the first reported synthesis of PANI via oCVD. The oCVD process allows for the integration of PANI into pores as small as 1.7 nm, and resulting CDC/PANI electrodes have a gravimetric capacitance more than twice that of bare CDC (136 F g -1 for 11 wt% of PANI in the CDC electrode versus 60 F g -1 for bare Mo 2 C-CDC at 10 mV s -1 ). This yields a PANI-only gravimetric capacitance of ≈690 F g -1 , which is close to the theoretical value of 750 F g -1 . The coating preserves the native electrode surface area and pore size distribution, while improving capacitance due to the faradaic redox reactions of PANI. Even at high scan rates of over 100 mV s -1 , the added pseudocapacitance from PANI remains evident. Finally, the composite electrode exhibits good cyclability, decreasing to 90% of the initial value (≈100 F g -1 ) after 10 000 cycles.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Gravitation and Mesh Adaption

The Gravitation and Mesh Adaptation (GaMA) toolbox consists of a set of Matlab classes for modeling the environment around asteroids and comets. A variety of gravitational models and supporting algorithms from are consolidated alongside a custom meshing utility tailored for the application. This allows the user to work within a single streamlined environment to import and manipulate surface definitions, probe the dynamical environment, integrate trajectories, and post-process results. For other applications, modified surface meshes can be exported. Gravity Models: 1) Werner's analytic polyhedron model 2) Mascon model 3) Gottlieb's spherical harmonic model 4) Approximate polyhedron models 5) Curvilinear surface models 6) Custom composite models Meshing Features: 1) Array-based half-edge data structure 2) Supports curvilinear surface definitions up to degree 4 3) Ray-tracing 4) Coarsening 5) Feature-based refinement 6) Projection 7) Smoothing 8) Mesh quality validity tests 9) Mesh repair Additional Features: 1) Solar radiation pressure model 2) Distant 3rd body model 3) Collision detection 4) Trajectory integration and post-processing 5) Visualization of surface fields

Pearl, Jason↗

Strangeness-changing rates and hyperonic bulk viscosity in neutron star mergers

In this paper we present a computation of the rates of strangeness-changing processes and the resultant bulk viscosity in matter at the densities and temperatures typical of neutron star mergers. To deal with the high temperature in this environment we go beyond the Fermi surface approximation in our rate calculations and numerically evaluate the full phase space integral. Here, we include processes where quarks move between baryons via meson exchange: these have generally been omitted in previous analyses but provide the dominant contribution to the rates of strangeness-changing processes and the bulk viscosity. The calculation of these rates is an essential step towards any calculation of dissipation mechanisms in hyperonic matter in mergers. As one application, we calculate the dissipation times for density oscillations at the frequencies seen in merger simulations. We find that hyperon bulk viscosity for temperatures in the MeV regime can probably be neglected in this context, but becomes highly relevant for keV-range temperatures.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Reconstructing Masses of Merging Neutron Stars from Stellar r -process Abundance Signatures

We report that neutron star mergers (NSMs) are promising astrophysical sites for the rapid neutron-capture ("r") process, but can their integrated yields explain the majority of heavy-element material in the Galaxy? One method to address this question implements a forward approach that propagates NSM rates and yields along with stellar formation rates and compares those results with observed chemical abundances of r-process-rich, metal-poor stars. In this work, we take the inverse approach by utilizing r-process-element abundance ratios of metal-poor stars as input to reconstruct the properties -especially the masses - of their neutron star (NS) binary progenitors. This novel analysis provides an independent avenue for studying the population of the original NS binary systems that merged and produced the r-process material now incorporated in Galactic metal-poor halo stars. We use ratios of elements typically associated with the limited-r-process and the actinide region to those in the lanthanide region (i.e., Zr/Dy and Th/Dy) to probe the NS masses of the progenitor merger. We find that NSMs can account for all r-process material in metal-poor stars that display r-process signatures, while simultaneously reproducing the present-day distribution of double-NS systems. Notably, with our model assumptions and the studied stellar sample, we postulate that the most r-process enhanced stars (the r–II stars) on their own would require progenitor NSMs of asymmetric systems that are distinctly different from present ones in the Galaxy. We also explore variations to the model and find that the predicted degree of asymmetry is most sensitive to the electron fraction of the remnant disk wind.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Assessment of Existing OpenStudio Measures: Reviews, Interviews, and Future Developments

OpenStudio Measure development is continuously in progress and greatly propelled by the collaborative efforts within the building energy modeling community. To ensure the widespread adoption and benefit of OpenStudio Measures, developers must understand the current status of Measure development and the needs of OpenStudio Measure users. The first step involves a comprehensive review of existing content to prevent redundancy and gain insights into how OpenStudio Measures are used in the building energy modeling community. This knowledge can then be integrated into the Measure development process, and the expertise of practitioners and OpenStudio Measure users can be leveraged to shape future Measures. Numerous OpenStudio Measures have been created and shared on the Building Component Library (BCL). The BCL is an open-source repository housing various OpenStudio-related resources, including building component blocks, descriptive metadata, and Measures describing modifications to building energy models. The OpenStudio Measures in BCL encompass a wide range of energy conservation Measures from basic lighting power reduction to complex HVAC model transformation. They also enable users to generate customized reports and facilitate the integration of energy simulation with other analytical processes. This report presents review of 272 currently available OpenStudio Measures in BCL. The OpenStudio Measures were reviewed by category and subcategory. These Measures are summarized by their functionalities and keywords. To gain insights into how OpenStudio Measures are used in building energy modeling community, interviews were conducted. A total of 12 interview responses were collected from 6 individuals in the industry and 6 individuals in academia. The knowledge acquired from reviewing the existing Measures and interview results will be integrated into the Measure development process, and the expertise of practitioners and OpenStudio Measure users will be leveraged to shape future Measures.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

Open Source Visualization and Analysis Platform for 3D Reconstructions of Materials by Transmission Electron Microscopy

Three-dimensional characterization of materials at the nano- and meso-scale has become possible with transmission and scanning transmission electron microscopes (S/TEM). Its importance has extended to a wide class of nanomaterials such as hydrogen fuel cells, solar cells, industrial catalysts, new battery materials and semiconductor devices, as well as spanning high-tech industry, universities, and national labs. While capable instrumentation is abundant, this rapidly expanding demand for high-resolution tomography is bottlenecked by software that is instead tailored for lower-dose, biological applications and not optimized for higher-resolution materials applications. Existing tomography fails to utilize the chemical information provided by S/TEM spectrometers. To address this problem, this project delivered a scalable, fully functional, freely-distributable, open Source materials tomography package with a modern user interface that enables automated acquisition, alignment, and real-time reconstruction of raw tomography data, and provides advanced segmentation, three-dimensional chemical visualization and analysis optimized for materials applications. It has established an extendable framework capable of automation for high-throughput for the tomography of materials from data acquisition to visualization. Phase I and II delivered a full-featured, cross-platform, clean and integrated application for S/TEM materials tomography. It can read projection data from the microscope, with graphical tools for alignment of data, tomographic reconstruction, segmentation, and visualization of the reconstructed 3D volume. The entire pipeline can be saved to an XML state file, enabling fully reproducible data processing and analysis with a full Python environment for the development of custom algorithms, processing, and analysis requirements. Phase IIB extended the application to provide real-time tomographic reconstruction, "live updates" as data is processed, analysis of big data, and multi-channel tomography. Here, quantitative assessment of nanomaterials can occur as data is being recorded on a 3D visualization platform that accommodates additional information from multiple channels. We provide unmatched high-throughput tomography, where the complete tomographic pipeline from measurement to 3D visualization can occur rapidly. The project was extended to offer capabilities for micro-CT, X-ray, neutron, focused ion beam, atomic electron tomography and atom probe tomography. With over 600 transmission electron microscopes worldwide and approximately 50 coming online each year, the demand and impact of an open-source tomography tool is large. Significant opportunities exist in high-tech industry, universities, and national labs to enable or enhance three-dimensional imaging at the nanoscale and bring automated high-throughput approaches that will accelerate progress in materials characterization and metrology. The project supports a service based business model by enabling lab-specific acquisition and processing customization and integration-support and development that will be provided into Phase III and beyond.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Decoding Resilience by Modeling Outage and Restoration Processes in Distribution Grids: A Pittsburgh Case Study

Climate-induced extreme weather events, such as floods and heatwaves, pose significant challenges to the resilience of urban power distribution grids. This paper examines the outage and restoration dynamics of Pittsburgh's power grid during the flood event in April 2024 and three heatwaves in June, July, and August 2024. We introduce a comprehensive modeling framework that integrates outage and restoration processes, enabling the quantification of resilience metrics, including total customer-hours of power outage, maximum residual values, and restoration durations across various ZIP codes. Our analysis highlights spatial disparities in outage impacts and restoration efficiencies, with ZIP Code 15222 experiencing the highest cumulative disruptions, while ZIP Code 15217 shows lower susceptibility. By linking statistical trends with weather events, this study underscores the critical need for targeted infrastructure upgrades and advanced restoration strategies. Furthermore, the proposed framework offers valuable insights for planning and managing resilient power systems in the face of increasing climate stress.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

Guest Editorial

Energy Systems Integration (ESI) is the process of coordinating the operation and planning of energy systems across multiple pathways and/or geographical scales to deliver reliable, cost-effective energy services with minimal impact on the environment. Energy systems have evolved from individual systems with little or no dependencies into a complex set of integrated systems at scales that include customers, cities, and regions. This evolution has been driven by political, economic, and environmental objectives. As we try to meet the globally recognized imperative to reduce carbon emissions through the deployment of large renewable energy capacities while also maintaining reliability and competitiveness, flexible energy systems are required. This flexibility can be attained through integrating various systems: by physically linking energy vectors, namely electricity, heat, and fuels; by coordinating these vectors across other infrastructures, namely water, data, and transport; by institutionally coordinating energy markets; and, spatially, by increasing market footprint with granularity all the way down to the customer level. Smart grids and ESI are related, in particular, the coupling between electricity, consumers, data and transport. This special section focuses on the aspects of ESI where electricity is coupled to water, heat and fuels and where this coupling brings challenges and/or opportunities.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

Surface integrity and fatigue behaviour of electric discharged machined and milled austenitic stainless steel

Machining of austenitic stainless steels can result in different surface integrities and different machining process parameters will have a great impact on the component fatigue life. Understanding how machining processes affect the cyclic behaviour and microstructure are of outmost importance in order to improve existing and new life estimation models. Milling and electrical discharge machining (EDM) have been used to manufacture rectangular four-point bend fatigue test samples; subjected to high cycle fatigue. Before fatigue testing, surface integrity characterisation of the two surface conditions was conducted using scanning electron microscopy, surface roughness, residual stress profiles, and hardness profiles. Differences in cyclic behaviour were observed between the two surface conditions by the fatigue testing. The milled samples exhibited a fatigue limit. EDM samples did not show the same behaviour due to ratcheting. Recrystallized nano sized grains were identified at the severely plastically deformed surface of the milled samples. Large amounts of bent mechanical twins were observed ~ 5 μm below the surface. Grain shearing and subsequent grain rotation from milling bent the mechanical twins. EDM samples showed much less plastic deformation at the surface. Surface tensile residual stresses of ~ 500 MPa and ~ 200 MPa for the milled and EDM samples respectively were measured. - Highlights: •Milled samples exhibit fatigue behaviour, but not EDM samples. •Four-point bending is not suitable for materials exhibiting pronounced ratcheting. •LAGB density can be used to quantitatively measure plastic deformation. •Grain shearing and rotation result in bent mechanical twins. •Nano sized grains evolve due to the heat of the operation.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

A co-registered in-situ and ex-situ dataset from wire arc additive manufacturing process

Recent progress in sensing techniques and data analytics tools have significantly accelerated the development of Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) systems. This data-centric approach emphasizes leveraging sensor data available throughout the production process to optimize performance. Integration of extensive data analysis provides opportunities for improving precision, reducing waste, and enhancing the quality of produced parts. This method relies on AI/ML models and optimization techniques, which are developed using the data collected from various sources, including in-situ sensors, ex-situ imaging, and manufacturing process parameters. The quality and diversity of this data, along with the alignment between different data streams (achieved through spatiotemporal registration) are critical for the successful development of AI/ML and optimization models. In this work, we present a spatiotemporally registered dataset generated during the WAAM process of deposition of a rectangular block. The dataset includes a comprehensive description of the deposition process, process parameters, welding characteristics and acoustic data collected in-situ, and X-Ray Computed Tomography data of the build.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Feature Detection From LiDAR Point Cloud and Aerial Imagery Using Distance Dependent Chinese Restaurant Process [Slides]

It is possible to integrate data captured by UAS from multiple data modalities spatially. We can detect features by combining information across images and LiDAR point clouds. Performance issues exist with the current algorithms in place & could be improved. We hope to test it for at least 500 iterations. Post processing of data takes enormous efforts in case of data generated by proprietary software tools…We intend to develop a better framework for seamless integration.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

A Co-Registered In-Situ and Ex-Situ Dataset of Electrical, Acoustic, and CT Characteristics from Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Process

Recent progress in sensing techniques and data analytics tools have significantly accelerated the development of Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) systems. This data centric approach emphasizes leveraging available data throughout the production process to optimize performance. Integration of extensive data analysis provides the opportunity to improve precision, reduce waste, and enhance the quality of produced parts. This method relies on AI/ML models and optimization techniques, which are developed using the data collected from various sources, including in-situ sensors, ex-situ imaging, and manufacturing process parameters. The quality and diversity of this data, along with the alignment between different data streams (achieved through spatiotemporal registration) are critical for the successful development of AI/ML and optimization models. In this work, we present a spatiotemporally registered dataset generated during the WAAM process of deposition of a rectangular block. The dataset includes the comprehensive description of deposition process, process parameters, in-situ collected welding characteristics, acoustic data, and X-Ray Computed Tomography analysis data for the build. Dataset A Co-Registered In-Situ and Ex-Situ Dataset of Electrical, Acoustic, and CT Characteristics from Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Process has arisen under UT-Battelle, LLC’s Prime Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to manage and operate the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. UT-Battelle, LLC will not assert any rights under United States law or under the Prime Contract it has in the dataset against any user of the dataset, including any copyrights or patent rights. UT-Battelle, LLC requests that attribution to the dataset is provided as academically appropriate.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Data for Physiological Controls on Carbon Fluxes and Biomass Production in Miscanthus: Insights From a Process- Based Agroecosystem Model

Biomass crops serve as essential feedstocks for renewable energy and bioproducts and play a critical role in achieving lower emissions in the transportation sector. However, dedicated perennial biomass crops such as Miscanthus × giganteus (Miscanthus) remain underrepresented in process- based agroecosystem models, limiting robust evaluation of their economic and environmental performance. In this study, we developed a data- constrained representation of the sterile triploid Miscanthus (IL clone) within the process- based model ecosys, integrating global sensitivity analysis, ensemble simulation, and parameter calibration. Planting, harvesting, and fertilization practices consistent with field management were incorporated, and phenology was constrained using PhenoCam- derived Green Chromatic Coordinate (GCC) data. Using the Morris global sensitivity analysis method, we identified 11 key physiological parameters governing plant carbon, water, and nutrient relations, particularly processes associated with CO2 assimilation. We then conducted ensemble simulations by perturbing these parameters and calibrated the model against eddy covariance fluxes and field- measured biomass. Building on the calibrated operating state, parameter- response analyses show that different photosynthetic processes influence productivity in different ways. Protein allocation determines whether productivity increases toward a higher level, whereas electron transport capacity controls additional gains once protein allocation approaches saturation. These findings demonstrate that parameter importance depends on physiological context and on which photosynthetic processes remain limiting. Calibration and validation against observations show that ecosys can reliably reproduce carbon and water fluxes, as well as both above- and belowground biomass, with post- calibration GPP R2 improving from 0.67 to 0.95 during the calibration period and remaining high during validation (R2 = 0.95). These results provide a mechanistic foundation for regional simulations and sustainable bioenergy assessments.

Carbon↗