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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,099 records · Page 61
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Genome-scale metabolic rewiring improves titers rates and yields of the non-native product indigoidine at scale

Abstract High titer, rate, yield (TRY), and scalability are challenging metrics to achieve due to trade-offs between carbon use for growth and production. To achieve these metrics, we take the minimal cut set (MCS) approach that predicts metabolic reactions for elimination to couple metabolite production strongly with growth. We compute MCS solution-sets for a non-native product indigoidine, a sustainable pigment, in Pseudomonas putida KT2440, an emerging industrial microbe. From the 63 solution-sets, our omics guided process identifies one experimentally feasible solution requiring 14 simultaneous reaction interventions. We implement a total of 14 genes knockdowns using multiplex-CRISPRi. MCS-based solution shifts production from stationary to exponential phase. We achieve 25.6 g/L, 0.22 g/l/h, and ~50% maximum theoretical yield (0.33 g indigoidine/g glucose). These phenotypes are maintained from batch to fed-batch mode, and across scales (100-ml shake flasks, 250-ml ambr®, and 2-L bioreactors).

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Non-linear relationships between daily temperature extremes and US agricultural yields uncovered by global gridded meteorological datasets

Global agricultural commodity markets are highly integrated among major producers. Prices are driven by aggregate supply rather than what happens in individual countries in isolation. Furthermore, estimating the effects of weather-induced shocks on production, trade patterns and prices hence requires a globally representative weather data set. Recently, two data sets that provide daily or hourly records, GMFD and ERA5-Land, became available. Starting with the US, a data rich region, we formally test whether these global data sets are as good as more fine-scaled country-specific data in explaining yields and whether they estimate similar response functions. While GMFD and ERA5-Land have lower predictive skill for US corn and soybeans yields than the fine-scaled PRISM data, they still correctly uncover the underlying non-linear temperature relationship. All specifications using daily temperature extremes under any of the weather data sets outperform models that use a quadratic in average temperature. Correctly capturing the effect of daily extremes has a larger effect than the choice of weather data. In a second step, focusing on Sub Saharan Africa, a data sparse region, we confirm that GMFD and ERA5-Land have superior predictive power to CRU, a global weather data set previously employed for modeling climate effects in the region.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

High yield production of 3-hydroxypropionic acid using Issatchenkia orientalis

Biomanufacturing provides a more sustainable alternative to fossil-based chemical manufacturing. 3-Hydroxypropionic acid (3HP) is a top Department of Energy value-added chemical and precursor to bioplastics, yet cost-effective microbial production remains elusive. Here, we establish the acid-tolerant yeast Issatchenkia orientalis as a robust host for low-pH 3HP biosynthesis. Genome-scale modeling identifies the β-alanine pathway as optimal, offering the highest theoretical yield and lowest oxygen requirement. Thermodynamic analysis confirms its favorability under acidic conditions. Using sequence similarity network analysis, we discover highly active aspartate 1-decarboxylase (PAND), β-alanine-pyruvate aminotransferase (BAPAT), and 3HP dehydrogenase (YDFG), which significantly improve the pathway efficiency. Next, to further elevate the production, pathway optimization through multi-copy PAND integration, byproduct elimination (knockouts of pyruvate decarboxylase and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), and reinforcement of aspartate flux by overexpression of pyruvate carboxylase and aspartate amino transferase improves the titer to 29 g/L in shake flasks. Fed-batch fermentation at pH 4 with low-cost corn steep liquor medium further increases the production to 92 g/L with 0.7 g/g yield and 0.55 g/L/h productivity. Techno-economic analysis indicates that such performance could potentially enable a financially viable process for sustainable acrylic acid production. This work establishes I. orientalis as a next-generation platform for cost-effective 3HP production and paves the way toward industrial commercialization.

Biotechnology↗
DOE OSTI2019

Fine-tuning the photosynthetic light harvesting apparatus for improved photosynthetic efficiency and biomass yield

Photosynthetic electron transport rates in higher plants and green algae are light-saturated at approximately one quarter of full sunlight intensity. This is due to the large optical cross section of plant light harvesting antenna complexes which capture photons at a rate nearly 10-fold faster than the rate-limiting step in electron transport. As a result, 75% of the light captured at full sunlight intensities is reradiated as heat or fluorescence. Previously, it has been demonstrated that reductions in the optical cross-section of the light-harvesting antenna can lead to substantial improvements in algal photosynthetic rates and biomass yield. By surveying a range of light harvesting antenna sizes achieved by reduction in chlorophyll b levels, we have determined that there is an optimal light-harvesting antenna size that results in the greatest whole plant photosynthetic performance. We also uncover a sharp transition point where further reductions or increases in antenna size reduce photosynthetic efficiency, tolerance to light stress, and impact thylakoid membrane architecture. Plants with optimized antenna sizes are shown to perform well not only in controlled greenhouse conditions, but also in the field achieving a 40% increase in biomass yield.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Gram-scale, high-yield synthesis of a robust metal-organic framework for storing methane and other gases

We have synthesized and characterized a new metal-organic framework (MOF) material, NU-125, that, in the single-crystal limit, achieves a methane storage density at 58 bar (840 psi) and 298 K corresponding to 86% of that obtained with compressed natural gas tanks (CNG) used in vehicles today, when the latter are pressurized to 248 bar (3600 psi). More importantly, the deliverable capacity (58 bar to 5.8 bar) for NU-125 is 67% of the deliverable capacity of a CNG tank that starts at 248 bar. (For crystalline granules or powders, particle packing inefficiencies will yield densities and deliverable capacities lower than 86% and 67% of high-pressure CNG.) This material was synthesized in high yield on a gram-scale in a single-batch synthesis. Methane adsorption isotherms were measured over a wide pressure range (0.1-58 bar) and repeated over twelve cycles on the same sample, which showed no detectable degradation. Adsorption of CO2 and H-2 over a broad range of pressures and temperatures are also reported and agree with our computational findings.

Wilmer, CE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Dynamics and yielding of binary self-suspended nanoparticle fluids

Yielding and flow transitions in bi-disperse suspensions of particles are studied using a model system comprised of self-suspended spherical nanoparticles. An important feature of the materials is that the nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed in the absence of a solvent. Addition of larger particles to a suspension of smaller ones is found to soften the suspensions, and in the limit of large size disparities, completely fluidizes the material. We show that these behaviors coincide with a speeding-up of de-correlation dynamics of all particles in the suspensions and are accompanied by a reduction in the energy dissipated at the yielding transition. We discuss our findings in terms of ligand-mediated jamming and un-jamming of hairy particle suspensions.

Agrawal, Akanksha↗
DOE OSTI2019

Elasticity and yielding of mesophases of block copolymers in water–oil mixtures

Here, amphiphilic block copolymers self-assemble at the water/oil interface to form different mesomorphic structures, such as lamellar, micellar cubic, normal hexagonal, and reverse hexagonal structures. Usually, these structures are polycrystalline and the value of their elastic modulus depends on the average orientation of their constituent's single crystals. We introduce a model to predict the elastic modulus and yielding of mesophases from their characteristic length and intermicellar interactions. Shear modulus of each structure is measured as a function of deformation (strain). Zero-shear modulus, G 0 , depends on the inverse of the intermicellar distance with a power law model. The power law index for each structure is approximately n + 2 where n is the degree of confinement in the mesophase: 1 for lamellar, 2 for both normal and reverse hexagonal, and 3 for micellar cubic structures. Rheological properties of different mesophases of Pluronic P84 in the presence of water and p -xylene are used as a case study. The model is found to be in good agreement with experimental data in the linear viscoelastic region. When compared to experimental data, the yield strain value obtained from the model is one order of magnitude higher than the limit of the linear viscoelastic regime and close to the strain at the cross-over point of storage and loss moduli. Frequency sweep measurements are done to characterize the relaxation and cooperative model behaviors of each mesophase structure.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

An excited state dynamics driven reaction: wavelength-dependent photoisomerization quantum yields in [Ru(bpy) 2 (dmso) 2 ] 2+

We report the excited-state behavior of a structurally simple bis -sulfoxide complex, cis -S,S-[Ru(bpy) 2 (dmso) 2 ] 2+ , as investigated by femtosecond pump–probe spectroscopy. The results reveal that a single photon prompts phototriggered isomerization of one or both dmso ligands to yield a mixture of cis -S,O-[Ru(bpy) 2 (dmso) 2 ] 2+ and cis -O,O-[Ru(bpy) 2 (dmso) 2 ] 2+ . The quantum yields of isomerization of each product and relative product distribution are dependent upon the excitation wavelength, with longer wavelengths favoring the double isomerization product, cis -O,O-[Ru(bpy) 2 (dmso) 2 ] 2+ . Transient absorption measurements on cis -O,O-[Ru(bpy) 2 (dmso) 2 ] 2+ do not reveal an excited-state isomerization pathway to produce either the S,O or S,S isomers. Femtosecond pulse shaping experiments reveal no change in the product distribution. Pump–repump–probe transient absorption spectroscopy of cis -S,S-[Ru(bpy) 2 (dmso) 2 ] 2+ shows that a pump–repump time delay of 3 ps dramatically alters the S,O:O,O product ratio; pump–repump–probe transient absorption spectroscopy of cis -O,O-[Ru(bpy) 2 (dmso) 2 ] 2+ with a time delay of 3 ps uncovers an excited-state isomerization pathway to produce the S,O isomer. In conjunction with low-temperature steady-state emission spectroscopy, these results are interpreted in the context of an excited-state bifurcating pathway, in which the isomerization product distribution is determined not by thermodynamics, but rather as a dynamics driven reaction.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2019

Constraining Fission Yields Using Machine Learning

Having accurate measurements of fission observables is important for a variety of applications, ranging from energy to non-proliferation, defense to astrophysics. Because not all of these data can be measured, it is necessary to be able to accurately calculate these observables as well. In this work, we exploit Monte Carlo and machine learning techniques to reproduce mass and kinetic energy yields, for phenomenological models and in a model-free way. Finally, we begin with the spontaneous fission of 252 Cf, where there is abundant experimental data, to validate our approach, with the ultimate goal of creating a global yield model in order to predict quantities where data are not currently available.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2010

Hadronic Matrix Elements with Heavy Quarks: The Charm-Loop Effect in B{yields}K{sup (*)}l{sup +}l{sup -}

I present the summary of our recent work on the long-distance effect in B{yields}K{sup (*)}l{sup +}l{sup -}, generated by the four-quark operators with charmed quarks. In addition to the factorized c-barc loop, the soft-gluon emission from the loop is calculated in the framework of light-cone OPE, applying light-cone QCD sum rules. The resulting contribution of this effect to the B{yields}K{sup (*)}l{sup +}l{sup -}, decay amplitude is cast in a form of the correction to the leading Wilson coefficient C{sub 9}.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2011

A Permanent-Magnet Microwave Ion Source For A Compact High-Yield Neutron Generator

We present recent work on the development of a microwave ion source that will be used in a high-yield compact neutron generator for active interrogation applications. The sealed tube generator will be capable of producing high neutron yields, 5x10{sup 11} n/s for D-T and {approx}1x10{sup 10} n/s for D-D reactions, while remaining transportable. We constructed a microwave ion source (2.45 GHz) with permanent magnets to provide the magnetic field strength of 87.5 mT necessary for satisfying the electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) condition. Microwave ion sources can produce high extracted beam currents at the low gas pressures required for sealed tube operation and at lower power levels than previously used RF-driven ion sources. A 100 mA deuterium/tritium beam will be extracted through a large slit (60x6 mm{sup 2}) to spread the beam power over a larger target area. This paper describes the design of the permanent-magnet microwave ion source and discusses the impact of the magnetic field design on the source performance. The required equivalent proton beam current density of 40 mA/cm{sup 2} was extracted at a moderate microwave power of 400 W with an optimized magnetic field.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2011

pp{yields}p{Lambda}K{sup +} reaction in search for the K{sup -}pp state - quest for a kaonic nuclei

The dibaryonic kaonic nuclear bound state, K{sup -}pp is searched by studying an exclusive p+p{yields}p+{Lambda}+K{sup +} process at several beam energies. A signature of the K{sup -}pp is explored in a p+p{yields}X({identical_to}K{sup -}pp)+K{sup +} reaction that follows a decay of the X into p+{Lambda}. We found in a missing-mass {Delta}M(K{sup +}) spectrum and a {Lambda}p invariant-mass M({Lambda}p) spectrum of DISTO data at 2.85 GeV a resonance with M = 2267 MeV/c{sup 2} and {Gamma} = 118 MeV. Those events are found to be associated with a mono energetic kaon. We investigate this resonance as a candidate of the K{sup -}pp further also with a different beam energies.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2011

The T{sub z} = -1{yields}T{sub z} =0 beta decays and comparison with Charge Exchange reactions

Gamow-Teller (GT) transitions can be studied in both {beta} decay and charge exchange (CE) reactions. If isospin is a good quantum number, then the Tz = -1{yields}0 and Tz = +1{yields}0GT mirror transitions, are identical. Therefore, a comparison of the results from studies of {beta} decay and CE should shed light on this assumption. Accordingly we have studied the {beta} decay of the Tz = -1 fp-shell nuclei, {sup 54}Ni, {sup 50}Fe, {sup 46}Cr, and {sup 42}Ti, produced in fragmentation and we have compared our results with the spectra from ({sup 3}He, t) measurements on the mirror Tz = +1 target nuclei studied in high resolution at RCNP, Osaka. The {beta} decay experiments were performed as part of the STOPPED beam RISING campaign at GSI.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Surface instability of binary compounds caused by sputter yield amplification

It is demonstrated that the flat surface of a binary material that is subjected to normal-incidence ion bombardment can be unstable even if the curvature dependence of the sputter yields is negligibly small. This unforeseen instability is brought about by sputter yield amplification, and it results in the formation of a disordered array of nanodots with the lighter of the two atomic species concentrated at the peaks of the dots.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2012

Analytical estimation of neutron yield in a micro gas-puff X pinch

In this paper, we present the basic concepts for developing a micro x pinch as a small-scale neutron source. For compact sources, these concepts offer repetitive function at higher yields and pulsing rates than competing methods. The uniqueness of these concepts arises from the use of microelectronic technology to reduce the size of the target plasma and to efficiently heat the target gas. The use of repetitive microelectromechanical systems (MEMs) gas puff technology, as compared to cryogenic wires or solid targets (for the beam-target alternatives), has the potential to be robust and have a long lifetime because the plasma is not created from solid surfaces. The modeling suggests that a 50 J at the wall plug pulse could provide >10{sup 5} tritium (DT) neutrons and 10{sup 3} deuterium (DD) neutrons at temperatures of a few keV. At 1 kHz, this would be >10{sup 8} and 10{sup 6} neutrons per second, DT and DD, respectively, with a 250 {mu}m anode-cathode gap. DT gas puff devices may provide >10{sup 12} neutrons/s operating at 1 kHz and requiring 100 kW. The MEMs approach offers potentially high pulse rates and yields.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Lasing on the D lines of sodium pumped by free{yields}free transitions of Na-Xe collision pairs

Lasing on the D{sub 1} and D{sub 2} lines of Na (589.6 and 589.0 nm, respectively) has been generated simultaneously by photoexciting free{yields}free transitions of thermal Na-Xe collision pairs. Pumping the blue satellite of the Na D{sub 2} line in Na/Xe mixtures ({lambda} Almost-Equal-To 560 nm) selectively interacts with Na-Xe pairs having an instantaneous internuclear separation of {approx}5 A and culminates in the population of both Na (3{sup 2}P{sub J}) fine structure levels. The spectral width of the laser excitation spectrum is 1.3 nm (centered at 560.1 nm) and the 3{sup 2}P{sub 3/2}{yields}3{sup 2}S{sub 1/2} (D{sub 2}) laser linewidth was measured to be 9.2 {+-} 0.6 GHz, which is consistent with a coefficient of 18.4 MHz/Torr for broadening of the D{sub 2} 589.0 nm transition by Xe.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Single photon production {nu}{sub l}N{yields}{nu}{sub l}N{gamma} in neutrino-nucleon scattering

The quasielastic charged current (CCQE) {nu}{sub e}n{yields}e{sup -}p scattering is the dominant mechanism to detect appearance of a {nu}{sub e} in an almost {nu}{sub {mu}} flux at the 1 GeV scale. Actual experiments show a precision below 1% and between less known background contributions, but necessary to constraint the event excess, we have the radiative corrections. A consistent model recently developed for the simultaneous description of elastic and radiative {pi}N scattering, pion-photoproduction and single pion production processes, both for charged and neutral current neutrino-nucleon scattering, is extended for the evaluation of the radiative {nu}{sub l}N{yields}{nu}{sub l}N{gamma} cross section. Our results are similar to a previous (but inconsistent) theoretical evaluation in the low energy region, and show an increment in the upper region where the {Delta} resonance becomes relevant.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Monocarbon cationic cluster yields from N{sub 2}/CH{sub 4} mixtures embedded in He nanodroplets and their calculated binding energies

The formation of monocarbon cluster ions has been investigated by electron ionization mass spectrometry of cold helium nanodroplets doped with nitrogen/methane mixtures. Ion yields for two groups of clusters, CH{sub m}N{sub 2}{sup +} or CH{sub m}N{sub 4}{sup +}, were determined for mixtures with different molecular ratios of CH{sub 4}. The possible geometrical structures of these clusters were analyzed using electronic structure computations. Little correlation between the ion yields and the associated binding energies has been observed indicating that in most cases kinetic control is more important than thermodynamic control for forming the clusters.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗