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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,117 records · Page 62
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

ACBD3 is up-regulated in gastric cancer and promotes cell cycle G1-to-S transition in an AKT-dependent manner

Highlights: • ACBD3 is up-regulated in gastric cancer. • ACBD3 regulates cell-cycle of gastric cancer in an AKT-dependent manner. It has been reported that ACBD3 is closely related to the malignant process of cells, but its role in gastric cancer has not been elucidated. This study aims to investigate the expression and function of ACBD3 in human gastric cancer. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were selected to analyze mRNA levels of ACBD3 in gastric cancer tissues and normal gastric epithelial tissues. qPCR and Western blot were conducted to detect the expression of ACBD3 in two normal gastric epithelial cell lines and five gastric cancer cell lines which were cultured in our laboratory. To exclude differences in individual background between different patients, we further detected the expression of ACBD3 in 8 pairs of malignant/non-malignant clinical gastric tissues. Through the establishment of stable cells, in vitro cell experiments and in vivo xenotransplantation models in mice, the role of ACBD3 in the proliferation of gastric cancer cells has been further explored. AKT inhibitors were used to deeply explore the molecular regulation mechanism of ACBD3. The results showed that the elevated ACBD3 in gastric cancer tissue were positively correlated with the clinical grade and prognosis of gastric cancer. In terms of molecular function, we found that ACBD3 can enhance the production and growth of gastric cancer cells. At the same time, the activation of AKT kinase played an important role in ACBD3's promotion of G1-to-S transition. The experiments generally indicate that ACBD3 is expected to become a potential diagnostic molecule or therapeutic target for gastric cancer.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

Nrf2-dependent protection against acute sodium arsenite toxicity in zebrafish

Transcription factor Nrf2 induces a number of detoxifying enzymes and antioxidant proteins to confer protection against the toxic effects of a diverse range of chemicals including inorganic arsenicals. Although a number of studies using cultured cells have demonstrated that Nrf2 has a cell-protective function against acute and high-dose arsenic toxicity, there is no clear in vivo evidence of this effect. In the present study, we genetically investigated the protective role of Nrf2 against acute sodium arsenite toxicity using the zebrafish Nrf2 mutant, nrf2a{sup fh318}. After treatment with 1 mM sodium arsenite, the survival of nrf2a{sup fh318} larvae was significantly shorter than that of wild-type siblings, suggesting that Nrf2 protected the zebrafish larvae against high-dose arsenite exposure. To understand the molecular basis of the Nrf2-dependent protection, we analyzed the gene expression profiles after arsenite exposure, and found that the genes involved in the antioxidative function (prdx1 and gclc), arsenic metabolism (gstp1) and xenobiotic elimination (abcc2) were induced in an Nrf2-dependent manner. Furthermore, pre-treatment with sulforaphane, a well-known Nrf2 activator improved the survival of zebrafish larvae after arsenic exposure. Based on these results, we concluded that Nrf2 plays a fundamental and conserved role in protection against acute sodium arsenite toxicity. - Highlights: • The role of Nrf2 under arsenite exposure was valuated using zebrafish. • Nrf2 mutant zebrafish was highly sensitive to acute arsenic toxicity. • Nrf2 induced anti-arsenic genes in response to arsenite. • Sulforaphane attenuated arsenic toxicity through Nrf2 activation. • Nrf2 system plays an important role in the defense against acute arsenic toxicity.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2017

Development of the self-consistent approximation and its application to the problem of magnetoelastic resonance in an inhomogeneous medium

Our previously proposed approximation involving both the first and second terms of the expansion of the vertex function is generalized to the system of two interacting wavefields of different physical nature. A system of self-consistent equations for the matrix Green’s function and matrix vertex function is derived. On the basis of this matrix generalization of the new self-consistent approximation, a theory of magnetoelastic resonance is developed for a ferromagnetic model, where the magnetoelastic coupling parameter ε(x) is inhomogeneous. Equations for magnetoelastic resonance are analyzed for one-dimensional inhomogeneities of the coupling parameter. The diagonal and off-diagonal elements of the matrix Green’s function of the system of coupled spin and elastic waves are calculated with the change in the ratio between the average value ε and rms fluctuation Δε of the coupling parameter between waves from the homogeneous case (ε ≠ 0, Δε = 0) to the extremely randomized case (ε = 0, Δε ≠ 0) at various correlation wavenumbers of inhomogeneities k{sub c}. For the limiting case of infinite correlation radius (k{sub c} = 0), in addition to approximate expressions, exact analytical expressions corresponding to the summation of all diagrams of elements of the matrix Green’s function are obtained. The results calculated for an arbitrary k{sub c} value in the new self-consistent approximation are compared to the results obtained in the standard self-consistent approximation, where only the first term of the expansion of the vertex function is taken into account. It is shown that the new approximation corrects disadvantages of the Green’s functions calculated in the standard approximation such as the dome shape of resonances and bends on the sides of resonance peaks. The appearance of a fine structure of the spectrum in the form of a narrow resonance on the Green’s function of spin waves and a narrow antiresonance on the Green’s function of elastic waves, which was previously predicted in the standard self-consistent approximation, is confirmed. With an increase in the parameter k{sub c}, the Green’s functions calculated in the standard and new approximations approach each other and almost coincide with each other at k{sub c}/k ≥ 0.5. At the same time, the results of this work indicate that the new self-consistent approximation has a certain advantage for studying the problems of stochastic radiophysics in media with long-wavelength inhomogeneities (small k{sub c} values), because it describes both the shape and width of peaks much better than the standard approximation.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2018

Electronic stopping power of protons and alpha particles in nickel

The electronic stopping power of nickel for protons and alpha particles at velocities below and around the Fermi velocity has been obtained to high accuracy using time-dependent density functional theory. For the wide range of projectile velocities considered, we observed di erent regimes of electronic stopping due to the alternative participation of s- and d-band electrons. Despite the sharp discontinuity in the electronic density of states near the Fermi energy characteristic of the nickel band structure, we do not nd an anomalous non-linear electronic stopping power limit as a function of velocity. However, we nd a crossover region above v = 0:15 a:u: both for protons and alpha particles, related to the increase in participating host electrons and, in the case of alpha particles, to an increase of the charge state. We compare our calculated results with widely available experimental data and analyze the low velocity limits in the context of Lindhard's linear response theory and previous non-linear density functional calculations. The comparison shows good accord with the lowest velocity experiments available. This may indicate that the adiabatic local density approximation is already a good theory to calculate electronic stopping power in materials at low velocity.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2016

PhenoCurve: capturing dynamic phenotype-environment relationships using phenomics data

MOTIVATION: Phenomics is significant for understanding the mechanisms that regulate or influence growth, fitness, and development. Techniques have been developed to conduct high-throughput large-scale phenotyping on animals, plants and humans, aiming to bridge the gap between genomics, gene functions and traits. Although new developments in phenotyping techniques are exciting, we are limited by the tools to analyze fully the massive phenotype data, especially the dynamic relationships between phenotypes and environments. RESULTS: We present a new algorithm called PhenoCurve, a knowledge-based curve fitting algorithm, aiming to identify the complex relationships between phenotypes and environments, thus studying both values and trends of phenomics data. The findings on both real and simulated data showed that PhenoCurve has the best performance among all the six tested methods. Its application to photosynthesis hysteresis pattern identification reveals new functions of core genes that control photosynthetic efficiency in response to varying environmental conditions, which are critical for understanding plant energy storage and improving crop productivity.

Yang, Yifan↗
DOE OSTI2018

Growth of Nanoparticles with Desired Catalytic Functions by Controlled Doping-Segregation of Metal in Oxide

Here, the size and morphology of metal nanoparticles (NPs) often play a critical role in defining the catalytic performance of supported metal nanocatalysts. However, common synthetic methods struggle to produce metal NPs of appropriate size and morphological control. Thus, facile synthetic methods that offer controlled catalytic functions are highly desired. Here we have identified a new pathway to synthesize supported Rh nanocatalysts with finely tuned spatial dimensions and controlled morphology using a doping-segregation method. We have analyzed their structure evolutions during both the segregation process and catalytic reaction using a variety of in situ spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. A correlation between the catalytic functional sites and activity in CO 2 hydrogenation over supported Rh nanocatalysts is then established. This study demonstrates a facile strategy to design and synthesize nanocatalysts with desired catalytic functions.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

Low-temperature transport in La{sub 0.5}Ca{sub 0.4}Li{sub 0.1}MnO{sub 3} manganite in high magnetic fields (1 T ⩽ H ⩽ 14 T)

The low-temperature minimum of the resistivity of La{sub 0.5}Ca{sub 0.4}Li{sub 0.1}MnO{sub 3} manganite in high magnetic fields (up to 14 T) is analyzed quantitatively. It is shown that the behavior of the resistivity and magnetoresistance at low temperatures is successfully described by the model of intergrain spin-polarized tunnel charge transfer. In accordance with this model, the resistivity is expressed in terms of the correlation function of magnetizations of neighboring grains. The expression for the temperature- and magnetic-field dependences of this correlator, derived in [31], is thoroughly analyzed and applied for the polycrystalline manganite sample under investigation. The main parameters of the chosen model are obtained from analysis of experimental data.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2020

Comparison of gamma-ray spectral analysis methods for thick-walled UF 6 cylinders

Three data analysis methods were compared for gamma ray spectra collected by planar and coaxial high-purity germanium detectors (HPGe) on thick-walled uranium hexafluoride cylinders. The cylinder contents range from natural to low-enriched uranium (4.95% 235 U). Each spectrum was analyzed with the traditional 185.7 keV enrichment meter method, a 185.7/1001 keV ratio method, and the Fixed Energy Response Function Analysis with Multiple Efficiency (FRAM) software that utilizes low- and high-energy gamma rays and X-rays. When results for all cylinders were compared, the enrichment meter method and the 185.7/1001 keV peak ratio method consistently provided the most accurate data for all detector types. The error on the enrichment calculations analyzed with FRAM did not meet the international target value whereas those calculated with the enrichment meter and ratio method did. Enrichments calculated by FRAM were found to skew to higher values on natural uranium and to lower values on low-enriched uranium. FRAM calculated the least-precise enrichments; replicate analyses of single cylinders resulted in 235 U values that varied by as much as 19%. FRAM does have the significant advantages in that it does not require the use of calibration cylinders, infinite thickness criteria are not necessary, and it can be applied to any HPGe detector. Finally, if calibration cylinders are available, the enrichment meter and 185.7/1001 peak ratio are the recommended methods as they are the most accurate and precise.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2023

Evaporation and scattering of neon, methane, and water from a dodecane flat liquid jet

The evaporation and scattering of Ne, CD 4 , and D 2 O from a dodecane flat liquid jet are investigated in a molecular beam apparatus. The experiment yields translational energy distributions as a function of scattering angle by means of a rotatable mass spectrometer. In the evaporation experiments, one observes a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution with a cos $θ$ angular distribution superimposed on a weak, isotropic background. The scattering experiments show contributions from impulsive scattering and thermal desorption. At select incident angles for the three systems, angular distributions show super-specular scattering for the impulsive scattering channel, an effect attributed to anisotropic momentum transfer to the liquid surface. The impulsive scattering channel is analyzed with a soft-sphere model to explore energy transfer between the scatterer and liquid as a function of deflection angle. In conclusion, compared to Ne scattering, the polyatomic gases exhibit more thermal desorption and, in the impulsive scattering channel, a higher degree of internal excitation.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Permissiveness and competition within and between Neurospora crassa syncytia

A multinucleate syncytium is a common growth form in filamentous fungi. Comprehensive functions of the syncytial state remain unknown, but it likely allows for a wide range of adaptations to enable filamentous fungi to coordinate growth, reproduction, responses to the environment, and to distribute nuclear and cytoplasmic elements across a colony. Indeed, the underlying mechanistic details of how syncytia regulate cellular and molecular processes spatiotemporally across a colony are largely unexplored. Here, we implemented a strategy to analyze the relative fitness of different nuclear populations in syncytia of Neurospora crassa , including nuclei with loss-of-function mutations in essential genes, based on production of multinucleate asexual spores using flow cytometry of pairings between strains with differentially fluorescently tagged nuclear histones. The distribution of homokaryotic and heterokaryotic asexual spores in pairings was assessed between different auxotrophic and morphological mutants, as well as with strains that were defective in somatic cell fusion or were heterokaryon incompatible. Mutant nuclei were compartmentalized into both homokaryotic and heterokaryotic asexual spores, a type of bet hedging for maintenance and evolution of mutational events, despite disadvantages to the syncytium. However, in pairings between strains that were blocked in somatic cell fusion or were heterokaryon incompatible, we observed a “winner-takes-all” phenotype, where asexual spores originating from paired strains were predominantly one genotype. These data indicate that syncytial fungal cells are permissive and tolerate a wide array of nuclear functionality, but that cells/colonies that are unable to cooperate via syncytia formation actively compete for resources.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

cxcl12 gene engineered endothelial progenitor cells further improve the functions of oligodendrocyte precursor cells

Highlights: • cxcl12 gene engineering of EPCs promoted VEGF and IGF expression by EPCs. • Conditioned media from CXCL12-EPCs further promoted the functions of OPCs. • CXCL12-EPCs conditioned media affected the expression of trophic factors by OPCs. • CXCR4 knockdown suppressed the proliferation and migration of OPCs and reduced PDGFR-α and bFGF expression. • CXCR7 knockdown inhibited the expression of MBP by OPCs and caused slower differentiation. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are needed for white matter repair after various brain injury. Means that promote OPC functions could benefit white matter recovery after injury. Chemokine CXCL12 and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) both have been shown to promote remyelination. We hypothesize that the beneficial effects of EPCs and CXCL12 can be harnessed by genetically modifying EPCs with cxcl12 to synergistically improve the functions of OPCs. In this work, CXCL12-EPC was generated using virus-mediated gene transfer. OPCs were cultured with CXCL12-EPC conditioned media (CM) to analyze its impact on the proliferation, migration, differentiation and survival properties of OPCs. We blocked or knocked-down the receptors of CXCL12, namely CXCR4 and CXCR7, respectively to investigate their functions in regulating OPCs properties. Results revealed that CXCL12-EPC CM further promoted OPCs behavioral properties and upregulated the expression of PDGFR-α, bFGF, CXCR4 and CXCR7 in OPCs, albeit following different time course. Blocking CXCR4 diminished the beneficial effects of CXCL12 on OPCs proliferation and migration, while knocking down CXCR7 inhibited OPCs differentiation. Our results supported that cxcl12 gene modification of EPCs further promoted EPCs’ ability in augmenting the remyelination properties of OPCs, suggesting that CXCL12-EPC hold great potential in white matter repair.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

An adaptive sampling augmented Lagrangian method for stochastic optimization with deterministic constraints

The primary goal of this paper is to provide an efficient solution algorithm based on the augmented Lagrangian framework for optimization problems with a stochastic objective function and deterministic constraints. Our main contribution is combining the augmented Lagrangian framework with adaptive sampling, resulting in an efficient optimization methodology validated with practical examples. To achieve the presented efficiency, here we consider inexact solutions for the augmented Lagrangian subproblems, and through an adaptive sampling mechanism, we control the variance in the gradient estimates. Furthermore, we analyze the theoretical performance of the proposed scheme by showing equivalence to a gradient descent algorithm on a Moreau envelope function, and we prove sublinear convergence for convex objectives and linear convergence for strongly convex objectives with affine equality constraints. The worst-case sample complexity of the resulting algorithm, for an arbitrary choice of penalty parameter in the augmented Lagrangian function, is $\mathscr{O}$(ϵ -3-δ ) , where ϵ > 0 is the expected error of the solution and δ > 0 is a user-defined parameter. If the penalty parameter is chosen to be $\mathscr{O}$(ϵ -1 ), we demonstrate that the result can be improved to $\mathscr{O}$(ϵ -2 ) , which is competitive with the other methods employed in the literature. Moreover, if the objective function is strongly convex with affine equality constraints, we obtain $\mathscr{O}$(ϵ -1 log(1/ϵ)) complexity. Finally, we empirically verify the performance of our adaptive sampling augmented Lagrangian framework in machine learning optimization and engineering design problems, including topology optimization of a heat sink with environmental uncertainty.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Activation of the CaR-CSE/H2S pathway confers cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury

Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a multifactorial process triggered when an organ is subjected to transiently reduced blood supply. The result is a cascade of pathological complications and organ damage due to the production of reactive oxygen species following reperfusion. The present study aims to evaluate the role of activated calcium-sensing receptor (CaR)-cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE)/hydrogen sulfide (H2S) pathway in I/R injury. Firstly, an I/R rat model with CSE knockout was constructed. Transthoracic echocardiography, TTC and HE staining were performed to determine the cardiac function of rats following I/R Injury, followed by TUNEL staining observation on apoptosis. Besides, with the attempt to better elucidate how CaR-CSE/H2S affects I/R, in-vitro culture of human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) was conducted with gadolinium chloride (GdCl3, a CaR agonist), H{sub 2}O{sub 2}, siRNA against CSE (siCSE), or W7 (a CaM inhibitor). The interaction between CSE and CaM was subsequently detected. Plasma oxidative stress indexes, H2S and CSE, and apoptosis-related proteins were all analyzed following cell apoptosis. We found that H2S elevation led to the improvement whereas CSE knockdown decreased cardiac function in rats with I/R injury. Moreover, oxidative stress injury in I/R rats with CSE knockout was aggravated, while the increased expression of H2S and CSE in the aortic tissues resulted in alleviated the oxidative stress injury. Moreover, increased H2S and CSE levels were found to inhibit cell apoptotic ability in the aortic tissues after I/R injury, thus attenuating oxidative stress injury, accompanied by inhibited expression of apoptosis-related proteins. In HCAECs following oxidative stress treatment, siCSE and CaM inhibitor were observed to reverse the protection of CaR agonist. Coimmunoprecipitation assay revealed the interaction between CSE and CaM. Taken together, all above-mentioned data provides evidence that activation of the CaR-CSE/H2S pathway may confer a potent protective effect in cardiac I/R injury.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

A New Approach to Multivariate Network Traffic Analysis

© 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC & Science Press, China. Network traffic analysis is one of the core functions in network monitoring for effective network operations and management. While online traffic analysis has been widely studied, it is still intensively challenging due to several reasons. One of the primary challenges is the heavy volume of traffic to analyze within a finite amount of time due to the increasing network bandwidth. Another important challenge for effective traffic analysis is to support multivariate functions of traffic variables to help administrators identify unexpected network events intuitively. To this end, we propose a new approach with the multivariate analysis that offers a high-level summary of the online network traffic. With this approach, the current state of the network will display patterns compiled from a set of traffic variables, and the detection problems in network monitoring (e.g., change detection and anomaly detection) can be reduced to a pattern identification and classification problem. In this paper, we introduce our preliminary work with clustered patterns for online, multivariate network traffic analysis with the challenges and limitations we observed. We then present a grid-based model that is designed to overcome the limitations of the clustered pattern-based technique. We will discuss the potential of the new model with respect to the technical challenges including streaming-based computation and robustness to outliers.

Kim, Jinoh↗
DOE OSTI2016

MAGNETO-ACOUSTIC WAVES IN A GRAVITATIONALLY STRATIFIED MAGNETIZED PLASMA: EIGEN-SOLUTIONS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS TO THE SOLAR ATMOSPHERE

Magneto-acoustic gravity (MAG) waves have been studied intensively in the context of astrophysical plasmas. There are three popular choices of analytic modeling using a Cartesian coordinate system: a magnetic field parallel, perpendicular, or at an angle to the gravitational field. Here, we study a gravitationally stratified plasma embedded in a parallel, so called vertical, magnetic field. We find a governing equation for the auxiliary quantity Θ = p {sub 1}/ ρ {sub 0}, and find solutions in terms of hypergeometric functions. With the convenient relationship between Θ and the vertical velocity component, v {sub z}, we derive the solution for v{sub z}. We show that the four linearly independent functions for v{sub z} can also be cast as single hypergeometric functions, rather than the Frobenius series derived by Leroy and Schwartz. We are then able to analyze a case of approximation for a one-layer solution, taking the small wavelength limit. Motivated by solar atmospheric applications, we finally commence study of the eigenmodes of perturbations for a two-layer model using our solutions, solving the dispersion relation numerically. We show that, for a transition between a photospheric and chromospheric plasma embedded in a vertical magnetic field, modes exist that are between the observationally widely investigated three and five minute oscillation periods, interpreted as solar global oscillations in the lower solar atmosphere . It is also shown that, when the density contrast between the layers is large (e.g., applied to photosphere/chromosphere-corona), the global eigenmodes are practically a superposition of the same as in each of the separate one-layer systems.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Wafer integrated micro‐scale concentrating photovoltaics

Abstract A novel micro‐scale photovoltaic concept, Wafer Integrated Micro‐scale Photovoltaics (WPV), is proposed, analyzed, and experimentally demonstrated. The WPV concept seamlessly integrates multijunction micro‐cells with a multi‐functional silicon platform that simultaneously provides optical concentration, hybrid PV/CPV architecture, and mechanical alignment features. Fabrication and optical performance characterization of the Si platform are described in this paper. Over 100% improvement in the concentration‐acceptance‐angle product ( CAP ) is demonstrated using the wafer‐embedded micro‐concentrating elements, leading to significantly reduced module material and fabrication costs, sufficient angular tolerance for low‐cost trackers, and an ultra‐compact optical architecture compatible with commercial flat panel infrastructures. The development of a prototypical module with a 400× concentration ratio is described. Outdoor optical characterization of the module shows acceptance angles of ±1.7° and ±2.5° for 90% of on‐axis power and full‐width‐half‐maximum, respectively. The projected performance of the PV/CPV hybrid architecture illustrates its potential for cost‐effective collection of both direct and diffuse sunlight, thereby extending the geographic and market domains for cost‐effective PV system deployment. Leveraging low‐cost micro‐fabrication and high‐level integration techniques, the WPV approach presents a promising route to combine the high performance of multijunction solar cells and the low costs of flat‐plate Si PV systems.

Li, Duanhui↗
DOE OSTI2024

Expression of a mammalian RNA demethylase increases flower number and floral stem branching in Arabidopsis thaliana

Abstract RNA methylation plays a central regulatory role in plant biology and is a relatively new target for plant improvement efforts. In nearly all cases, perturbation of the RNA methylation machinery results in deleterious phenotypes. However, a recent landmark paper reported that transcriptome‐wide use of the human RNA demethylase FTO substantially increased the yield of rice and potatoes. Here, we have performed the first independent replication of those results and demonstrated broader transferability of the trait, finding increased flower and fruit count in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana . We also performed RNA‐seq of our FTO‐transgenic plants, which we analyzed in conjunction with previously published datasets to detect several previously unrecognized patterns in the functional and structural classification of the upregulated and downregulated genes. From these, we present mechanistic hypotheses to explain these surprising results with the goal of spurring more widespread interest in this promising new approach to plant engineering.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Notes on lattice observables for parton distributions: nongauge theories

We review recent theoretical developments concerning the definition and the renormalization of equal-time correlators that can be computed on the lattice and related to Parton Distribution Functions (PDFs) through a factorization formula. We show how these objects can be studied and analyzed within the framework of a nongauge theory, gaining insight through a one-loop computation. We use scalar field theory as a playground to revise, analyze and present the main features of these ideas, to explore their potential, and to understand their limitations for extracting PDFs. We then propose a framework that would allow to include the available lattice QCD data in a global analysis to extract PDFs.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗